placence of municipal authorities. Upon the rapidity with which a bridge over an unfordable stream can be constructed may rest the safety of thousands of lives. The third picture shows coast artillerymen of the Massachusetts militia engaged in practice with the 12-inch mortars at Fort Andrew. For the private in the coast artillery successful work means the skill that comes with practice, strength, and discipline. For his officer, however, such target practice is a synonym for science and exhaustive education.

Only a full realization of the arduous training required for the business of soldiering can make Mr. Bryan's phrase concerning the million men that would spring to arms before the setting of the sun sound like the culpable absurdity that it is. Discipline and equipment are the two essentials of the modern soldier which cannot be brought into existence by the utterance of any number of smooth-sounding words.

Perhaps the most significant work that is being done to-day in the preparation of this country for the business of self-defense is being performed at the training camps for officers of volunteers which are being conducted both in the East and the West under the auspices of the War Department. This is the most forward-looking step that is being taken towards obtaining for this country a citizenry trained and accustomed to arms." President Wilson, from whom this phrase is quoted, is now reported as taking a more sympathetic view of the position of those who are working for preparedness against

war.

SIR JAMES MURRAY

By the death of Sir James Murray England loses one of her most distinguished scholars. Sir James was born in 1837 in Denholm, near Hawick, in Roxburghshire. He was educated at schools in Hawick and Edinburgh, and later at London University. His first position in the workaday world was that of foreign correspondent for the Oriental Bank of London. But academic life strongly tempted him, and six years later he became a master at Mill Hill School.

About this time, as a result of the appeal of Dean Trench, the author of a number of learned papers on the origin and development of the English language, a new dictionary was projected. The idea was taken up vigorously by the Philological Society of London, and a dictionary was planned on a

colossal scale. Herbert Coleridge, the poet's great-great-nephew, was the first editor. He was succeeded by Dr. Furnivale, and when the latter died it looked as though the dictionary might be abandoned. It was then that Oxford University itself took up the work and called on James Murray to complete it. The choice was an appropriate one, as Murray had now become a famous philologist and was President of the Philological Society. With a corps of assistants he took entire charge, and by 1893 he had published two volumes covering the words from A to C. He was assisted by twenty to thirty editors who had been trained in the work, and also by several thousand volunteer assistants in various parts of England and other English-speaking countries; whose duty it was to read books for the purpose of hunting out unusual words and supplying quotations. Every English book published before 1500 A.D. was read, and every book of importance since that date.

The work grew so rapidly that Sir James went to Oxford to live. He settled down at Sunnyside, on the Banbury Road, not too far from the Bodleian Library, which was, of course, one of his greatest sources of information. A building was erected for the dictionary workers. Sir James called it "The Scriptorium." There, ranged like the case racks in a printing office, are hundreds of cases divided into pigeonholes, which refer to some work in the English language, and containing millions of slips upon which have been noted historical memoranda, quotations, and other material obtained by the regular or volunteer readers.

Sir James had almost completed his tenth and last volume, T to Z. For a long time his friends had queried whether his life might not come to its end before the dictionary did. The race has been a fine one and the dictionary has won-but only by a narrow margin.

THE GEORGE JUNIOR
REPUBLIC

A year ago last March The Outlook reported at some length the investigation of the George Junior Republic at Freeville, New York, by the State Board of Charities. Pursuant to the findings of this Board, it will be recalled that the trustees and the directors of the National Association of the George Junior Republics exonerated Mr. George of any conscious wrong-doing or of any moral delin

quency in his conduct of the affairs of the Republic, and voted their complete confidence in his moral integrity. Nevertheless, at that time, because of the notoriety of the trial, it was thought best that Mr. George should remove his residence from the grounds of the Freeville Republic, thus placating those who felt that his presence there was a detriment to the work, but that he should continue his activities as Director of the National Association. With this attitude on the part of the trustees The Outlook expressed hearty agreement. Mr. George voluntarily agreed to remove his residence from Freeville to the city of Ithaca, New York. This removal was made late in the summer of 1914.

It is more than interesting to note the effect of this change on the affairs of the Republic. The experiment was made in the hope that the removal of Mr. George from direct contact with the work at Freeville might restore public faith in the institution, whose reputation had been damaged by newspaper gossip about its founder. The result has been the failure of this very plausible theory, and the emphasizing of the real hold of Mr. George's picturesque and vivid personality upon the public mind. Instead of the disassociation of Mr. George with the Republic resulting in a restoration of public confidence and an increase in the number of citizens and in the amount of contributions, just the opposite occurred. In fact, the already seriously disorganized Republic dwindled until, by the 1st of October, 1914, there was but one citizen left and the contributions had entirely ceased.

A CHANGE IN POLICY

After reviewing this lamentable situation, the trustees called Mr. George before them and told him that the policy which they had pursued had proved unsuccessful, and that they were now willing, if he were willing, to try the experiment of placing him in absolute control of the situation, so that he might revive the institution if possible, and, if not, might assume the dismal responsibility of burying the corpse.

Mr. George accepted the offer of the Board to assume complete responsibility in the matter, and at once took charge of the Republic. Thirty days after Mr. George had thus taken charge of affairs the number of citizens had risen from one to thirty, and the contributions had begun to come in again, in spite of the depressed times.

The expenses of the institution were radically reduced, with the result that the month of October was concluded, not only without the monthly deficit which had been contracted for years past, but with a few dollars balance. This improvement in the affairs of the Republic has steadily continued from that time, until there are now seventy-seven citizens enrolled in the Republic, and a record of eight months during which it has more nearly paid its way than ever before.

This unprecedented revival of an apparently hopelessly ruined institution has been furthered by the most loyal and wholehearted support on the part of the people living within a radius of thirty or forty miles of Freeville. The neighbors of the Republic have risen morally and financially to its defense and support. Dr. Andrew D. White, founder and former President of Cornell University, has accepted the chairmanship of what may be described as a vigilance committee, the purpose of which is to defend Mr. George and the Republic in future from such a partisan and prejudiced investigation as was carried out by the State Board of Charities less than two years ago. As a further safeguard the Board of Trustees of the Republic will, in the future, refuse to accept. State wards as citizens.

The rehabilitation of the George Junior Republic was fittingly celebrated in Freeville on July 10, the twentieth anniversary of its founding, with athletic games and an entertainment furnished by the citizens. Some sixty or seventy ex-citizens returned for the jubilation and to listen to addresses by Dr. Andrew D. White and Judge Ben B. Lindsey. It is to be hoped that the sanguine expectation of Mr. George and the trustees of the Republic will be fulfilled. The Republic idea in education is founded on mutual trust and an impelling personality. With either element lacking, it has a hard road to travel. It is a matter of congratulation that, not only the personality of Mr. George, but trust in his leadership as well, has been restored to the Freeville Republic.

EDUCATION IN TURKEY

The reports of commencement days at American educational institutions in the Orient naturally arrive a considerable time after the event. This would be true in any case, but it is specially true in these days of war.

The report on Commencement Day at

Constantinople College, better known as the American College for Girls, in the capital of the Turkish Empire, is just at hand, and is of special interest because we are apt to think that there has been a smothering of all educational institutions in Turkey, and, in particular, that Constantinople is now so inclosed and occupied by military forces as to leave little chance for the ordinary events of the day and year to occur. But this has not been true of Constantinople College. On June 11 its Commencement occurred, and was a brilliant occasion notwithstanding the difficulties of the past year-or possibly as a result of having surmounted many of them! Nineteen girls were graduated, and it is interesting to note their nationalities-seven Bulgarians, six Armenians, two Turks, two Greeks, one Albanian, and one American. The audience comprised representatives of all the nationalities of the land.

A distinguishing feature of the day was the conferring of the degree of Doctor of Laws upon the Hon. Henry Morgenthau, American Ambassador to Turkey. We learn that as Mr. Morgenthau received his degree the enthusiasm reached great height, as he is extremely popular with all the different peoples of the Near East. One of the secrets of his success as a leader in these times of crisis is his sincere friendship for all peoples, and his real desire to help any per sons, no matter what their race, who are suffering in consequence of the war or for any other reasons. The spirit of mutual confidence which he has thus created has been a strong force in Constantinople and has made the successful continuance of the College possible during the present war. Such a career honors the Washington Administration, and will stand out nobly in the history of the American diplomatic

service.

Speaking of education in Turkey, we should chronicle the apparently strange but immensely gratifying fact that, despite the hardships of the past year, education for Mohammedan women has made a distinct advance. They have been admitted officially to the Turkish Imperial University and several hundred women have attended courses there. Those who could pass the necessary examinations were enrolled as regular students, and others who could not were permitted to enter the classes. as visiting members. Surely, in view of the above, it will not do to be hopeless about the future of Turkey.

In the minds of many observers, both teachers and pupils in our schools are suffering from too many text-books. Certain it is that the teacher is apt to rely far too much on the text-book and to supplement a lack of natural teaching aptitude by a kind of wooden adherence to what somebody else says in a volume prepared for the purpose. As to the child, the outcome of a non-appeal to natural individual cleverness is apparent, and the result is lazy and unindividual children. But children need some text-booksthat is evident. How shall they be supplied in our public schools?

Hitherto they have been paid for mostly by the children's parents. Aside from those municipalities which provide text-books, for a long time there has been a growing feeling, especially in the West, that the State should supply text-books, and in two States, California and Kansas, this is now being done. One reason why other States have not adopted the plan is because the introduction of free text-books would add to the cost of the public school system, and thus increase the rate of taxation for school purposes.

California has been printing all the elementary text-books used in the State for approximately thirty years. Until 1913 the books were sold at cost to the pupils or to their parents. Legislation was then enacted requiring them to be furnished free. Some persons who have investigated the California situation are doubtful whether or not the plan is economical. The State Superintendent believes that it results in a saving of about twenty-five per cent of the cost of the books per year; other authorities in the State claim that there is no absolute saving when the quality of the books and the quality of the material used in making them is considered.

Kansas is printing only a very few textbooks, but will print all text-books used in elementary schools as rapidly as present contracts with publishers terminate. The Kansas law providing for printing books for public school children was passed two years ago, and the first books were printed in the summer of 1914.

THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION'S
INVESTIGATION

The Bureau of Education in the Department of the Interior has recently made an

PIC LIBRARI SANTA ROSA, CAL

interesting investigation, obtaining data from forty-three text-book publishers who control probably ninety-nine per cent of the textbook sales in this country. The aggregate total sales for text-books for public and private schools in 1913 reported by these publishers amounted to over $17,200,000, of which the amount for public schools, elementary and high, was over $14,200,000. As the total enrollment in public, elementary, and high schools for the year was about 18,600,000, deducting the California enrollment (California being the only State in that year which printed its own books), the number is about 18,200,000. The total annual sale of text-books for each child enrolled in the public schools of this country becomes, therefore, 78.3 cents.

For all school purposes the annual total expenditure for each child is approximately $38.31. Thus the cost of text-books is about two per cent of the total cost of maintenance. On the school population basis, the cost per child is 56.6 cents, however, thus making the annual per capita cost of textbooks on the total population basis less than 15 cents.

Such figures would indicate that there is little ground for the fear that the introduction of free text-books, whether printed by the State or furnished by publishers, would add much to the cost of the public school system. They will add still less when textbooks are used only because a more direct method cannot be used!

THE GARY PLAN

The name Gary was made known first by the man who has directed the policy and management of the United States Steel Corporation. Second, it is known as that of the new and important steel manufacturing town in Indiana near Chicago. And now, third, it is becoming still more widely known as the place in which a very successful plan in education originated. The plan greatly increases the efficiency of educational equipment. It involves a school day of eight hours instead of five, and six days a week instead of five. This time is given up to teaching, vocational training, ethical guidance, and play, and all is done without excess cost of plant by means of alternating classes, moving from one place to another for study, work, and exercise.

Hence, for the same school curriculum as at present, many more pupils can be accom

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modated. Such a plan, adapted to a community like the Borough of the Bronx in New York City, for instance, where there are thirty-six thousand children of school age and yet where there is accommodation for only twenty-five thousand, would enable the work to be done without additional school buildings and without the additional expense of operation. Not long ago The Outlook gave a description from a special correspondent of the gratifying results of the application of the Gary plan to a Bronx school.

What is necessary to the plan, however, is the additional facilities involved in the building of libraries, gymnasiums, auditoriums, shops, swimming-pools, and playgrounds, At Gary the playgrounds, swimming-pools, and gymnasiums are open on Sunday, as well as other days, and so keep the children off the streets. Five out of every eight Gary schools also open their playgrounds in the evening, with a consequent beneficial effect on the community's general health.

Moreover, five-eighths of the Gary day schools have evening academic instruction, and three-eighths are open for evening shop instruction. What is more, they have the kind of equipment necessary for the training of adult workers, as is seen from the fact that sixty per cent of the men and boys enrolled are over sixteen years old and are working during the day.

A NATIONAL MISSIONARY
MOVEMENT

Paying for admission to lectures on Christian missions, as people have lately begun to do, is a new thing under the sun. It is the latest of many signs of a growing public interest in an enterprise that has given luster to the name of America in far-off lands.

A date to reckon from is the Ecumenical Missionary Conference of 1900 in New York City, the effect of which was more than doubled by that of 1910 in Edinburgh. These were influential in broadening the missionary idea and motive from that of saving individual souls to that of making Christian nations. Amid new and great opportunities missionary enterprises have grown to such dimensions since this century began that a

pan-denominational organization was found necessary to cope with its exigencies.

In 1906 the Laymen's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada was formed, to "bring the laymen of all churches together on a common platform to consider the whole problem of Christianity in the world and plan for its solution." In 1909-10 it held seventy-five conventions throughout the country, with an average of one thousand registered delegates to each. Culminating in a National Congress at Chicago, it effected large results, but, while eleven denominational laymen's movements have been at work in the United States and Canada, the opportunities for extension increased faster than the resources of the missionary agencies.

Consequently a second National campaign has been planned for 1915-16, from October till April, concluding with a National Congress at Washington. During most of this period two or three conventions will be held simultaneously in different parts of the country, employing several teams of speakers, the ablest representatives of missionary work, home and foreign, and of effective church activity. To these great meetings all the churches are urged to send their best men as delegates. In the organization and conduct of this campaign every important missionary agency in the country is co-operating, and Convention committees have been organized and are now forming. After each Convention an executive secretary will remain on the field to direct a well-planned work of conservation and extension. This promising campaign is to open at Boston and Chicago simultaneously, October 14-17.

ART AND THE

EXPRESS COMPANIES

In The Outlook of June 16 we pointed out that the new law with regard to the valuation of baggage on railways was causing a great deal of annoyance and discomfort to passengers. The purpose of the law, which went into effect on June 1, was to make common carriers responsible for the full value of the property carried by them; but, as we pointed out before, Congress, as in the case of the Income Tax Law, seems to have been negligent in not foreseeing the confusion which has resulted from the enactment of this piece of legislation. Undoubtedly the intention of those who framed the law was to benefit the shipper by making the express companies

responsible for shipments; but the result has been that the shipper is no longer able to assume responsibility and relieve the express company of liability even if he desires, and is obliged to pay exorbitant insurance against the risk of the express company's own negli gence.

A new and more serious aspect of the Cummins Amendment, as interpreted by the Inter-State Commerce Commission, has been brought to our attention by the American Federation of Arts. According to this interpretation, paintings and sculptures shipped by express hereafter must be fully valued by the shipper before shipment and transportation charges paid thereon in ad

vance.

"The rate of transportation authorized by the Inter-State Commerce Commission on such shipments is exorbitant," says Miss Leila Mechlin, secretary of the American Federation of Arts, "and this ruling, therefore, will practically put an end to the sending about of traveling exhibitions of works of art, and will thereby restrict, retard, and finally prevent the upbuilding of art collections and art museums throughout the country. For example, I find, through conference with the express companies, that if we were to send an exhibition of oil paintings from Washington to New York and return we should be obliged to pay the express company, over and above the actual cost of transportation, $298 and some cents for insurance on additional valuation. If the collection were sent beyond Chicago, this rate would be much increased, and if it were to go to the Pacific coast it would be almost doubled."

Miss Mechlin goes on to say that it has been the policy of the Federation to cover all traveling exhibitions with a blanket insurance policy" at a rate for the entire circuit, covering a period of about six months, not much in advance of what the express companies will now legitimately charge for insurance merely in transportation for one short haul and return. In other words, on a traveling exhibition shown in six cities the excessive cost over and above the present cost would amount to over $1,800. Obviously, this would put an end to the sending about of exhibitions."

It is a strange and sad fact that, while one purpose of the amendment was obviously to prevent cruelty to animals in the shipment of live stock in closed boxes, for some unaccountable reason it has been made to refer