The

was on tap, including camels, lions, tigers, leopards, wolves, and dogs of many breedsEsquimo, St. Bernard, and hunting. way a lion springs on his moving-picture prey was explained. A Bedouin tent had been constructed for a play then in the works. In it a man is supposed to be sleeping. The tent was inside of several strong wire fences. The lion is let in to one inclosure after another, and just as he reaches the inner fence the man takes himself off and is replaced by a dummy, wearing the same clothes, stuffed full of meat. The camera is put up close to the inclosure; the lion, with a growl, launches himself on his victim, and-click, click, click, click! A million people will shudder at that lion's spring.

In taking pictures in the open white must be avoided. A white shirt, worn without coat or vest, would envelop an actor in an aura; it must be tinted yellow. And great care must be taken to always wear exactly the same costume when parts of the same scenes are taken at different times. Every actor keeps a memorandum of just what he has on. A shot may be fired from the outside of a house at a man inside, and that outside scene may be made twenty-five miles from Los Angeles at a ranch in the mountains. It is perhaps a week later before the bullet finds its mark and the murdered man falls dead in an inside scene in the studio at Los Angeles. Now, if the men outside rush in, they must look exactly as they looked a week before-shoes, ties, and the beards on their faces. The Spectator's young friend had once spoiled some miles of film by forgetting that he had had a five days' growth of beard in the first part of an act, and was clean-shaven through the rest of it.

The facial make-up has to be very strong for the "movies -a deep color around the eyes, cheeks dashed with purple to make them look red, and often a smear of white under the hair, perhaps to counteract the shadows.

Lunch-time at Universal City! Three hundred people eating in one great, pleasant lunch-room-twenty-five cents for the tabled'hôte, ice-cream ten cents extra. By a special dispensation, the Spectator and his entourage sat at one of the tables reserved, so the sign read, "For Directors and Leads Only." Half the lunchers were in their make-up, and a more conglomerate, interest

ing crowd the Spectator never ate with. Here was a table of ladies in full evening dress-black lace, low neck-eating beans with a couple of cowboys. The Pride of the Harem appeared in all her glory of shimmering satin and pearls, with her a very tall and melancholy-eyed grand vizier. The sultan was close by-very old, with long white hair, fierce eyes, armed and jeweled to the teeth. The criminal of the sleeping-car scene, his sinister look laid by with his handcuffs, slapped an old black-capped Fagin on the back and sat down beside him. And Fagin did not have time to finish his coffee when the call came, "Ghetto scene, all out!" Three French maids-pretty creatures with very red lips, short yellow aprons, and piquant yellow caps (they would have white caps and aprons in the picture)—ate their rhubarb pie calmly, while French artists in blouses were throwing dice with the man behind the lunchcounter. An Arab sheik with long white beard strode past, picking his teeth. We missed only one character-Alice. Surely Lewis Carroll's little girl would have been at home in the lunch-room of Universal City. One felt that if one clapped his hands the people would vanish. "You're nothing but a pack of cards !"

Afterwards the Spectator visited the Lasky studios, very perfect in all their accessories. He saw the carpenter shops, where a set of richly carved black oak furniture at least two hundred years old had just been turned out from stained pine. There was a fine old castle on the grounds, a lovely dungeon beneath. The Spectator asked if such an expensive piece of scenery could not be used more than once. Not in that form, they said. It had been in two productions, but with the walls changed about.

Here they were rehearsing a war play. Soldiers were sitting around on the beds of a hospital, while the camera was at work in the next compartment. A Red Cross nurse was posing close to the lens, her face within a foot or two of it, and she was pouring out medicine from a bottle into a glass. The director was coaching her as to the nervousness she was expected to display, for while she poured the thought had come to her that the woman refugee seated behind her in tcrn and dusty clothing was a spy. In her tremor the bottle tapped against the glass, the lens leaving her face and pointing down to show it.

The nurse spoke her words in a whisper,

the refugee in a fairly loud and natural voice. It was explained to us that the nurse had been trained by a producer who believes that if the words are spoken out as in a real play there is a loss in facial expression; so he lets his people speak loudly only at first rehearsals, and then tones them down to a whisper.

阿

We saw the Griffith studios, where an Ibsen production was in progress; a banqueting hall, musicians in the gallery, skins and antlers on the walls, a great table set with rich china and lighted candelabra, and at least fifty people strolling about in all manner of old-time costumes. Next door a modern office scene was being tried. The villain would look more villainous with a monocle—try him with that. Good; he is now the typical villain. "Let

her go, Harry.”

Everywhere the player people were sitting about waiting, waiting-always those long waits. They were much like other people; the majority looked happy and contented. There were jealousies, perhaps, but the Spectator has seen jealousies in business offices, even in churches. Everybody knew everybody else. One girl passed the time with 'Reel Life," another with " Adam Bede.” The actors like to appear in good productions. At lunch a near-by "lead" complained that he had not been cast in anything worth while for a fortnight. Our guide told us that he thought more actors and actresses

66

were finding employment to-day in moving pictures than had ever had work on the regular stage. Moreover, they were being better paid for it, and were living more normal lives. He himself had his bungalow at Hollywood. Some of them were extremely well paid. Miss Mary Pickford, whose Cinderella has delighted thousands, is said to receive the comfortable salary of $2,000 a week, paid whether she is working or not. That very

funny man who wears a little daub of a mustache, Charlie Chaplin by name, is said to earn $1,500 a week. Some of the directors get $50,000 a year and more. There is a very great profit in a successful production, and more than a hundred thousand dollars is sometimes put into it.

It was in 1882 that the book "The Horse in Motion," by Eadweard Muybridge, appeared, giving the results of the very first experiments in motion pictures, showing the awkward movements of running horses, made from photographs snapped by instantaneous lenses. That experiment of Muybridge's was developed by Edison and others into the cinematograph, first shown in New York at the Union Square Theater in 1896. To-day the moving-picture industry is said to be the third in the United States in point of capital invested. Millions of people get their chief pleasure in seeing them.

And the Spectator had a great day at Los Angeles finding out how it was done.

Undercurrents in American Politics. By Arthur Twining Hadley. Yale University Press, New York. $1.35.

The three Oxford lectures contained in this

book, entitled " Property and Democracy," interpreted to Englishmen the political and industrial development of the United States under its Constitutional guarantees, resulting in bringing it now face to face with what Europe knows as the social question. The three Virginia lectures, entitled "Political Methods Old and New," deal with the fungus of the extra-constitutional, invisible government that sprouted under President Jackson and has poisoned our party system by perverting it for the benefit of party interests to the detriment of public interests. Dr. Hadley traces the spread of this fungus, exposes the resulting evils, discusses some of the remedies recently introduced or advocated, and shows the changes in our political life needed for their successful

operation. These six lectures together constitute an admirable primer on political and economic principles essential to intelligent treatment of our present governmental and industrial problems.

English Countryside (The). By Ernest C. Palbrook. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $3. It is pleasing and restful to turn from war correspondence and discussion of war issues to this charming collection of talks about the English country. Here we may read of the village green, the wayside cross, the shepherd and his flock, the passing of the mill, and other phases of the lovely and peaceful countryside of Eng. land. Even such a warlike title as "Bulwarks of England" is attached, not to a talk about England's sea power, but to a pleasant description of those cliffs which, in a sense, are, or were, England's bulwarks. The author's photographs are quite unusual in their quality and

composition, and their pictorial effect is supplemented by a charming drawing of a Berkshire village.

Our Palace Wonderful; or, Man's Place in Visible Creation. By the Rev. Frederick A. Houck. D. B. Hansen & Sons, Chicago. $1. An excellent little.book, prepared especially for Roman Catholic readers. It exhibits the testimony of nature to the power, wisdom, and bountifulness of the Creator as manifested in the world we inhabit, in its starry environment, and in ourselves. The author draws largely from the storehouse of striking facts accumulated by various sciences, and everywhere emphasizes their religious significance with appropriate citations from Christian poets and the Scriptures.

His conception of the world as “outside of God" is not as theistic as he claims. This is a characteristic defect of Roman Catholic theology. Real theism, equally emphasizing the transcendence and the immanence of God, regards these terms as primarily dynamic rather than spatial, teaching that God's activity, while transcending all that he creates, is ever energizing within it all both in nature and in man. Nothing can be really outside of the Infinite. "In him we live, and move, and have our being." America's Greatest Problem: The Negro. By R. W. Shufeldt, M.D. The F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia. $2.50.

This volume recalls to its reviewer a similar work some sixty years ago, which supplied proslavery advocates with arguments adduced from the physical structure of the Negro to show his affinity with apes.

Dr. Shufeldt furnishes an arsenal of arguments, physiological, psychical, and historical, for such extremists as Governor Vardaman, of Mississippi, who affirms that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution perpetrated against the Southern whites "the greatest crime ever committed against any people." The Negro, says Dr. Shufeldt," is un-moral, and no amount of education or training is going to change a non-existing element." This figures in "the great sexual differences between the Negro and the white race -a point stressed with an abundance of fearful stories of crime and disease. Colonial Massachusetts in 1705 put a tax of £4 on each slave coming into her jurisdiction, stating this to be for the Better Preventing of a spurious or mixt Issue." Dr. Shufeldt notes the fact, wonders at the neglect of any such precaution in the Southern States, says that the half-castes now outnumber the unmixed Africans, and cries, " Are we to allow this miscegenation to go on? Are we to make a hatchery of crime and disease simply because we are afraid to act?"

To prevent such evils, and to avert a general race war between blacks and whites, his only remedy is to deport all Negroes, the resulting

labor vacancy to be filled by encouraging immigration from Europe after the war. He proposes a scheme to effect deportation gradually in the course of ten years at the moderate cost of $100,000,000. Liberia is pointed to as demonstrating that "the Negro is capable of organizing and maintaining a civilized government in the very midst of intellectual and moral darkness." This final emergence of rational judgment raises doubt whether the whole preceding argument is of higher worth than a bad dream. Near East from Within (The). Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York. $3, net.

This book contains some interesting firsthand information; as, for instance, the Czar's opinion of the Bulgarian King, the Montenegrin King's opinion of himself, and Enver Pasha's ideas concerning the future of Turkey. But the book also contains the anonymous author's no less interesting opinions about many important monarchs and men connected with the Near East whom he has seen and known, such as the late King Carol and the present King Ferdinand of Rumania, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, the King of Servia and his trusted Minister Pashitch, the late King George and the present King Constantine of Greece, Sultan Abdul Hamid and Sultan Mehmed of Turkey, and last, but not least, those two German agents in Turkey, Field Marshal Liman von Sanders and the late lamented Baron Marschall von Bieberstein. Bieberstein was a profound student of human nature, a clever diplomat, and "perhaps the one man in the whole world absolutely instructed as to the real aims and policies pursued by William II." Always in the background and yet always insistently in the mind, William II himself may stand forth in a new light to many readers. Possibly for the first time they will comprehend that the German Emperor's Turkish policy was undertaken so that he might give, now to England, now to Russia, a counterbalancing irritant; at all events, such motives are explained in this book. Again, dealing as they do largely with Turkey and with Oriental conditions, the character of the Kaiser in adapting himself to those conditions also comes out clearly; appreciating to a nicety how far the Turk is glamoured by display and grandiloquence, he adjusted the details of his memorable visits to the different domains of Mohammedanism in the Mediterranean so that the smallest incidents were carefully prepared in advance with regard to the impressions the Emperor desired to make." Who the author of this volume is we do not know. We suspect him to be a German political personage-one no longer in sympathy with the Emperor, now that the latter is willing to lend himself to an engulfing of all Europe in the The book should prove profitable reading to many by indicating influences which have been moving under the surface of things and by

war.

bringing out the personalities who have really, though not always ostensibly, dominated them. In giving certain undercurrent facts there are indications of chroniques scandaleuses, but, we are glad to say, they are hardly ever allowed to become objectionable.

Human Motives. By James Jackson Putnam.

The Meaning of Dreams. By Isador H. Coriat.
Sleep and Sleeplessness. By H. Addington Bruce.
(Mind and Health Series.) Little, Brown & Co.,
Boston. $1 each.

The three little volumes whose titles are given above are the first issues of a series which has for its intention the presenting in readable and attractive form to the lay reader the results of recent medical and psychological research and experience. The idea of the series is admirable. It is edited by Mr. H. Addington Bruce, who is the author of one of the three volumes, and who furnishes editorial introductions to the others.

In "

Sleep and Sleeplessness" Mr. Bruce talks, not only with special knowledge, but in entertaining fashion about the important new theories as to sleep analysis, disorders of sleep, the cause and treatment of sleeplessness, and other kindred subjects. Many of the cases quoted are strange and their interpretation is curious. Dr. Coriat goes further and discusses the psychology and psychopathology of dreams, taking up in particular the extraordinary and exaggerated theories by Dr. Freud, of Vienna, which have lately excited so much debate and aroused also not a little antagonism. The relations of dreams to nervous diseases, the dreams of children, the true theory of the analysis of dreams, and other topics enter into this discussion. Professor Putnam's volume on "Human Motives" takes up from the ethical as well as the scientific standpoint some of the sources and the psychical incitements to human behavior. This book is also largely concerned with Dr. Freud's theories..

Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa." By John R.
Eyre. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $2.
The so-called Isleworth "Mona Lisa" is now
in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, having been
placed there for safekeeping during the war.
Mr. Eyre's monograph, dated at Isleworth-on-
Thames, has been published to prove that this
picture is a genuine work of Leonardo da Vinci.
This monograph may shake the traditions of
four centuries which have believed that the
Louvre "Mona Lisa" was Leonardo's one and
only version of the portrait of Madonna Lisa
Gioconda. It may indeed be, as Mr. Eyre
urges, that there are two "Mona Lisas" in the
world to-day, both of superlative and intrinsic
merit and both Leonardo's work.

Wild Bird Guests. By Ernest Harold Baynes.
E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $2.
Readers of The Outlook have read in its pages
more than once descriptions of the author's

studies of bird life and of his recommendations as to the right way to conserve that life, to care for and entertain the birds, and to form and carry on bird clubs. This volume treats the subject fully, makes it picturesque and plain by some fifty excellently printed bird pictures-a few of which have already appeared in The Outlook-and is in every way helpful and sug gestive to bird lovers. What has been done by Mr. Baynes in the bird village at Meriden, New Hampshire, ought to be done in scores of other places, and if, as he hopes, a network of bird clubs may be spread over the United States, a great advance will be made in the conservation of our song-birds, and wild birds generally. India and the War. Introduction by Lord Sydenham of Combe. The George H. Doran Com pany, New York. $1, net.

This is not a book of argument on war questions, but a plain statement of what India has done in response to the call of Great Britain, together with some historical statement about the British rule in India, expressions of loyalty from the press, and official documents.

The book is especially notable for the beautiful color plates which present types of Indian troops in all their remarkably varied uniforms. The pictures give a fine and dignified impression of the Oriental soldier and of the pictur esqueness of his attire.

Evolution and the War. By P. Chalmers Mitchell. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $1.

This is an attempt to show in popular form how problems of pure science, and especially of biology, are related to the large social and economic laws which underlie the terrible phenomena of actual war. The author is the Secretary of the Zoological Society of London, and the subject-matter of the book was originally prepared for use as lectures. He traces the different racial strains of nations and deduces their resultant attitude to civilization. Thus he argues that there is no agreement between those facts in zoology and botany from which the scientific theory of the struggle for existence was derived, and the philosophical claims attributed to German military theories that "the natural law to which all laws of nature can be reduced is the law of struggle." Certainly the book includes a remarkable number of analogies and scientific facts which may well attract the attention of the general reader as well as the theorists and philosophers.

From the Shelf. By Paxton Holgar. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $1.50.

This is a collection of light and easy sketches of men, women, and places. There is nothing dramatic about the book; but the people who move gently through the varied stories have charm and sometimes humor, and there is charm also in the environment in which they are described.