Our love of it must be mode fate: We muft love it as a thing. which, though pleafant and profitable, is precarious, attended with fome inconveniencies, not easily kept, and fometimes undeservedly loft, and laftly of no ufe to us beyond the grave. We, whofe continuance here is fo fhort, are scarcely born for this world, or for any thing that this world can bestow. Our reputation we can enjoy no longer than whilft we live. A reputation after death, if it only begins then, is of fmall value; it is like a favourable wind after a fhipwreck. When we go hence, what good can arife to our own perfons from it? Here we must leave it, and here it will remain and furvive for a greater or a leffer number of years, as time and chance fhall determine. Good actions are a treasure which we can carry hence with us. If we are fecure of thefe, it is no matter if the world be negligent of us, and we pafs our days unregarded, and pofterity know not that ever we had a being. Our virtues are immortal, and true honour will be their recompenfe, an honour which we fhall receive from God, from holy angels, and from just men made perfect, and which fhall continue to all eternity. And this feems to fuggeft one reafon for which we fhould have fome taste, and entertain fome value for reputation here, becaufe reputation may be part of our reward hereaf ter. To the PROPRIETORS of the MAGA ZINE of MAGAZINES. GENTLEMEN, Among the great Variety of useful and entertaining Pieces inferted in your monthly Collection, I do not remember to have feen any on the Nature of Hunger and Thirt; if you think the following Obfervations on that Subject proper for your Magazine, they are at your Service, and you will confer a Favour, by inferting them, on Four conftant Reader and Contributor, T. B-bar. WE fee the Creator has given to man the two faithful guards of pleafure and pain for his prefervation; the one to avert the evil, the other to invite him to useful actions. From hence we are informed, that the taking of aliment is an action neceffary and ufeful to our fupport. For, fince there is every day a great quantity wafted from the body, by a dissolution of its true fubftance, thrown off by perfpiration and other discharges, it is therefore neceffary to repair the lofs; but this more especially is demanded from the aliment, by the na ture of the blood itself, ftrongly inclined to a fharp, faline, lixiviol quality, and to a putrid acrimonious ftate to which it is continually follicited, and approaches from the putrefcent difpofition of all the more ftagnant humours of the animal, promoted by the inceffant and natural motion of the heart and arteries, with a perpetual heat. Moreover, the coaguable difpofition of the blood, continually lofing a great part of its diluting water, by infenfible perfpiration, calls ftrenuously for a recruit of the watery element, in the way of drink, by which its cohefive globules are feparated from each other, and hindered from running together into a confiftent mass, These truths are proved not only from their caufes, but likewife by their effects and appearances, which they exhibit in men and other animals, dying by hunger; for, in fuch, we commonly obferve a fharp ftinking breath, a looseness of the teeth, from diffolving acromony of the juices, violent pains in the ftomach, a fharp fever, and even a true madness. Alt these disorders arife fooner and ftronger, as the perfon is more rebust and more violently exercised with motion of the body; but they enfue very flowly in phlegmatic people, who are unactive, perfpire little, and put the blood into no great motion. The fresh chyle, compofed, for the moft part, out of the acefcent clafs of of vegetables, and of a confiftence always thinner than that of the blood itself, being received into its torrent of circulation, ferves to temperate the putrefcent acrimony, to dilute or jeffen the coagulation threatned, and reduce the whole mafs from a fharp faline to the mild albuminous nature, which is proper to healthy blood; and, finally, the chyle, but more efpecially that derived from the flesh of animals, being replenished with gelatinous lymph, ferves to repair the confumption, or wafte, which is made from the body itself to the vacuities of whofe broken folids it is applied. But the drink chiefly dilutes the cohefive or grumous inclination of the blood, hinders its putrefcent acrimony, and carries off, by the emunctories, fuch particles as are already putrid; and hence it is, that a perfon may live for a long time without folid food, if he be but fupplied with drink, even of water. We are follicited to take food, as well from the fenfe of pain, we call hunger, as from that of pleasure, which is received by the tafte. The first of thefe doubtlefs proceeds from the fenfible folds or wrinkles of the ftomach, rubbing against each other by the peristaltic motion, joined with a preffure from the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, by which the naked villi of the nerves, on one fide, grate against thofe of the other, after a manner intolerable. Thus we are effectually admonished of the dangers enfuing from too long abftinence or fafting, and excited to procure food or nourishment by labour and industry. To this fenfe alfo, the gaftric liquor or juice of the ftomach, collected and fharpened after feeding, does, in a great measure, conduce. Thirst is feated in the tongue, fauces, cefophagus, and ftomach. For, whenever thefe very fenfible parts, which are conftantly and naturally moistened by mucous and falival juices, grow dry, from a deficiency of those or the like humours, or are irritated by a redundancy of muriatic or alcalefcent falts here lodged, there arifes a fenfe much more intolerable than the former, as thirft is more dangerous; whose uneafy fenfe continues, until the proportion of diluting water in the blood, being recruited, reftores the neceffary moisture and free fecretion required in the parts before mentioned. From hence we learn, why thirst attends labour, which exhales a greater proportion of the watery perfpiration; and why it is a fymptom of fevers, where there is a drynefs and obftruction of the exhaling veffels belonging to the tongue and fauces; why fimple water, having no tenacity, will often not stick long enough to the juices to abate thirft, which yields, nevertheless, eafily to fome acid liquors, and not only moisten and render fluid, but also neutralife and provoke forward the humours. From thefe caufes, mortals, being under a neceflity of feeking food for the fupport of life, have, from the beginning of time, determined their choice to the fucculent parts of vegetables and animals, in fuch a manner, that water and falt seem to be added only as third affiftants. And, firft, it is probable, that the primitive choice of our foods was made by experiments, according as the variety of fmells and flavours, in vegetables and their feveral parts, invited, and as the ftrength or recruit of our faculties, thence following, confirmed their utility. But, by degrees, animals increasing, so much as to be incommodious to man, now declining in his conftituion or longævity, the flesh of animals was afterwards added, as a better fupport for those labours, which could not be fo well fuftained by vegetable food alone. At prefent both the number and variety of fubftances are almost infinite, which we take either as food or feafoning for our nourishment. There are indeed many inftances of particular perfons, and even of whole nations, nations, who have fupported life only with one kind of food, either vegetable or animal, at least upon a Imall clafs of either of them; nay, that some have lived altogether upon milk or its whey But, notwithftanding thefe inftances, it seems to be neceffary, both from the fabric of the human body itself, as well as from the known effects that follow from only one kind of food, that we ought to fupport life by the two kinds of food, both animal and vegetable, fo intermixed, that neither of them may exceed their reasonable bounds; and this mediocrity we are taught from the loathing itself, which follows in ufing any one kind of food for too long a time together. The flesh of animals appears a neceffary part of our nourishment, even from the fabric of the human ftomach itself, resembling that of carnivorous animals, and from the two rows of teeth in each jaw; alfo from the smallness and fhortnefs of the inteftinum cœcum, and from the neceffary vigour which we acquire, and which is more remarkable in canine animals. For it appears that the flesh of animals only contains the gelatinous lymph ready prepared for the recruit both of our Auids and folids, which, being extracted from the broken vef fels and fibres, is readily converted into abundance of blood. An abftinence from animal food, in those who have been accustomed to it, generally causes great weakness both with regard to the body and ftomach, being perpetually attended. with a troublefome diarrhoea, or purging But, in the amplitude and length of the inteftina craffa, man agrees with the herbivorous animals. Efculent vegetables are of the acefcent kind, except fome few of them, which are either alcalefcent, or elfe replenished with a fpicinefs; but none of them have that animal glue, which is fpontaneously changeable into blood; for it is not only the fmall portion of jelly, which is drawn from their farinaceous parts, which, after many repeated circulations, is converted into the nature of our indigenous juices. Yet thefe are neceffary to avoid over repletion with blood, and of too putrefcent a kind from the use of animal food alone, which, from the most creditable accounts of the anthropophagi, or men-eaters, prevails to fo great a degree, as to breed the hot alcalefcent fcurvy, a fierce or favage temper, a ftinking and leprofy of the body, with a lixivial corruption of all the juices, which are only to be avoided or cured by change of diet, in which a vegetable acidity abounds. Hence that it is that we are furnished with few canine teeth, and our appetite in health, but more efpecially in disease, is ftronger for acidulous vegetables, in proportion to our warmer tempe rature of body, and greater heat of the country or the feafon of the year. Hence we fee, that, in the hotteft climates, people live either altogether upon vegetables, or ufe flesh meats but very rarely, and not without danger of acute diseases; while, in the colder countries, flesh is eat freely with lefs danger: And hence bread, or something like it, is made a ftanding part of our food throughout the world. The best drink is afforded by pure water, not incorporated with falts nor with air, by which it may readily enter into a fermentation. Of this kind we justly prefer that from a mountainous fpring, which runs clear and cold through a fandy bed, being very light and infipid. Whenever we are unprovided with fuch pure and healthy water, as is frequently the cafe in the lower flat countries, or when any increase of the ftrength and mufcular conftriction of the ftomach is required, from a fpicy ftimulus, its place may be very well fupplied by wine, prepared chiefly from grapes, but, in defect of thofe, apples and pears, which, after a due fermentation, becomes clear, and is replenished with' an acid falt, and an oily or inflammable fpirit, well di luted 1 luted in water. Liquors of the fame kind, replenished with a vinous or inflammable fpirit, but more flatulent, heavy, and lefs palatable, are prepared from the feveral kinds of corn, opened by maceration and flight roafting, afterwards extracted with boiling water, and prepared by fermentation, as a substitute for wine in thofe countries, where the grape does not ripen. But mankind has invented various pickles and fauces, fuch as falt, vinegar, and acids of various kinds, to correct the putrefcent difpofitions of flesh meats, with pepper, muftard, and other hot fpices, to ftrengthen the action of the ftomach, which is perpetually weakened by flatulent vegetables; and to thefe add the fugar, falt, and eastern fpices generally added, either for the fake of flavouring, or preferving our food. But all thefe yield no nourishment, being deftitute of all gelatinous lymph, or any farinaceous quality. The aliments are generally dreffed, or variously prepared, according to their different nature, the country, feafon, &c. by which their crudity is removed, their folid fibres foftened or opened, their too much incorporated air expelled, or their difagreeable acrimony reduced, or changed to a flavour that is agreeable. Thus have I endeavoured to fhew how hunger and thirst are excited in the animal economy, the nature of animal and vegetable nutriments, and why neither is fufficient alone to fupply the calls of nature, but a proper mixture of both neceffary to the fupport and health of the animal machine. Some Account of the Cafe of lord HARRY POWLETT. ORD HARRY POWLETT being the Barfleur, was tried at a court martial held on board the Prince George at Portsmouth the 20th, 21ft, and 27d of October 1755, before Henry Ofborne, Efq; vice admiral of the Red, for quitting his ftation without leave from admiral Hawke, of whote fquadron the Barfleur was one. Upon this trial the facts appeared to be as follows: On the morning of the 23d of Auguft lord Powlett, by the verbal or der of Sir Edward Hawke, gave chace to a fail that appeared to the fouth-eaft, and continued the chace to leeward of the fleet from 10 0 clock till 12, when he came up and fpoke with the veffel, which proved to be a friend. He then stretched away to the weftward till 2, and at he tack'd and food towards the fleet till feven. Some of the fleet were feen ftanding on one tack, and fome on another, fo that it was doubtful whether the fleet ftood eaft or weft. Ld. Powlett therefore ordered the mafter to fet the admiral, who bore N. E. and by N. about four leagues; but about 8 o'clock, night coming on, and the Barfleur being ftill at a great diftance, the quite loft fight of the fleet. As the fhips had been feen ftanding on different tacks, Ld. Powlett was now in doubt what was really the pofition of the fleet; upon which he advised with the mafter, and it was concluded, that the moft likely method to join was to ftand cafward till midnight, and then, if no part of it fhould be feen, to go about to the weftward. Having, in confequence of this de termination, fteered eaft till 12 at night, crowding all the fail they could, and having difcovered no lights during all that time, they tacked weftward, and kept that courfe till between and 6 in the morning of 5 the next day, when a midshipman on the maft-head called out that he faw three fail bearing about E. and by N. ing that thefe three ships were part of the fleet, immediately prepared to put about in order to join them, but while this was doing another fail Was was feen from the mast-head to the fouth-weft. The lieutenant being now in doubt what courfe to take, went down to Ld. Powlett, and acquainted him with what the midfhipman had feen in both quarters. Ld. Powlett then gave orders to chafe the fail to the fouth-weft, for the following reafons: 1. He fuppofed her a French man of war homeward bound. 2. By the direction he judged her to be in to the fleet, he knew there was no probability that he would be fpoken with by any other veffel. 3. Admiral Hawke was then more than twice equal to any fquadron the French had at fea, and therefore Ld. Powlett's abfence could not probably produce any ill confequence. 4. He imagined it to be a general rule with all commanders of a cruifing fquadron to chafe every veffel that appeared, and if no fhip belonging to fuch fquadron was, when out of fight of the admiral, to give chase, many of the enemy's fhips would efcape that might be eafily taken. And 5. He had great probability of joining the fleet next day, if the wind had fhifted, and if not, of joining it at the rendezvous. After chafing this veffel to the S. W. about three hours, another appeared to the S. E. upon which Ld. Powlett fhaped his courfe between both. About fix o'clock in the evening, after a chase of nine hours more, the veffel first chafed made Sir Edward Hawke's diftinguishing fignal, and proved to be an English man of war. Ld. Powlett, however, ftill continued to ftand on for fome time, that if he was one of Sir Edward's fquadron, he might acquaint her, that on the 23d he had changed his rendezvous. But the veffel ftill ftanding from him, he left her, and gave chace to the other veffel which had appeared to the S. E. and about feven o'clock he found that this alfo was a friend. He then tacked about once more, and flood to the northward to join the fleet, which he fuppofed to be about 20 leagues to windward of him, in the rendezvous. But early the next morning, the 25th, the fhip having fteered very hard for three or four days before, the tiller was unfhipped, and the goofe-neck fhifted an inch and a half farther. forward, it having born fo hard upon the sweep as almoft to have worn it through; and a few hours afterwards the carpenter made a report to the officer of the watch, that the ftern-poft was loofe, and worked ve ry much; that the fecond and third pintles of the rudder, which had been before complained of, worked much more than they ever yet done, and that the upper brace upon the ftern-poft was loose. Upon this report Ld. Powlett fent the first lieutenant and mafter, with the carpenter, to examine whether it was well grounded, who finding that it was, caufed the ftern-poft and ftandard to be frapped together, and both of them to be frapped to the mizzen-maft. Ld. Powlett alfo ordered the two guns that lay aft in the gun-room to be removed into the hold, to eafe the weakened part of the fhip. When thefe precautions had been taken, the fhip ftill continued to ftand to the northward till the morning of the 26th, and then tacked and ftood to the eastward. The carpenter however continued to urge the dangerous condition of the fhip, fo that on the 27th Ld. Powlett fent his two mates to examine the condition of the hip a fecond time, and they reported the defects mentioned by the carpenter under their hands; and declared, that tho by the precautions they had taken thefe defects were in fome measure remedied, yet if a hard gale fhould happen, or a rough fea, they could not anfwer for the confequences. Ld. Powlett however, fti!l continued to ftand eastward till the 28th at noon, to get into Sir Edward's rendezvous, having got into the latitude the evening before. But feeing nothing of the |