the discourse before us, that the deceased pastor did alarm some friends into a belief that he was a Catholic, from the fact of distributing crosses among his friends. This alarm however the author quiets, and pronounces his reverend associate Catholic, only in extending "fellowship to all," and claiming "fellowship with all the true disciples of Christ, of every name and denomination, who proved their discipleship by bearing the image of their master." We do not know that we are theologians enough to comprehend this definition of a Catholic, but if we do, we infer from it, that no man can be a Catholic, unless he belongs to all the Christian denominations at once, and that to be truly Catholic you must combine all the harmonious ingredients of Catholic and Mormon, Covenanters and Shaking Quakers, Episcopalian and New Jerusalemite, and of all other creeds, until the picture would make us look like religious centaurs, or like the painter's non-descript, "desinet in piscem mulier formosa superne." And from what follows we should judge that this combination makes up what is called the Independent Church of Baltimore. Not that any one man has all the varieties, but that the units who possess all the varieties make up one Catholic independent whole.

A Key to Universal History Illustrated, or the Stream of Time made visible, &c. Edited by S. G. Goodrich. N. York. D. Appleton. This is the title of a book that is sold as an accompaniment to an historical map, called the Stream of Time, and is intended to facilitate the use of the chart, by giving some insight into the events that are noted on it. The reader would of course expect, that within the limits of 235 pages 12mo, the author could merely glance at the more prominent and interesting facts which history records: but strange to say, he has turned away from these to devote a long essay on the Inquisition in Spain, while not a word is said of the equally cruel inquisitions practised in England and the American colonies, by the very ancestors of the author himself. We ask moreover why should a subject like this, the recollection of which is by no means creditable to Protestantism, be so inappropriately and so inaccurately treated in a book of this description? Perhaps we should be satisfied with the reply, that the author is Mr. S. G. Goodrich, or Peter Parley, of notorious memory as a slanderer of the Catholic religion. While we recommend the Historical Map, we caution the Catholic community against the purchase of the book which accompanies it.

IN approaching the close of the present year's publication, which will terminate with the issue of our next number, it may not be amiss on our part, to state, and it may be gratifying to our friends, to learn that further arrangements have been made to enhance the usefulness and interest of the Magazine. Gentlemen among the clergy and laity, who rank high in point of talents, erudition, and literary accomplishment, have pledged their assistance in contributing to the pages of our periodical, and we confidently promise its patrons, during the ensuing year, a still more instructive and entertaining series than has yet been furnished. We are happy to inform them that the publisher is not deficient on his part in endeavoring to invest the work with additional merit, with respect to its mechanical and ornamental arrangements, and he has already provided a beautiful mezzotint engraving for the opening number of the next volume. Every thing, in short, will be done to render the Magazine of the coming year superior in its attractions to the volumes that have preceded it.

We have received lately several valuable pa

pers, which will be placed before the reader in due time. Among them we may mention The Lady Margaret, an interesting sketch from Bri. tish history; Richard Crashaw, an outline of this Catholic poet, with specimens from his writings; The Reclaimed, a spirited and entertaining tale, showing the force of early impressions; Education in Rome, a review of an excellent work on the eternal city; and the Geography and Chronology of Niagara, a scientific essay on that wonder of nature. The Reclaimed, is the first contribution of a pen that promises a rich store of gratification to the readers of the Magazine.

It would afford us pleasure to insert the Latin poem which was kindly sent to us by a venerable ecclesiastic of the west, and for which we must express our acknowledgments; but as it would be unintelligible to the great portion of our readers, we are reluctantly compelled to omit it.

The article on the Pointed style of architecture, for which we are thankful to the author, contains some valuable hints, and will appear, with some slight modification, at an early period.

Reminiscences of Rome: or a Religious, Moral, and Literary View of the Eternal City, in a series of Letters, addressed to a Friend in England. By a Member of the Arcadian Academy. 2 vols. 12mo. London, 1840.

"Mother of arts! as once of arms; thy hand
Was then our guardian, and is still our guide.
Parent of our religion! whom the wide
Nations have knelt to for the keys of heaven!
Europe, repentant of her parricide,

Shall yet redeem thee, and, all backward driven,
Roll the barbarian tide, and sue to be forgiven."

In something of a prophetic spirit, thus sang the noble author of " Childe Harold," some thirty years ago. Since that day such a change as is here shadowed forth, has come over the spirit of the age. A progressive and deepening interest is evinced for all that regards the eternal city, and the high destinies that hang round her name and history. We have heard one of the latest and most interesting of English travellers exclaiming with solemn enthusiasm: "Behold! all hearts are turned towards Rome, all eyes fixed upon her in love, hope, fear, and inquiry. Long has her mysterious character been seen. Men could not feel indifference towards her, as towards a common city, but either fond love or bitter hatred has been her portion from every one who cared for the cross at all,"

VOL. II.-No. 12.

&c. And again: "Rome is the legitimate capital of Christendom. She has been a marvellously fruitful mother, with an almost miraculous fecundity in planting churches; and the curious diligence of antiquarians cannot alter the fact, that all we of the west, at least, are her children."

Of late years, the press has teemed with works upon Rome; but the writers have generally been content with describing the antiquities and more modern works of art in which this capital is so rich. The more immediate object of the work before us is to make us acquainted with its religious monuments, those numerous and munificent institutions of charity and of education, in which no other city so abounds, though, unlike other cities, Rome has had but few chroniclers to record her charities. deed, to borrow the words of a powerful writer, "we cannot understand how traveller should succeed traveller, and tour struggle in the press with tour for primogeniture of publication, and yet all should invariably overlook this new and virgin field, which, to one acquainted with the country, forms its prominent and distinguishing characteristic."'*

In

We will begin with the establishments for education. More than three centuries

* Dublin Review, for July, 1836.

89

ago, one of the most remarkable men of his age, but accused of no undue bias to the popedom, has the following words, in a letter to a friend: "Aliis alia patria, sed ROMA communis omnium litteratorum est patria, altrix et evectrix." "Of the learned, some claim one country, some another, but ROME is the motherland of them all; their common patron, their common promoter." By anticatholic writers, the capital of the Christian world is not unfrequently described as the foster-nurse of ignorance and of that priesteraft which seeks to crush knowledge in its birth; but we trust that the following brief review of some of her numerous institutions for the furtherance of education, from the pen of one who, from his familiar acquaintance with the subject, is qualified to give an opinion, will show that Rome still merits the eulogium which we quoted above, and which she merited from the great Erasmus, more than three hundred years ago.

"The number of universities within the papal territory has been reduced to seven. Of these, however, I purpose calling your attention only to the two existing within the walls of the Roman metropolis. The first in rank is the Archiginnasio Romano, or as it is more commonly called, L'Università della Sapienza. Its latter denomination is taken from the sentence of the Psalmist inscribed over the door-" Initium sapientiæ timor Domini." (The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.) The precise date of the foundation of this university is not known with any degree of certainty. Some trace its origin to a period antecedent to the fall of the Roman empire, and maintain that it continued a flourishing nursery for learning till the invasion of the Goths and the other barbarians. Be this as it may, it appears beyond a doubt, that, on the site of the present establishment, schools of public instruction were opened by St. Gregory the Great, as early as the seventh century. Schools for the study of law were also founded here in the fourteenth century, by Popes Innocent IV and Boniface VIII. The last named pontiff was himself one of the greatest canonists and most learned jurisconsult of his age.

In the year 1311, Clement V established professorships of Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and Syriac. Still later, fresh privileges and additional revenues were conferred upon this establishment by that great patron of learning and the arts, Leo X.

'But see! each muse in Leo's golden days,
Starts from her trance, and trims her withered bays;
Rome's ancient genius o'er the ruins spread,
Shakes off the dust, and rears its reverend head:
Then sculpture and her sister arts revive-
Stones leap to form, and rocks begin to live-
With sweeter notes each rising temple rang,
A Raphael painted and a Vida sang !'-Pope.

"Under the auspices of this munificent patron of literature, commenced the rebuilding of the present university, which was continued by Sixtus V, Urban VIII, and Alexander VII. During the pontificate of the last named, the Alexandrian Library was also completed. It fills the upper part of the building, and is for the use of the public at large, as well as the students of the university. The interior of the present stately pile, the design of Michael Angelo, is particularly admired.

"In regard to its educational economy, the Sapienza is divided into five faculties, the direction of which is confided to a committee, under the presidentship of a cardinal, with the title of archchancellor of the university. Part of this foundation is also appropriated to the 'Academia di San Luca, where gratuitous lectures in drawing, sculpture, architecture, &c., are given by professors of merit, paid by the Roman government. The commencement and close of every lecture is sanctified by prayer; and it is moreover the custom of all the members to assemble during three days, for the purpose of worthily preparing themselves for their Easter duties. Well arranged museums of natural history, with lecture rooms for physical and chemical experiments, are attached to the university.

"Next to the Sapienza our attention is called to the Gregorian University, or as it is more commonly called, 'Il Collegio Romano." This noble establishment was founded in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, one of the greatest promoters of education of whom modern times can boast. Besides

this university, he also founded the English, German, Greek, and Maronite colleges in Rome, not to mention eighteen other universities established under his auspices in different parts of the world. In the Roman college all the liberal arts are taught, except civil law, medicine, and surgery, in which faculties the Sapienza has the exclusive privilege of conferring degrees. It must, however, be acknowledged that the schools of the Roman College being solely directed by the Jesuits, who know so well how to combine zeal for science with piety to God, are more conspicuous for religious instruction and devout example. Every day both masters and scholars proceed in a body to hear mass in the contiguous church of St. Ignatius; and on festival days the different pious sodalities, into which the students, according to their age, are divided, assemble in the various oratories set apart for the recital of the divine office, and other practices of devotion. On Sunday evenings, the younger catechetical students are instructed and examined in their religious and moral duties. One day, likewise, in every month, is set apart for a spiritual retreat. Three days also are annually devoted to spiritual exercises and meditations on the most important truths of religion, as a preparation for complying in a proper manner with the paschal precepts of the Church. The chamber in which St. Aloysius Gonzaga, the youthful and angelic patron of students, lived and died, in the Roman College, is now a sanctuary, resorted to by crowds of the pious of all ranks and ages. The body of the saint reposes in an urn, incrusted with gold, lapis lazuli, and other precious materials beneath an altar dedicated to his memory. On the 21st of June, his festival is annually solemnized with extraordinary pomp in the adjoining church of St. Ignatius.

"The papal government allots twelve thousand crowns a year to the support of the Roman college, wherein at present about fifteen hundred students receive a gratuitous education. The students, whether lay or clerical, patrician or plebeian, natives or foreigners, may publicly try their strength on the literary arena, and those

who distinguish themselves are sure of meeting with encouragement and reward. In the list of successful competitors, some poor youth or orphan boy, wholly dependent perhaps on charity for his support, not unfrequently passes before the nephew of a cardinal or the son of a prince. Previously to the distribution of prizes, which annually occurs in the month of September, public examinations take place, during several days, in the great hall of the college, where any person may interrogate the students on the progress they have made. The distributor of prizes is usually selected from among the most exalted personages in the hierarchy. Within my own recollection, the present pope has, more than once, condescended publicly to award with his own hand, the usual scholastic premiums to the successful candidates.

"The library of the Roman college numbers sixty thousand volumes, and several rare and valuable manuscripts. It has also an observatory well fitted for astronomical purposes, where several important discoveries have been made, and among its directors the names of Boscovich, Jacquier, Calandrelli, and Conti hold a conspicuous place in the annals of modern science. It has also a well stored museum which was commenced by the celebrated antiquary and mathematician, Kircher.*

"The next place of education which claims our notice, is Il Seminario Romano,' which, in accordance with a decree of the council of Trent respecting the institution of diocesan seminaries, was founded by Pius IV, in 1565, solely for the education of clerical students. The course of studies here is not quite upon so extensive

*This extraordinary man was born in the year 1601. At the age of seventeen he entered the Society of Jesus. His incapacity and dulness were at first so apparent that his superiors were on the point of dismissing him from the novitiate. The young postulant, however, earnestly implored, and succeeded in obtaining the divine assistance to preserve him from the fate he dreaded. Afterwards he became the universal scholar of his age; and at his demise, in 1680, besides the museum which bears his name, Father Kircher left behind him his printed works in twenty-two volumes folio, as lasting monuments, not only of his taste and erudition, but also as an encouraging example of what may be achieved by ordinary abilities, with the aid of persevering industry and humble prayer.

a scale as in the universities. It comprises, however, all that is necessary for youth especially set apart for the service of the Church. The belles-lettres, mathematics, philosophy, theology, canon law, the oriental languages, and sacred archæology, are taught by able professors. The entire educational discipline is not, as formerly, in the hands of the Jesuits, but is now superintended by secular priests, who follow the rules laid down by St. Charles Borromeo for the government of similar institutions. The seminary schools are not exclusive to the resident alumni, as many aspirants to the sacred ministry dwell at home with their parents, and even the students of the English and other colleges attend them. This establishment being the diocesan seminary of Rome is obliged to furnish twelve clerks for the service of the Pope's cathedral, the Lateran basilica (St. Peter's). In return, the chapter contributes an annual pension towards the support of the seminary. Among its most distinguished éléves, the annals of the Roman seminary record the names of five Popes, Gregory XV, Clement IX, Innocent XII, and Clement XI; eighty cardinals, and several hundred bishops, besides a host of other dignitaries, celebrated for their learning and apostolic labors in the Church.

66 To the Vatican Basilica is also attached the 'Seminario di San Pietro,' for clerical students, who, after their ordination, are provided with livings by the chapter."

The writer adds, "The discipline of the seminaries is certainly watchful and severe. The following remarks of an old English writer may, I think, justly apply to them. 'Foreign students,' says Dr. Patterson, ' are so orderly governed, and the seasons of study, devotion, scholastic exercise, and spiritual recreation; yea, even their necessary repast and rest, are all so exactly measured out; all occasion of idleness, excess, and ill-company, so prudently and carefully prevented, that it is no wonder they are so civil, devout, religious, temperate, sober, and well-governed in outward deportment, as, through the grace of God, they are. Though strictly kept to their tasks, they are rather won than forced to them. They

are bridled with a hard bit; but it is carried with such a gentle hand, as not to gall, but guide them; so that their studies, blessed be God! are not altogether unhappy, so neither is their life unpleasant; but sweet, agreeable to virtuous minds, and full of the noblest contents.' Strict discipline has been found by experience, calculated to insure that innocency of life, so necessary towards an efficient discharge of the duties belonging to the clerical profession; and here, beneath the eye, as it were, of the Church's supreme pastor, it is fitting that youthful Levites should be practically, as well as theoretically initiated into those grand and solemn truths which they are destined to proclaim openly, by word and deed, to men living in a corrupt world.

"Annually, on Maunday Thursday, in imitation of our Saviour's example, the rector of the Roman seminary washes the feet of twelve of the students, drawn by lot. The apostoli,' as these chosen ones are termed, are invited after the ceremony to an entertainment by the rector, who humbly waits upon them at table. On every occasion, in fine, it may be said that the affability and kindness of the superiors towards their pupils, without distinction of age or rank, cannot be too highly extolled."

The "Academia Ecclesiastica," is a collegiate community, founded by Innocent XII, exclusively for the purpose of finishing the education of those ecclesiastics of noble birth, who aspire to the prelacy. When admitted among the latter, they receive the title of Monsignore, either as domestic prelates, or as apostolical prothonotaries to his holiness. They then enter upon a judicial or diplomatic career; which, at its successful termination, according to the ordinary routine of court business, is rewarded with the dignity of cardinal, as the sovereign usually selects from among the prelatical colleges those whom he intends to prefer to the most important offices in Church and state.

"Il Collegio di Nobili " was once a community of one hundred noble youths, forming a part of the Roman seminary. When Leo XII, a few years ago, restored the direction of this university to the Jesuits, it