Gestans aënä, nec severus Uncus abest liquidumque plumbum. At vulgus infidum et meretrix retro Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos Partibus Oceanoque rubro. Eheu cicatricum et sceleris pudet Liquimus? Unde manum juventus Fortune possesses, and hence what virtue may be in a prayer to her. Comp. Carm. iii. 24, 6.- 21. Spes and Fides are always given as companions to Fortune, the latter albo panno velata, clad in a white garment,' to indicate the purity of her character. 22. Abnegat, scil. se, does not refuse herself as a companion,' 'does not refuse to accompany her,' even when she leaves the houses, or by the spurn of her foot overthrows the prosperity of their friends. 23. Utcunque quandocunque, as often as.' Mutata veste: the Romans, when they fell into misfortune, especially when they were accused, used to lay aside the shining robe which they commonly wore, and assume in its stead one of a dingy colour. This was called vestem mutare, and the expression is here applied to the goddess when she overthrows mighty houses,' making their members mutare vestem.- 25. At, but then;' namely, when a great house falls into misfortune. Retro-cedit, 'retire, draw back.-26. Cadis cum faece siccatis, after draining the casks to the very dregs;' that is, after enjoying the hospitality of the house to the fullest extent. — 28. Dolosi ferre jugum pariter; namely, pariter cum domibus potentibus. Jugum is humiliation, calamity in general. The friends are called dolosi, because in former times they had promised to share adversity as well as prosperity; a promise not now fulfilled.-30. Recens examen, the fresh troop,' recent levy, young recruits.-32. Oceano rubro, the Red Sea,' on whose coast Arabia lies. It was called by the ancients also mare Erythraeum or rubrum. -33. The idea is this: the Romans have to atone for the civil wars, and the demoralisation consequent thereon, by foreign wars and the extension of the empire over the barbarians Cicatricum et sceleris fratrumque: the copulative conjunctions are used, although the sense is simply of the scars we have inflicted upon, and the crimes we have com mitted against, our brethren' (fellow-citizens.)-35. Quid nefasti liquimus (= reliquimus) intactum? what wicked deed have we left Metu deorum continuit? Quibus Pepercit aris? O utinam nova 40 uncommitted?'-38. The construction is this: O utinam diffingas (re-forge; that is, sharpen and polish) incude nova ferrum retusum ('blunted; namely, by the civil wars) in Massagetas, &c. The Massagetae were a Scythian tribe: we must, however, understand the name here as including and referring chiefly to their neighbours, the Parthians. CARMEN XXXVII. AD SODALES. TRIUMPHAL Song upon the battle of Actium, by which Rome was delivered from all fear of the power of Antony and Cleopatra. The poet, with fine tact, avoids the name of Antony, the mention of which would have reminded the Romans that the war had been in truth one between citizens. NUNC est bibendum, nunc pede libero Ornare pulvinar deorum Tempus erat dapibus, sodales. Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum 5 Cellis avitis, dum Capitolio Regina dementes ruinas, Funus et imperio parabat Contaminato cum grege turpium = 1. Pede libero pulsanda tellus; that is, we must dance, to show our joy.-2. Saliaribus-dapibus. The priests, and among them the Salii, the priests of Mars, were accustomed on festival days to give great entertainments, the luxurious character of which was famed. Hence Saliares dapes or epulae opulentae, opiparae.-3. Pulvinar deorum. Before the statues of the gods there were placed tables with cushions. On these, at lectisternia (thanksgiving feasts for victories or other fortunate events), food was placed, as if for the god himself. The erat, for which we might have expected est, points out what ought to have been done by the state, and could not be done by private individuals.-5. Antehac, here to be read as a dissyllable, the e before hac being elided. Nefas, scil. erat. to the Caecuban wine, compare i. 20, 9.-7. Regina; namely, Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, whom Antony wished to make empress of Rome. 8. Funus exitium, 'destruction.' - 9. Contaminato As --- virorum. At the courts of the Asiatic kings, and also at that of the sovereigns of Egypt, there were great numbers of eunuchs, who were an abomination to the Romans. They were regarded by them as a disgrace to the human race (for morbo depends upon turpium.) -10. Impotens is one who cannot command himself, who is not master of his own mind; hence one who hopes for that which he cannot obtain, 'hold' audax, and construed, after the Greek fashion, with an infinitive. 13. The greater part of Antony's fleet was burned by Octavianus; the admiral's ship alone, in which Antony had fled near the beginning of the engagement, being preserved. Thus sospes ab ignibus, being construed together, are equivalent to servata ab ignibus.-14. Mareotico, scil. vino, a sweet wine, grown at Marea, a town of Lower Egypt, near Alexandria. By this wine the mind of Cleopatra was lymphata, maddened, heated to madness:' her mind was filled with vain fears, so that she sailed away at the very commencement of the engagement, thus occasioning defeat to her party.-17. Remis adurgens ab Italia volantem, 'pursuing her closely with oars, oared ships, as she was hastening from Italy.' The description is not historically accurate; for Octavianus, after the battle of Actium, went first to Asia, then for a short time to Italy, and then sailed for Egypt, where Cleopatra killed herself in the year after the battle.-20. Haemonia, the poetical name for Thessaly, so called from Haemon, the father of Thessalus. Daret catenis caperet, 'take prisoner.'-21. Fatale monstrum. Cleopatra is so called, because it sometimes seemed as if she were destined by fate to overthrow the Roman state.-22. Muliebriter, as women commonly do, with womanly timidity.' Cleopatra attempted to stab herself, but was prevented by the guards.-23. Latentes oras = ignotas oras, and reparavit = paravit pro iis, quas amiserat. It is related that Cleopatra had for a time purposed to sail away in a fleet, which she caused to be brought into the Red Sea, and to seek a new abode in unknown regions.-25. Ausa-sereno, even daring, or being bold enough to look upon her palace, in all its desolation, 6 Tractare serpentes, ut atrum Non humilis mulier, triumpho. 30 with a calm countenance, without a tear.'-27. Serpentes. She is said, as is well known, to have killed herself by the bite of an asp, which she had secretly applied to her breast.-29. Deliberata morte ferocior, prouder, bolder, because she had resolved upon death.' Deliberata for the more common decreta.-30. Saevis Liburnis; that is, inimicis. The Romans had, particularly in comparison with the Egyptians, small and light ships, which are here, as in Epode i. 1, called Liburnian.-31. Privata, as a private person, deprived of her royalty.' The nominative with the infinitive, privata deduci, is a construction after the Greek, and is dependent on invidens; the sense being, 'she was envious of the Roman fleet, and would not,' &c. CARMEN XXXVIII. AD PUERUM. THIS poem is addressed to the poet's slave, and charges him not to make costly preparations for a banquet which Horace is about to celebrate in the open air. PERSICOS odi, puer, apparatus; Displicent nexae philyra coronae; Simplici myrto nihil allabores Sedulus, curo: neque te ministrum 5 1. Persicos, such as the Persians, who were notorious among the Greeks and Romans for their luxuriousness and debauchery, used to make.-2. Philyra, the thin skin between the bark and the wood of the lime-tree, which was used for tying garlands.-3. Mitte sectari noli sectari, noli quaerere. Quo locorum quo loco. Rosa sera, a late rose;' one which blooms after the regular time is past. 'The servant is not to seek costly garlands, made of rare flowers.5. Construe: curo (that is, volo) nihil allabores ne quid adjungas magno labore.-7. The vine, or rather the tree up which the vine is trained (a custom still retained in Italy), is called arta, because it is thick, and consequently throws a cooling shade. LIBER SECUNDUS. CARMEN I. AD C. ASINIUM POLLIONEM. C. ASINIUS POLLIO, in whose praise this ode was written, was, both from his high birth, and from his distinction in the political as well as literary world, one of the leading men of his time. When but a youth he came prominently forward as an orator; for we find him in 75 B. C., in his twenty-third year, accusing C. Cato. After this he served under Caesar; and during the civil wars after Caesar's death, he held an independent command. In the year 43 B. c. he decided the fall of the republican party by siding with Mark Antony, when defeated and a fugitive, and bringing about the triumvirate of Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus. In the year 40 B. c. he was consul, and received in the following year the province of Illyricum. Whilst in this command, he conquered the barbarous tribes of the Parthini and Dalmatians, and took the town of Salonae. For these victories he, on the 25th October 39 B. C., celebrated a triumph, which was called the Dalmatian. In the quarrels between Octavianus and Antony he attempted, so long as it was possible, to act as mediator, inclining, however, more to the party of the latter; and he could not be prevailed upon, even before the campaign of Actium, when the ruin of Antony seemed certain, and all his former friends were leaving him, to take the field against him. He was too proud, and too much imbued with the old republican spirit, to serve under Octavianus. During the time when these disputes and quarrels were going on, and when he could not be politically active, he turned his attention to literature, and wrote tragedies and historical works; among the latter, especially, a history of the last civil wars, from the year 60 B. C. (the consulship of L. Afranius and Q. Caecilius Metellus), when what is called the first triumvirate was formed by Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus It is to be lamented, that of all Pollio's writings nothing except the very smallest fragments has come down to us. The praise which Horace bestows upon Pollio in this ode refers merely to his distinction as a historian: of his political skill and |
