THE

HISTORY

OF

THE DECLINE AND FALL

OF THE

ROMAN EMPIRE.

BY

EDWARD GIBBON, ESQ.

IN EIGHT VOLUMES.

VOL. III.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR T. CADELL; C. AND J. RIVINGTON; J. CUTHELL; J. NUNN; LONGMAN, REES, AND CO.; J. AND W. T. CLARKE; J. AND A. ARCH; J. RICHARDSON; J. M. RICHARDSON; JEFFERY AND SON; W. GINGER; HATCHARD AND SON; S. BAGSTER; R. SCHOLEY; BALDWIN AND CRADOCK; J. BOHN; W. JOY; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.; J. DUNCAN; G. B. WHITTAKER; W. MASON; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; PARBURY, ALLEN, AND CO.; SAUNDERS AND HODGSON; LLOYD AND SON; J. A. HESSEY; T. HOLDSWORTH; T. BUMPUS; BLACK, YOUNG, AND YOUNG; W. J. AND J. MAYNARD; WHITMORE AND FENN; J. BAIN; R. TEMPLEMAN; J. WICKSTEED; R. STEEL; W. H. AINSWORTH; T. GRIFFITHS; R. MACKIE; J. PARKER, OXFORD; AND J. AND J. J. DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE: AND A. BLACK, AND J. FAIRBAIRN, EDINBURGH.

1828.

CONTENTS

OF

VOL. III.

CHAPTER XXI.

Persecution of heresy.—The schism of the Donatists.--The Arian controversy.

-Athanasius.-Distracted state of the church and empire under Constantine

and his sons.-Toleration of Paganism.

II. Constantinople

Cruelty of the Arians

345, &c. The revolt and fury of the Donatist Circumcellions

Their religious suicides

312-361. General character of the Christian sects

Toleration of Paganism by Constantine

By his sons

CHAPTER XXII.

Julian is declared emperor by the legions of Gaul.-His march and success.--

The death of Constantius.—Civil administration of Julian.

A.D.

The jealousy of Constantius against Julian

Fears and envy of Constantius

360. The legions of Gaul are ordered to march into the East

Their discontents

They proclaim Julian emperor

His protestations of innocence

His embassy to Constantius

360, 361. His fourth and fifth expeditions beyond the Rhine

361. Fruitless treaty and declaration of war

Julian prepares to attack Constantius

His march from the Rhine into Illyricum

He justifies his cause

Hostile preparations

361. Death of Constantius

361. Julian enters Constantinople

361. Is acknowledged by the whole empire

His civil government and private life

Reformation of the palace.

Chamber of justice

Punishment of the innocent and the guilty

Clemency of Julian

His love of freedom and the republic

His care of the Grecian cities

Julian, an orator and a judge

His character

CHAPTER XXIII.

The religion of Julian.—Universal toleration.-He attempts to restore and re-

form the pagan worship—to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem.—His artful

persecution of the Christians.—Mutual zeal and injustice.

361–363. Zeal and devotion of Julian in the restoration of Paganism

Reformation of Paganism

The philosophers

Conversions

The Jews

Description of Jerusalem

Pilgrimages

363. Julian attempts to rebuild the temple

The enterprise is defeated.

Perhaps by a preternatural event

Partiality of Julian

He prohibits the Christians from teaching schools

Disgrace and oppression of the Christians

They are condemned to restore the pagan temples

The temple and sacred grove of Daphne

Neglect and profanation of Daphne

362. Removal of the dead bodies, and conflagration of the temple

Julian shuts the cathedral of Antioch

George of Cappadocia oppresses Alexandria and Egypt

361. He is massacred by the people

He is worshipped as a saint and martyr

362. Restoration of Athanasius

He is persecuted and expelled by Julian

361-363. Zeal and imprudence of the Christians

CHAPTER XXIV.

Residence of Julian at Antioch.—His successful expedition against the Persians.

-Passage of the Tigris.-The retreat and death of Julian.- Election of

Jovian. He saves the Roman army by a disgraceful treaty.