Addresses and Other Papers. By William Williams Keen, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.S. Illustrated. W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia. 6x9 in. 441 pages. $3.75, net.

It is well within the truth to say that no American surgeon stands higher in his profession than the author of this book; and that among surgeons no one writes with more clearness. These papers are of interest chiefly to physicians and surgeons; but some of them are of value to readers outside of the medical profession. The discussion of vivisection, for instance, would be enlightening to any one confused by the arguments of those whose zeal without knowledge has made of the anti-vivisection crusade almost a religion. The gruesome frontispiece and the first paper, enlivened by tales even more gruesome, are witnesses to Dr. Keen's interest in the historical and antiquarian aspects of his subject.

American Judiciary (The). By Simeon E.

Baldwin, LL.D. (The American State Series.) The Century Co., New York. 5x7 in. $1.25, net.

Each succeeding volume in the "American State Series" only serves to emphasize its value and the fact that it comes to fill a real need. Justice Baldwin's book, which, like all its predecessors, is characterized by thoroughness, accuracy, and readableness, falls into two parts. The first includes an account of the origins and evolution of the judiciary system of the United States and an examination of the relations existing between the judiciary and the political departments of the government, and of the part played by the judiciary in developing and interpreting both written and unwritten law. The second is concerned with the organization and operation of the American courts, both Federal and State, and includes in its scope such Trial by Jury," topics as "" 'Formalities in Judicial Procedure," "Criminal Procedure," "The Exercise of Judicial Functions Out of Court,' "The Enforcement of Judgments and Punishment of Contempt of Court," Judicial Proceedings in Territories Subject to Martial Law,' Appointment, Tenure of Office, and Compensation of Judges," "The Character of the Bar and its Relations to the Bench," "The Law's Delays." Exhaustive discussion of such varied themes is, of course, out of the question in a volume of the space limitations imposed by the plan of the "Series," and Justice Baldwin contents himself with a concise and compact presentation of the points necessary to a proper understanding, pausing whenever needful, however, to make his statements clear by well-chosen case citations, and to develop

99.66

objections and suggestions whenever he finds reason to criticise the system now in operation. Among the recommendations proffered to remedy existing defects we note: modifications of the rules of evidence to insure greater ease in arriving at the truth; elimination of purely technical errors as a ground for granting retrials, "unless the court of review can see that substantial injustice may on that account have been done;" and life tenure and executive nomination of judges, with some suitable provision for securing retirement at a certain age. A pleasing feature of the work is constant recognition of the debt the bench owes to the bar in the development of the law of the land. Laymen and jurists alike will find this book interesting and helpful.

Carthusian Memories and Other Verses of Leisure. By William Haig Brown, LL.D. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 42x7 in. 240 pages. $1.60.

Child and God (The). By Rev. M. C. Lamb. The American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia. 5x7 in. 121 pages.

China in Law and Commerce.

By T. R.

Jernigan. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5%×8 in. 408 pages. $2, net.

The difficulties of Mr. Jernigan's task will be appreciated by those acquainted with the fact that in China not only is law founded on custom, but that custom varies as widely as there are provinces in the Empire, while even in the same province different customs may obtain regarding public and private business. Added to this is the no less important fact that the family is the unit in the organization of the government. Under

these conditions it is not difficult to understand why visitors from the outer world find so much that is perplexing in the social fabric of China, and why such a work as that which Mr. Jernigan here undertakes will, if properly executed, render a substantial service. It is pleasant to be able to record that success has attended his efforts, and that from his pages one may glean not merely knowledge of the political and commercial life of the country, but a better understanding of the Oriental mind. The physical features, the resources, the people of China; the State, provincial, district, town, and family organization, the anomalies between legal theory and legal practice, the trade guilds and business customs, the native banking system, the weights, measures, and currency employed, the Empire's transportation facilities-such are the subjects which find exhaustive discussion, and which are treated carefully and intelligently.

Christianity in Modern Japan. By Ernest W. Clement. Illustrated. The American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia. 5x8 in. 205 pages. $1, net. (Postage, 12c.) Even to the non-religious part of the community this subject is made interesting by the fact that such men as Admiral Togo and General Nogi have become members of Christian Churches. It appears from Mr. Clement's account that while the number of Protestant Christians is but one per thousand in the nation, in the House of Representatives it is twenty times that-one in fifty. The bird's-eye view of the subject which he gives exhibits both the general progress made by Christianity, and the part borne in promoting it by some twenty-four distinct missions. Since 1883, when public bulletin-boards exhibited edicts against the "evil sect," to the present, when these boards fetch a large price as curios, the change has been immense. Christianity now competes on equal terms with the older religions of Japan. Its crusade against the social evil has already achieved a large measure of success in freeing some fourteen thousand girls from base bonds. Christian ideals have securely rooted themselves in influential minds, to bring forth fruit in due time. The book is intended for mission-study classes, and is interesting.

Elements of Political Economy. By E. Levasseur. Translated by Theodore Marburg, M.A. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5×8 in. 306 pages. $1.75, net.

Those acquainted with M. Levasseur's work as teacher and statistician need hardly be told that this little volume, now available to English-speaking students of political economy, is characterized by clearness and originality of presentation, forcefulness of treatment, and conservatism of viewpoint. To the faculty for abstraction, which is so distinctive a quality of French writers, the veteran economist adds an un-Gallican respect for concrete facts, and the result is a treatise wherein generalization and illustration combine to expound with remarkable lucidity the fundamental principles of economic science. Certain important reservations, however, must be made in commending his book. The often-repeated objection that "orthodox economists, in the application of economic laws, ignore or undervaluate other than purely economic considerationsconsiderations which must be taken into account so long as human nature remains as it is and society retains its present organization-may fairly be raised against his treatment of such far-reaching problems as the significance of trades-unionism and its consequences, the doctrine of free trade, unrestricted competition, and monopoly. The discussion of these issues is conspicuously inadequate, and this is the more surprising in view of the evident recognition of the fact that economic science involves the study of man and man's varying motives fully as much as it does the study of material objects. On the other hand, if the defects of the work are obvious, so are its virtues, which are

many and striking. The conditions prevailing in different countries-especially France, Great Britain, and the United States-are freely and intelligently drawn upon for luminous comparisons; the elucidation of the tortuous and conflicting theories burdening so many modern text-books is rigorously avoided; and the subject-matter, as a whole, is invested with a freshness and interest not infrequently lacking in the older works. It must be added that the merits of the original are somewhat dimmed in the present version, wherein the phraseology is at times so awkward as to leave the author's meaning seriously in doubt.

Evolution of Man (The). By Wilhelm Bolsche. Translated by Ernest Entermann, Ph.D. Charles H. Kerr & Co., Chicago. 4x6%1⁄2 in. 160 pages. 50c.

Examples in Algebra. By Charles M. Clay. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5x7%1⁄2 in. 372 pages. 90c.

First View of English Literature (A). By William Vaughn Moody and Robert Morss Lovett. Illustrated. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 5x8 in. 386 pages. $1.

This adaptation of the authors' more advanced "History of English Literature," based on the suggestions of many high school and academy teachers, is a class-room manual of practical value. Features that especially commend the volume are the historical introductions to each epoch, dwelling on political and social conditions, important for their effect on literature, and the full review outlines given in the form of simple and illuminating questions. The book is lucid and concise, noticeably so in its discussion of the Renaissance and of Romanticism. It is exceptional in recognizing the literary value of that usually neglected poem, Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde." A literary map of England would be a desirable addition to the volume.

Globe-Trotter's Dictionary (The): Being an

Alphabetical List of the Most Ordinary and
Useful Everyday English Words in French,
German, Italian, and Spanish. By O. Beta and
William S. Myers. Published by William S.
Myers, John Street, New York. 3×5 in. 69
pages.

Harvard Lectures on the Revival of Learn

ing. By John Edwin Sandys, Litt.D. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5x71⁄2 in. 212 pages. $1.50. Those who are fond of the litera humaniores will find delight in this book, steeped in them as it is, and saturated with their spirit. It is a brief postlude to the "History of Classical Scholarship to the End of the Middle Ages," which has secured for Dr. Sandys an international reputation, and also a prelude to the intended continuation of that work to the present date. The period covered includes the two centuries from the death of Dante to the death of Leo X. The leaders and promoters of the then new humanism, their homes and schools, their discoveries, studies, writings, controversies, are sketched with a fullness and a distinctness, a hand at once graceful and critical, and an effect that only consummate art could hope to rival within limits so brief.

How the Bible Came to Us: The Story of the Bible in English. By Frank S. Herne. The Sunday School Union, London, E. C., England. 4x64 in. 123 pages.

Infancy and Youth of Jesus (The). By A. Morris Stewart, M.A. Andrew Melrose, London. 52X81⁄2 in. 290 pages.

Except in two excursus in the end of this volume, there is in this book practically no discussion of disputed questions. Nor is it apparent that any special scholarship has been made use of in order to throw light upon the very simple incidents recorded in Matthew and Luke concerning the birth, infancy, and youth of Jesus. Nor do we discern any notable insight making luminous with new meaning, either real or fanciful, familiar texts, such as gives such charm to Dr. Matthison's "Spiritual Development of St. Paul" or the Bohlen Lectures of Phillips Brooks. Nor are these chapters irradiated by that poetic imagination which makes the first chapter in Henry Ward Beecher's "Life of Christ" "The Overture of Angels" a classic. We can only say of this volume that it is a series of meditations on the simple Gospel story, and that its value consists in the fact that in perusing it the reader is stayed upon the incidents for a longer time than he is by the Gospel narrative. He who has not the inclination or who has never formed the habit of meditation as he reads may find this book profitable. This appears to us to be the limit of its value.

or

John Knox and the Reformation. By Andrew Lang. Illustrated. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 6x9 in. 281 pages. $3.50. Reserved for later notice.

John Knox: The Hero of the Scottish Ref

ormation. By Henry Cowan, D.D. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 5x8 in. 404 pages. $1.35,

net.

Reserved for later notice.

Life Worth Living (The). By Thomas Dixon, Jr. Illustrated. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. 5x8 in. 140 pages. $1.20, net. Maid of Japan (A). By Mrs. Hugh Fraser. Henry Holt & Co., New York. $1.25. This is a romantic story of the way in which a cultured young Englishman and a poor Japanese girl, singularly related as cousins, came into acquaintance, and finally to marriage. Along with this goes the story of the Eng lishman's Japanese tutor, graduate of Princeton," and how he broke the invidious bar of birth that separated him and the mistress of his heart. The moral tone is high, the literary finish good, the general effect idyllic, and the typographical presentation unique and agreeable.

New Evangel (The): The Way, the Truth, and the Life. By J. Hamlin Dewey, M.D. (Twelfth Edition, Revised and Enlarged.) The J. H. Dewey Publishing Co., New York. 52X8 in. 446 pages. $2.

Dr. Dewey's philosophy of life, of which this volume gives the latest and fullest exposition, has been for years before the public, and has won many followers. He calls it "Christian Theosophy," and his definition of this, as "the immediate life and revelation

of God in the soul of man as his true and loyal child," disarms objection to a term somewhat damaged by its associations. The cardinal tenet of St. Paul at Athens, "In him [God] we live," is the corner-stone of Dr. Dewey's teaching. To realize this in conscious unity with God he presents as the supreme possibility," and Christ as our leader in the effort and exemplar in the attainment, conditioned on fidelity to the law of unselfish love. This is quite Pauline, and so is the presentation of the spiritual life as one of wisdom, goodness, and power. But the emphasis is not Pauline which is laid throughout the volume on the lower ranges and exercises of power-the power of healing, the power of clairvoyance, of telepathic influence, etc. It is on psychic power that the main stress is laid; but moral power, the power to sacrifice for truth and right, is of a higher order, and is the world's great need to-day. To present a lower conception as "the New Evangel" seems to us the chief defect of Dr. Dewey's book. Though it cannot be justified, it may be in part excused by the fact that religious thought has overlooked the reality and the value for complete and normal humanity of the psychical factor here emphasized disproportionately. This neglect is gradually receiving correction from psychological explorers. It is not unlikely that psychical healing may be developed in the present century as physiological healing was in the past century. But many of those whose hope of this is high will regard Dr. Dewey's extreme anticipations with incredulity.

Our Industrial Outcasts. By Members of the Christian Social Brotherhood. Edited by Will Reason, M.A. Andrew Melrose, London, England. 5x7%1⁄2 in. 155 pages.

The writers of the papers collected under this title have claim to the thoughtful hearing accorded to all experts. They are warmly commended to religious men in the Introduction by the foremost Baptist clergyman in England, Dr. John Clifford. Their theme is the unemployed, an evil already acute in that tinually out of work), and growing toward country (where no less than 600,000 are conacuteness in some of our States. The extent of the evil, its causes, and its proposed remedies are clearly and concisely discussed. It appears that the causes are partly moral and partly economic, and that the remedies must which the close of the medieval period correspond. The evil began with the change brought to laborers "from status to contract," i.e., from servile conditions, in which they were taken care of, to freedom to take care of themselves, and sink or swim. After due experiences the right to work as a condition of the right to live obtained practical recognition in England just before the downfall of Charles I., which it survived only in history. This right, which Turgot, the great finance minister of Louis XVI., pronounced most sacred, still awaits the recognition of modern society. "So long as there are unemployed our social order will be all unjust,"

is the contention here maintained. Among the ways of providing work for such, with profit to all concerned, the development of forestry and the reclamation of waste lands, especially on the seacoast, are quite plausibly presented. But while efforts are making to create the public opinion which sets the wheels of government in motion, voluntary action may take the lead. Here, it is contended, is the opportunity of the Church: "How can Christians best mass and collectively use their means, so as to make slums, and exploitation of men and women, and irregularity of employment impossible?" What the Salvation Army has accomplished in its labor colonies transfers this question from Utopia to practicability, and seems to justify the conclusion of this book, that thus "a peaceful revolution is possible."

Proceedings of the Iowa Park and Forestry Association (The). Fourth Annual Meeting, Des Moines, Iowa, December 12-13, 1904. Pub lished by the Association, Iowa City, Iowa. 64×91⁄2 in. 117 pages.

Proceedings of the Lexington Historical Society and Papers Relating to the History of the Town. Vol. III. Published by the Lexington Historical Society, Lexington, Ky. 52X8% in. 209 pages.

Sabre Thrusts at Free-Thought. By Rev.
William Briggs, Toronto.

W. W. Walker.
4X7% in. 136 pages.
Science and a Future Life.
Hyslop, Ph.D., LL.D. Robert
Boston. 5x74 in. 372 pages.
Reserved for later notice.

By James H. B. Turner & Co., $1.50, net.

Scripture Selections to Memorize. Suggested by Helen Miller Gould. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. $1, net. Seat Work and Industrial Occupations. By Mary L. Gilman and Elizabeth B. Williams. Illustrated. The Macmillan Co., New York. 52x71⁄2 in. 141 pages. 50c.

Shakespere's Master Passages: A Guide in Miniature, with a Treasury of One Hundred Specimens. Selected by John Hogben. Andrew Melrose, London, E.C., England. 34×6 in. 224 pages.

Simple Grammaire Française. By Paul
Bercy, B.L., LL.D., and Georges Castegnier. Will-
iam R. Jenkins, New York. 5x7%1⁄2 in. 219 pages. $1.
Social Evil in University Life (The). By

Robert N. Willson, M.D. The Vir Publishing Co.,
Philadelphia. 4x7 in. 58 pages. 50c.

University Review, May, 1905 (The). No. 1. Vol. I. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 91⁄2×6 in. 128 pages. 20c.

The university movement in England, including Wales, has resulted in nine univer sities with eighteen thousand students today, in place of the two with two thousand fifty years ago. Other noteworthy results run parallel with this numerical expansion. The most recent is this new review, a twentycent monthly, intended to contain the official news of these universities, together with articles of wide academic and general interest, on literary, scientific, and educational subjects. This announcement, for the fulfillment of which many distinguished members of faculties have promised co-operation, will naturally secure for this new monthly a wide welcome in this country. The introductory paper is by the Right Hon. James Bryce.

Victoria y Otros Cuentos. By Julia de

Asensi. Edited by Edgar S. Ingraham, Ph.D. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. 4×61⁄2 in. 166 pages. Wheels of Chance (The): A Bicycling Idyll. By H. G. Wells. Illustrated. The Macmillan Co., New York. 4% X7 in. 321 pages. 25c.

William Bodham Donne and His Friends. Edited by Catharine B. Johnson. Illustrated. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 5%×9 in. 352 pages. $3, net.

Prefaced by a brief biographical sketch, this volume reveals the personality of a charming character in his correspondence with his friends. Donne, who died in 1882, however unknown here, was for seventeen years connected with the Queen's Household as Examiner of Plays, and was on familiar terms correspondence. Donne was an accomplished with many people of note, who appear in this scholar, a man of wit and taste, and greatly beloved. A vein of humor runs through his letters and crops out in rhymes on tempting occasions. It is amusing to read his frank confession that he does not understand either Mrs. Browning's poetry or her husband's. He was one of the comparatively few men of his class who sympathized heartily with the cause of the Union in our Civil War. In a letter to Fanny Kemble he makes the remarkable exclamation, "Is not N. America better to us than all our Colonies ?" These letters of Donne and his friends cover a

son. The John C. Winston Co., Philadelphia. 5x7 in. 344 pages. $1.50.

memorial of him.

When a Boycott is Illegal

To the Editors of The Outlook:

The American Anti-Boycott Association was formed solely for the purpose of enforcing the laws, and I presume would never have been called an Anti-Boycott Association had it not been felt that the word "boycott applied exclusively to conspiracy. For this reason I would like to know on what authorities The Outlook bases its legal proposition that people have a "legal right to boycott." You have stated that "a combination of two or more persons not to buy goods of that store is not a conspiracy." Will you state, further, whether you regard as a conspiracy a combination of two or more persons not to buy goods of a store because that store handles the goods of some particular manufacturer? I presume you do not so regard it, for your own proposition is broad enough to cover that situation, but I would like to have the authorities which declare as lawful this particular action.

**

[Our use of the term "boycott" was infelicitous, since the word is ambiguous. The Century Dictionary gives two definitions ot the verb boycott. It is: "To combine (a) in refusing to work for, buy from, sell to, give assistance to, or have any kind of dealings with; and (6) in preventing others from working for, buying from, selling to, assisting, or having any kind of dealings with a person or company, on account of political or other differences, or of disagreement in business matters, as a means of inflicting punishment, or of coercing or intimidating." The first combination is legal; the second is illegal. A combination to do a legal act is not a conspiracy; and it is legal to refuse to deal with a merchant. It is not legal to prevent others from dealing with such a merchant. Nothing short of actual malice would make the first an illegal combination or conspiracy, and some other evidence of malice would be necessary than the mere fact of the combined refusal. THE EDITORS.]

The First Schools for Our Freedmer To the Editors of The Outlook:

Nothing which I have read in The Outlook for many months has interested me more than "The Story of the Sea Islands" published some time ago. The Sea Islands have always possessed much historical importance, and to their shores the renowned Admiral Coligny, of France, sent in 1562 his Huguenot colony which experi

enced such terrible hardships under the leadership of the brave Jean Ribaut, of Dieppe in Normandy. This colonial disaster, which left upon the map of America the names of Port Royal, Beaufort, and St. Helena Island, is graphically described in the third chapter of Francis Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World."

Connected with the history of these islands is one important event which Mr. Dimock either may not have known or preferred to omit. So far as I can learn, the first organized effort to instruct the freedmen of the United States was made upon these islands, and the present extensive system of negro education in our country is but an expansion of what was there begun. I remember this work distinctly, as I was a member of the first party of teachers who engaged in it. We were sent under the charge of a thoroughly responsible but hastily formed organization, controlled by members of the late Rev. Theodore Parker's congregation in Boston. Professor George Emerson, a noted principal of a young ladies' school in Boston, Miss Hannah Stevenson, an enthusiastic and efficient worker in all anti-slavery movements, together with several Unitarian pastors in Boston, were controlling members of the Board. Our leader was the late Hon. Edward L. Pierce, of Boston, who had recently rendered effective service to Salmon P. Chase (then Secretary of the United States Treasury), but who is now chiefly remembered as the biographer of the late Senator Charles Sumner. Our party of teachers was rather motley in its character, containing several recent graduates of Yale and Harvard, a few clerks and men of business, some public school teachers of ability and experience, and several ladies who proved to be very efficient in the work. But the party was embarrassed by some mere adventurers of weak purpose and poor ability, who did not, however, remain long in the work. At New York we were joined by the members of a Methodist organization for the Freedmen, headed by the late Rev. Mansfield French and his wife. Several members of this Methodist party rendered effective service; others were very unwise and ill adapted for their task.

We sailed from New York one afternoon in March, 1862. After a brief stay in Beaufort, where we were quartered in fine houses which had been recently vacated by the Confederate owners, we were distributed among the deserted plantations, and began the task of restoring abandoned farms to order and