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MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF FRANCE.

Description of an Ourang Outang with Observations on its intellectual Faculties. By CUVIER.

TH

HE female ourang outang which forms the subject of my observations belonged to the same species with the ourang outangs described by Tulpius, Edwards, Vosmaer, Allamand, and Buf fon: it is the Simia Satyrus of Linnæus. When erect in its natural position its height did not exceed from 26 to 30 inches the length of the arms from the armpits to the tips of the fingers was 18 inches, and the lower extremities from the top of the thigh to the tarsus were only from eight to nine inches. The upper jaw, had four sharp incisors, the two in the middle were double the breadth of the lateral, two short canine teeth, similar to those of men, and three molaria on each side, with soft tubercles. The lower jaw had also four incisors, two canine teeth, and six molaria, but

The

the incisors were of equal size. number of the molaria was not complete. The germ of a tooth was seen on each side at the extremity of the upper and under jaws, and it is probable that others would be produced at subsequent periods. The form of these teeth was the same with that of the molaria of men and apes in general.

The hands had five fingers precisely like those of men, only the thumb extended no further than the first joint of the fore finger. The feet also had five toes, but the great toe was placed much lower than that of a man, and in its ordinary position, instead of being parallel to the other toes, it formed with thein nearly a right angle. All the toes were similar in structure to the fingers and were very free in their motions, and the whole of them without exception had nails. It had almost no calves to the legs, or buttocks. The head resembled that of a man, much more than that of any ani mal; the forehead was high and salient,

and

and the capacity of the cranium was great; but the neck was very short. The Longue was soft and similar to that of other apes; and, although the lips were extremely thin and scarcely apparent, they possessed the power of extension in a considerable degree. The nose, which was completely flat and on a level with the face at its base, was slightly salient at its extremity, and the nostrils opened downwards. The eyes were like those of other apes, and the ears completely resembled those of men.

The vulva was very small, its labia scarcely perceptible, and the clitoris en tirely hid; but on each side of the vulva there was a flesh-colored streak where the skin seemed to be softer than that of the other parts. Is this an indication of labia? Two mamma were placed on the breast like those of females. The belly was Baturally very large. This animal had nether tail nor callosities.

It was almost entirely covered with a reddish hair, more or less dark in color, and of various thicknesses on the different parts of the body. The color of the skin was generally that of slate; but the ears, the eyelids, the muzzle, the inside of the hands and feet, the mammæ, and a longitudinal band on the right side of the belly, were of copper-colored skin. The hair of the head, of the fore arms and of the legs, was of a deeper red than that of the other parts; and on the head, the back, and the upper part of the arms it was thicker than any where else: the belly was but scantily supplied with it, and the face still less: the upper lip, the nose, the palins of the hands, and the soles of the feet, alone were bare. The nails were black, and the eyes brown. All the hair was woolly, that of the fore-arm grew upwards as did that of the arm downwards to the elbow. The hair of the head, which was harder in general than that of the other parts, grew forward. The skin, but chiefly that of the face, was coarse and rough, and that under the Deck was so flabby that the animal seemed to have a goitre when lying on its side. The ourang-outang in question was entirely formed for living among trees. When it wanted to ascend a tree, it laid hold of the trunk or branches with its bands and feet, making use of its arms only and not of its thighs as a man would do in similar circumstances. It could pass easily from one tree to another when the branches met, so that in a thick forest it would never be necessary for it to descend to the ground, on which it moves Musthly Mae,, No. 223.

with considerable difficulty. In general, all its motions are slow, but they seem to be painful when it is made to walk from one place to another: at first it rests its two hands on the ground, and brings its hinder parts slowly forward until its feet are between its hands or fore paws; afterwards, supporting itself-on its hind legs, it advances the upper part of its body, rests again on its hands as at first, and thus moves forward. It is only when we take it by one hand that it walks on its feet, and in this case, it uses its other hand to support it. I have scarcely ever seen it stand firmly on the sole of the foot; most frequently it only rested on the outer edge, apparently desirous of preserving its toes from all friction on the ground; nevertheless it sometines rested on the whole of the foot, but in this case it kept the two last phalanges bent inwards except the great toe, which was stretched out. When resting, it sat on its buttocks with its legs folded under it in the manner of the inhabitants of the East. It lay indiscriminately on its back or on its side, drawing up its legs and crossing its hands over its breast; and it was fond of being covered, for it drew over it all the clothes it could reach.

This animal used its hands in all the essential motions in which men employ theirs; and it is evident that it only re quires experience to enable it to use them on almost every occasion. It generally carried its food to its mouth with its fingers; but sometimes also it seized it with its long lips; and it was by suction that it drank, like all other animals which have lips capable of being lengthened. It made use of its sense of smelling in order to decide upon the nature of the aliments which were presented to it and which it was not acquainted with, and it seemed to consult this sense with great assiduity. It ate almost indiscriminately fruit, pulse, eggs, milk, and animal food: bread, coffee, and oranges, were its most favorite aliments; and it once emptied an ink-bottle which came in its way, without being incommoded. It had no particular times for going to meals, and ate at all seasons like an infant. Its sight and hearing were good. - Music made no impression upon it. The mammiferæ are not formed by nature to be sensible to its charms, none of their wants seem to require it, and even with mankind it is an artificial want; on savages it has no other effect than a noise would have.

When defending itself, our ourang

outang

outang bit and struck with its hands; but it was only against children that it showed any roguery, and it was always caused by impatience rather than anger. In general it was gentle and affectionate, and seemed to delight in society. It was fond of being caressed, gave real kisses, and seemed to experience a great deal of pleasure in sucking the fingers of those who approached it; but it did not suck its own fingers. Its cry was guttural and sharp, but it was only heard when it eagerly wanted any thing. All its signs were then very expressive: it darted its head forward in order to show its disapprobation, pouted when it was not obeyed, and when angry it cried very loudly, rolling itself on the ground. On these occasions its neck was prodigiously swelled.

By the above description it will be seen that the ourang-outang in question had attained a size sufficiently great for its age, which was not more than 15 or 16 months; its teeth, limbs, and powers, were almost perfect; whence it may be inferred that it had nearly acquired its full growth, and that its life does not extend beyond 25 years.

We know that the faculties of the understanding are not developed until the organs are formed: we are at liberty to suppose, therefore, that if our ourangoutang had arrived at an adult age, she would have exhibited phænomena still more curious than those which we have to detail; but, if we reflect that this animal was scarcely 16 months old when it died, we shall find plenty of subjects of astonishment in the observations which it afforded, and of which we are about to give an account.

Nature has given the ourang-outang but few means of defence. Next to man, it is an animal perhaps which finds in its Own resources the feeblest defence against dangers: but in recompence it has a great facility in ascending trees, and thus escaping the enemies which it cannot combat. During the first week after its embarkation this ourang-outang evinced great fears for its safety, and seemed greatly to exaggerate the dangers of the rolling of the vessel. It never ventured to walk, without firmly grasping in its hands the ropes or other parts of the vessel. The means employed by the ourang outangs in defending themselves are in general those which are common to all timid animals,artifice and prudence: but the former have a strength of judgment far superior to the latter, and which

they employ occasionally to remove enemies from them who are stronger. This was proved to us in a very remarkable manner by the animal in question. Live ing in a state of liberty, he was accustomed in fine weather to visit a garden, where he could take exercise in the open air by ascending and sitting among the trees. One day that it was perched on a tree, a person approached it as if with an intention to eatch it; but the animal instantly laid hold of the adjoining branches and shook them with all its force, as if it was his intention to frighten the person who attempted to ascend, by suggesting the risk of his falling. This experiment was frequently made with the same results. In whatever way we regard the above action, it must be impossible for us to overlook the result of a combination of acute intelligence, or to deny to the animal the faculty of genera lizing.

The natural wants of the ourangoutangs are so easily satisfied, that these animals must find in their organization resources enough, not to compel them to a great exertion of their intellectual faculties in this respect. Fruits are their principal food, and, as we have already seen, their limbs are peculiarly adapted for ascending trees. It is probable, therefore, that, in their state of nature, these animals employ their intelligence much oftener to preserve themselves from harm than to procure food. But all their habits must change, the instant they are in the society or under the protection of men: their dangers must be diminished, and their wants increased. This is evinced by all the domestic animals, and à fortiori by our urang-outang. In short, its intelligence was much more frequently called into action to satisfy its wants than to avert danger. I ought to place in this first division a custom of this auimal, which appeared to be a phæno menon of instinct, the only one of the kind which it exhibited. While the season did not admit of its leaving the house, it practised a custom which appeared singular, and which was at first difficult to account for this consisted in mounting upon an old desk to perform the functions of nature; but as soon as the warmth of spring admitted of its going into the garden, this extraordinary custom was accounted for it never failed ́ to ascend a tree when it wanted to pers form these functions, and this method has even been resorted to, with success, as a remedy for its habitual constipation:

:

when