way to visit grandmother in the foothills of the Carpathians. Although they could. not speak a tongue the Spectator understood, they could play games that all children know. So the Spectator, far from home and a little heart-hungry, got acquainted with them by means of the universal language of games, and could enjoy the thrill of expectation with which they looked forward to being at grandmother's and meeting again the dog they had known in other days. That there was a dog was learned from the father interpreting for his kinder. It all reminded the Spectator of his youthful visits to his grandparents in the foothills of the Berkshires in Litchfield County. The good father helped him in solving the intricacies of his railway journey as the train ambled slowly up into the hill country beyond Csap, and by and by the three left it. The children were quite delighted at meeting a great black dog. As the train pulled out of the station they and their father waved their hands to the Spectator, and all exchanged bows, accompanied by the polite hat-lifting which is so pleasing a custom in Continental Europe.

The scenery became wilder as the train approached the summit and the channel of the Ung River narrowed. The people changed in character. The villages were of straw-thatched cottages. The roofs were steep and moldy and moss-covered, and the sides were slabs. The women wore strong colors, red and rich blue predominating. There were no shrines in the neighborhood of Protestant Debreczen, but now they were to be seen again-simple metal crosses on stone pedestals.

The roadbed became steeper as the train approached the crest of the divide. In the course of the last few miles it climbed an elevation of several hundred feet by circling along the sides of two or three valleys, cutting through several hills by means of tunnels-there were at least half a dozen-and crossing several ravines upon viaducts of fine design. The train moved so slowly that the Spectator could have jumped out and climbed aboard again in safety. He leaned out of the window and, pointing his camera down the ravine which the train had just crossed and along whose sides it was crawling, pressed the button. The smoke of the locomotive was flowing out of the mouth of the tunnel through which the train had just passed. For twenty minutes the loco

motive, with its burden trailing behind it, snorted heavily as it zigzagged around the convolutions of the encircling hills at the proverbial and literal-pace of a snail. Through all this period of time the pillar of smoke issuing from the tunnel could be seen by the Spectator. The train stopped at Uzsok and then at Sianki.

As a specimen of railway engineering the accomplishment of getting a train to the summit of the Uzsok Pass, in the Spectator's experience, ranked next to that exhibited in the Semmering Pass over which the TriesteVienna expresses travel. The scenery, how

ever, was not so bold. There were no snowcapped peaks to be seen, no mountains rising above the timber line. The very summits were wooded and inhabited. There were mountains not so many miles distant which rose to an elevation of four thousand feet.

At Sianki the Spectator changed cars again, this being the third or fourth time. Now it was to a train of the Austrian Staatsbahn, for Sianki is on the boundary line between Hungary and Galicia. The route to Sambor was more gentle in its incline than that traversed in the morning. The train followed the valley of the Dniester through pine woods in which much lumbering was being done. Everywhere Ruthenian wood-choppersyokels with blank expression, and wearing jackets trimmed with red-and Jews with ringlets hanging over their temples were seen. From time to time churches with triple domes resembling Hindu pagodas were passed, crosses surmounting and distinguishing them. The women were prominent and picturesque features of the landscape, their red head-bands, red skirts, and red aprons making them conspicuous at a great distance.

In the edge of the evening the train rolled into Sambor, and, being obliged to change cars again, the Spectator took advantage of the opportunity to indulge in the first complete meal of the day. Then on into the night he sped toward Lemberg, 481⁄2 miles away. The train arrived there an hour behind the schedule. Although in consequence of this no time had been saved over the other route, the Spectator had no regrets for the fact that he had ventured across lots, and as a result unwittingly passed through a country which was to become historic.

Il Mare Adriatico. By Gellio Cassi. Ulrico Hoepli. Milano, Italy.

This volume is published at exactly the right time. Never before has there been so much interest in the Adriatic, and never before. has popular attention turned so much towards the history of the shores of that sea. Professor Cassi has known how to relate this history to us in language so interesting that we hope an early translation of the book will make it possible for English-speaking readers to enjoy it as well.

What Ought I To Do? By George Trumbull Ladd, LL.D. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. $1.50.

Professor Ladd, of Yale, though now emeritus, continues his educational work with vigor and practical point. The very title of this volume pointedly addresses it to a widely felt need in the present crisis of civilization, in the birth pangs of a new social order, and perplexing questions of personal and social duty.

The two outstanding facts of history are these: the time-long evolution of morality in society, and this as proceeding from the development of the moral self in individual personality. Professor Ladd thus summarizes the entire course of ethical study: "The moral self in a process of development toward the social ideal." Only in society can personality originate and develop. Professor Ladd's conception of individual personality in progressive development is well expressed in Whittier's well-known line:

"Be thou the true man thou dost seek."

To be one such good man and true, one great thing, perhaps the greatest of all, is that you should be devotedly helpful to others in their efforts to realize their own individual better selves. But be good to others in your own good way after your conception of the divine type."

The story of Adam and Eve in the so-called "fall" of man is the prototype of the initial forward step in the development of the moral self which multitudes even now have yet to takeadvance from tribal or group morality to individual morality. Professor Ladd's chapters on Custom, Other Laws, and the Moral Law" and "On Settling Questions of Conscience " have admirably handled the puzzling problems which often embarrass that momentous step. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles.

By W. J. Bean. 2 vols. E. P. Dutton & Co., New
York. $15 per set.

These two stout volumes are, of course, more interesting to Britons than to Americans. And yet to us also they have interest, especially because of those trees and shrubs in America which exist in England as well. It is interesting to note with regard to them the propagation, nursery work, transplanting, mulching, pruning, and other care given in the British Isles and compare

it with our own. These volumes may be regarded, we suppose, as constituting a standard work on the subject. Moreover, any one who has ever visited the fascinating Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, London, may take a special interest in the work, knowing that the author is the assistant curator of those gardens.

Abroad at Home. By Julian Street. The Century Company, New York. $2.50.

At a time when Americans must perforce set out to discover the attractions of their own country, in lieu of the "trip abroad "which is not to be thought of this year, this vivacious account of things seen in a trip from New York to San Francisco by a wide-awake newspaper man and an open-eyed artist will be helpful and suggestive to a host of vacationists who are asking, "Where?"

Christ of the Men of Art (The). By J. R. Aitken. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $6.

This book is concerned chiefly with the best works of the most distinguished painters, and hence is not as exhaustive as it might have been. Had the book been more comprehensive, however, it would have been necessary to publish it in two volumes. The present volume is a thick book, but is well printed and passably well illustrated.

Perhaps the most notable feature of the volume lies in its account of the Christ figure as depicted in the early centuries of the Christian era, in the Byzantine Age, and in what the author calls "the Dawn of the Italian Renaissance "--another name for the Gothic Age. Prefatory to all this is a chapter in which various legendary tales are told and descriptions given of what has been found in the sacramental vessels and numerous ornaments discovered in the Catacombs.

The least satisfactory part of this description of the earlier art ages is that which has to do with Gothic art, simply because it lacks the amplitude which its author was doubtless ready to give, but which had to be condensed into what seemed a proper perspective with the rest of the book.

Italy for the Reconstruction of Poland. Referendum prepared by the review "L'Eloquenza." Published by "L'Eloquenza," Rome, Italy. The subject of the rehabilitation of the Polish Kingdom is one which was mentioned in Germany by Germans at the beginning of the war as a possible and even probable benefit from the war. It is interesting also to find that in Italy a similar opinion has been held. "L'Eloquenza," the Italian review, has made a summary of opinions on that subject, and the resulting volume is worth the attention of any one interested in Poland. In addition, there is an interesting map closing the volume tracing what the Italians would doubtless call "Polonia Irredenta" (unredeemed Poland).

Metal markets, says a commercial authority, are running wild. The copper output for May surpassed all records by over 25,000,000 pounds, yet the price has risen from 1234 c. in January to 201⁄2c. Zinc began the year at 5c. a pound and reached 291⁄2c. The manufacturers of brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, tried to substitute lead for the zinc, and the price of lead rose from 4.20c. to 7.50c. a pound-"a figure which it has not touched since the Civil War!" Joplin, Missouri, the center of the American zinc-producing field, has been having a boom as a result of the increased price of zinc-or 'spelter," as it is called commercially. "A year ago many of the mines were abandoned. Now every one is worked to capacity. The small mines where the small fry hoist the ore out with a horse, break the rock with a sledge, and wash it by hand bring profits of $250 a week."

"Read the advertisements," is the advice to its readers given by a monthly journal devoted to office equipment. It frankly says that it regards its advertisements as its most valuable feature. And at least one daily paper in New York City might say the same thing. "Of course one buys the for the advertisements," is a remark often heard concerning this daily; and an odd thing about it is that the paper in question sells for a higher price than do most of its competitors that are without this valuable advertising patronage.

A trip by trolley car from New York City to Chicago costs, according to the Brooklyn Eagle's" Trolley Exploring Guide, slightly over $20 in fares and about $12 extra for hotel bills, as the trip takes just short of four days. There are still one or two gaps in New York State which must be filled in with steam-car travel, but from Little Falls, New York, one can travel by trolley not only as far as Chicago, but to Sheboygan, Wisconsin, to Bay City, Michigan, to Louisville, Kentucky, and almost to St. Louis.

"With an aim to foster and develop an artistic theater, free from the taint of commercialism, the Washington Square Players began a season in February at the Bandbox Theater," says the New York "Dramatic Mirror." It adds: "Their success has been so complete that it has dispelled for all time the belief of the skeptics that there was no room for a theater of ideals in this country." The Bandbox Theater does not advertise in the papers, its tickets are not sold at an advance by agencies, and the best seats have sold for only fifty cents, though they are to be a dollar next season.

Figures published by the Department of Labor indicate that the cost of living in 1914

was 2 per cent greater than in 1913, and 24.5 per cent more than in 1907. Taking prices in 1913 as a standard and calling them 100, sirloin steak jumped from 71.5 in 1907 to 102.5 in 1914; hens from 81.4 to 102.1; eggs from 84.1 to 102.3; wheat flour from 94.9 to 103.8; corn meal from 87.7 to 105.2; butter from 85.2 to 94.4; milk from 87.2 to 100.5. Potatoes are one of the few articles of universal consumption which have risen only slightly-from 101.3 to 103.2.

Broadway, New York City, is to have an openair restaurant similar to the delightful sidewalk restaurants of Paris, at which the boulevardiers love to sit and watch the passing throng while they sip their cooling drinks and exchange the gossip of the hour-at least they did this before the war and will doubtless resume the practice when the war is over. New York's sidewalk café is to be inclosed in glass in winter.

Here is a Chinese student's summary of the war's causes, as published in a Shanghai paper: "Now there is a great battle in Europe. This began because the Prince of Austria went to Serbia with his wife. One man of Serbia killed him. Austria was angry, and so write Serbia. Germany write a letter to Austria, 'I will help you.' Russia write a letter to Serbia, 'I will help you.' France did not want to fight, but they got ready their soldiers. Germany write a letter to France, 'You don't get ready, or I will fight you in nine hours.' Germany, to fight them, pass Belgium. Belgium say, 'I am a Country; I am NOT a road.' And Belgium write a letter to England about Germany, to help them. So England help Belgium." Who can do better in the same space?

One of Bolivia's misfortunes has been its deprivation of an outlet to the Pacific; but it is interesting to note the just published report of two commissioners from one of the largest corporations in the United States, which is seeking to enlarge its trade in Latin America. They found, they announce, Bolivia “in a more prosperous condition than any other South American country at the time of their visit."

An exchange prints this list of words ending in ough, the pronunciation of the more obscure words being here added, so far as is ascertainable from the dictionaries: Messrs. Gough (gof), Hough (huf), and Clough (cluf), though tough enough, thought, through the day, that they would visit Mr. Brough (broo), who, having hiccough (hickup) and a cough, lived in a clough (cluf or clou), with plenty of dough and a tame chough (chuf) kept near a plough in a rough trough hung to a bough over a lough (loch). A slough (sluf) of the bank into the slough (slew) injured his thoroughbred's hough (hock).