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solved not to renounce his religion, he hid himself in Paris; his wife found an asylum in the château of Chantilly. Morin had a child, whom he thought well hidden with him; but his son was taken from him, as the edict did not allow the obstinate Huguenots to keep their children. With much difficulty, Morin succeeded in having his child placed in the house of his tutor, M. de Mondion. He himself departed for Neuchâtel, where he was recommended by Condé to the authorities.

"Let us not forget," says the Duke d'Aumale, "that when Condé gave to Morin and to others the means of crossing the frontier of the kingdom, when he assured them by his recommendations an asylum in foreign parts as well as a livelihood, he performed an act of courageous humanity, an infraction of the orders of the King, which he was accustomed to respect so scrupulously for the severest punishments were decreed against Huguenots who should attempt to fly, or those who should favor their flight. It was later that the King relaxed bis severity on this point and tolerated the departure of so many unfortunates for whom the kingdom had been transformed into a prison; and then began the fatal exodus which deprived the country of so many good citizens, and filled foreign countries with irreconcilable enemies of France."

Morin did not remain long at Neuchâtel; he left for Holland, where the French Protestants had begun to group themselves round the Prince of Orange. They recognized as a sort of a chief a son of La Force, the marquis who had, many years before, followed Condé in exile and had never returned to France. In Holland, Morin continued to receive a pension from Condé.

Louis XIV. allowed only one Huguenot to leave France with a passport; it was the Marquis de Ruvigny, who had long been the deputy-general of the Reformed churches of France at the court, a sort of ambassador near the King. Ruvigny had played a great part in the times of the troubles, and was personally liked by the King, but he refused to conform to the Edict of Revocation. Before leaving France, Ruvigny wished to give to Condé a public mark of his deference and of the grati tude of the Protestants who had experienced bis kindness and his tolerance. He asked per. mission to stop on his way to exile at Chantilly with his family, and he spent there a day and a night. Ruvigny recommended the Huguenots to Condé before departing. He was to see him no more; Condé was old, broken by the gout, and already thinking of putting interval between life and death," and meditating how he should make his own conversion before dying. He had never been in the habit of receiving the communion, he was what we to-day should call a free-thinker. The Jesuits who lived in his house had been carefully chosen among the most cultured and refined men of the order; they were treated as friends by Condé-they were not his spiritual guides. Nothing can be more interesting, for those who wish to penetrate the depths of the human soul, than the final chapter in which the Duke d'Aumale tells us in what manner Condé prepared himself for his latter end: what thoughts engaged him, what were his preoccupations before leaving the stage which he had filled with so much glory, and on which he had led such a checkered life.

Correspondence.

an

JEFFERSON'S DRAFTS OF THE KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS OF 1798.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION:

SIR: There is a certain absurdity in imagin

ing that anything material on the doctrine of nullification can still be added to the elaborate discussions of nearly one hundred years, after the entire disappearance of the question as one of practical value in our politics. Yet in the whole of these discussions, both political and historical, no mention has been made of Jefferson's first or rough draft of the Kentucky Resolutions. though it throws important light on the completed fair copy so frequently quoted, and also on the resolutions as adopted by the Kentucky Legislature. There is a story to the effect that a minister troubled his deacons by unguarded speeches, and was accordingly waited on by them, with the request that he would be more careful. "Ob, brethren, he replied, "if you only knew what I didn't say!" What Jefferson said in his first draft and omitted in his second seems to me important if not essential.

In the first clause, after the claim

"That to this compact each state acceeded as a state, and is an integral party, its costates forming, as to itself, the other party"— Jefferson wrote the following clause, which he struck out in the rough draft:

"That the constitutional form of action for this commonwealth as a party with respect to any other party is by it's organized powers & not by it's citizens in a body."

Equally illustrating Jefferson's temporary want of faith in the people was an alteration in the eighth section; and how far his cooler judgment toned down the threat is most interesting in the comparison:

[ERASED CLAUSE.] "But that however confident at other times this commonwealth would have been in the deliberate judgment of the co states and that but one opinion would be en tertained on the unjustifiable character of the acts herein specified, yet it cannot be insensible that circumstances do exist, & that passions are at this time afloat which may give a bias to the judgment to be pronounced on this subject, that times of passion are peculiarly those when precedents of wrong are yielded to with the least caution, when encroach ments of powers are most usually made & principles are least watched. That whether the coincidence of the occasion & the encroachment in the present case has been from accident or design, the right of the commonwealth to the government of itself in cases not [illegible] parted with, is too vitally important to be yielded from temporary or secondary considerations: that a fixed determination therefore to retain it, requires us in candor and without reserve to declare & to warn our co-states that

concur

[SUBSTITUTE CLAUSE.] "But that they [the co states] will with this comm in considering the said acts so palpably against the const. as to amount to an undisguised declatn. that that compact is not meant to be the measure of the powers of the genl. govmt., but that it will proceed in the exercise over these states of all powers whatsoever, that they will view this as seizing the rights of the states & consolidating them in the hands of the genl govt. with power assumed to bind the states (not merely in the cases made federal) but in all cases whatsoever, by laws made not with their consent but by others against their consent, that this would be to surrender the form of govmt, we have chosen & to live under one deriving it's powers from it's own will and not from our authority, and that the co-states recurring to their natural right in cases not made federal will concur in declaring these acts void and of no force, & will each take measures of it's own providing that neither these acts nor any others of the government not considering the said acts plainly and intentionally to be so palpably against authorized by the counthe constitution as to try to the genl. govmt. amount to an undisguis- shall be exercised within ed declaration that that their respective terricompact is not meant to tories."

be the measure of the powers of the general gov

ernment, but that it is to proceed in the exercise over these states of any & all powers whatever, considering this as seizing the rights of the states & consolidating them in the hands of the general government, with power to bind the states (not merely in the cases made federal [casus federis] but) in all cases whatsoever by laws not made with their consent, but by other states against their consent; considering all the consequences as nothing in comparison with that of yielding the form of government we have chosen & of living under one [struck out]

deriving it's powers from it's own will and not from our authority, this commonwealth, as an integral party, does in that case protest against such opinions and exercises of undelegated & unauthorized power, and does declare that recurring to it's natural right of judging & acting for itself, it will be constrained to take care of itself, & to provide by measures of it's own that no power not plainly & intentionally delegated by the constitution to the general government, shall be exercised within the territory of this commonwealth."

These are the only material differences between the rough draft and the fair copy; but while on this subject, I wish to call attention to one hitherto unnoted fact. In the two Jefferson drafts the words "nullification" and "nullify" each occur once, close together, being the earliest-known use of the words in the political sense in which they were afterwards employed. The resolutions as voted by the Kentucky Legislature omitted these words, and only by the use of the word "nullification" in the supplementary resolutions of 1799 did that word pass into political literature. Many historians (Henry Adams, History of U. S.' i., 205; Schouler, i., 424; McMaster, ii., 422; and Hildreth, v., 275) state that this was a tempering of Jefferson's extreme plan of action by the more moderate legislative body, and Von Holst (i., 149) goes even further, stating:

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"That Jefferson was not only an advocate, but the father, of the doctrine of nullification, is thus well established. It may be that Nicholas secured his assent to the striking out of these sentences, but no fact has as yet been discovered in support of this assumption. Still less is there any positive ground for the allegation that Jefferson had begun to doubt the position he had assumed. Various passages in bis later letters point decidedly to the very opposite conclusion."

How far the "fair copy" on which these various writers based their statements was fair evidence always seemed to me questionable, since the mere existence of the paper in the Jefferson manuscripts was proof positive that it was not the copy given by Jefferson to Nicholas Fortunately I have discovered a brief note from Jefferson to Nicholas, written after the resolutions had been put into his hands, to the following effect:

"The more I have reflected on the phrase in the paper you shewed me, the more strongly I think it should be altered. Suppose you were instead of the invitation to cooperate in the annulment of the acts, to make it an invitation to concur with this commonwealth in declaring, as it does hereby declare, that the said acts are, and were ab initio, null, void and of no force, or effect.' I should like it better. Health, happiness, and Adieu."

As the word "annulment" occurs nowhere in the Jefferson drafts, it is obvious that the striking out of the word "nullification" was done at Jefferson's request, and from the man. ner in which Nicholas utilized the suggested change, the inference is strong that the copy of the resolutions he had received from their author was radically different from the fair copy which has been so often quoted as representing Jefferson's final opinion.

PAUL LEICESTER FORD.

THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HALLE.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION:

SIR: The notice of the last livraison of Pauly's 'Real-Encyklopädie' in a recent number of the Nation assigns its editor-in chief, Prof. Georg Wissowa, to the University of Marburg. It may be of interest to some of your readers to know that this eminent scholar and interesting lecturer has succeeded the late Prof. Keil at the University of Halle Wittenberg, entering upon his duties last October. His accession to the faculty of Halle makes its corps of classical instructors again one of the strongest in Germany. The transfer of Prof. Blass from Kiel, a few years ago, and this latest appointment shows that it is the intention of the Prussian Ministry of Instruction to maintain at Halle the noble traditions that have made it one of the most notable centres of classical scholarship in Germany. Blass, Dittenberger, and Wissowa in classical philology, Robert in archæology, Pischel in Sanskrit, and Eduard Meyer in ancient history, not to speak of the able younger men, are names that are sure to allure an increasing number of American students, especially those who wish to avoid the crowds of Americans, too often on pleasure rather than on study bent, who throng the lecture halls and the pensions of the larger cities. EDWARD CAPPS.

CHICAGO, February 10, 1896.

THE FIRST UNITARIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION:

SIR: Permit me to question a statement in the sketch of Dr. Furness in your issue of February 6, in which his church in Philadel. phia, dating from 1796, is spoken of as "the first organized as such [Unitarian] in the United States." In the Unitarian church at Northumberland, Pa., of which I was for four years the pastor, there is a mural tablet to Dr. Priestley which states that the church was founded by him in 1794. The only point in question, for the settlement of which I believe no documents are extant, is whether it was organized "as a Unitarian Church." But when we remember that Priestley had already adopted the name, and that he was refused recognition by the other clergymen of Northumberland and the neighborhood, there would seem to be little room for doubt that the church he founded there in 1794 was a Unitarian church in name as well as in fact. Respectfully yours,

EASTPORT, ME.

H. D. C.

mending it to the public-spirited as deserving the most liberal pecuniary support, I referred to its organization and projected work. In reproducing, however, certain statements from a document issued by the Archæological Institute of America, I inadvertently credited the Institute with two or three appropriations to the School in Rome when they had really been made to the School in Athens. I find no excuse for the oversight except that of inevitable haste at the time I wrote, and the fact that the school last named in the original document before the statements quoted was "the newly founded American School of Classical Studies in Rome." While I much regret the slip, it is with some sense of relief that I remember that this correction is likely to reach many hundreds more than the error, and that to all of these it will carry one more endorsement and commendation of a most worthy enterprise projected for the improvement of American scholarship. Yours respectfully,

WILLIAM F. WARREN.

BOSTON UNIVERSITY, February 12, 1896.

"HIRED MAN."

TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION:

SIR: Little as the fact of rendering service is thought to be derogatory, we often find it needful, in order that our fellow-sovereigns may live in perfect charity with us, to be particular how we style a person by whom service is rendered. Americans at large acquiescing, the servant-man, accompanied by his old-fashioned master, if he has not indeed gone the way of the dodo and the dinotherium, bas, at least, retired on indefinite leave of absence, his substitute in office being the hired man.

Our

Of this expression, a strange seeming ore, its meaning considered, what is the history? Ordinarily, I believe, it is regarded as a euphemism; and such it now is, unquestionably. It appears, however, to have been, with us, originally, som thing quite different. cis-atlantic forefathers, even in the days when they were British subjects, had their hired men; and the following passage, extracted from a dissertation written in Pennsylvania in 1751, shows who were formerly thus designated:

"Why, then, will America purchase slaves? Because slaves may be kept as long as a man pleases, or has occasion for their labour; while hired men are continually leaving their mas ter (often in the midst of his business) and setting up for themselves."

Male slaves being unhired men, the term hired men, if we bear in mind the circumstances under which it was employed, was strictly appropriate as distinguishing labourers or domestics who were not slaves. Servantmen, in its stead, since the appellation would have comprehended bondmen, would have failed in preciseness of description.

[Our correspondent's inference seems to be valid. It is certainly an interesting fact that, whether in Northumberland or in Philadelphia, the first Unitarian church organized as such in America was organ-pendence, to speak of hired women, hired boys, ized by Dr. Priestley, the leading English Unitarian of the eighteenth century.ED. NATION.]

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION:

SIR: Permit me, through your columns, to correct an error that may otherwise lead to misapprehensions touching the resources of the new American School in Rome. In my justprinted annual report, for the sake of expressing my appreciation of the School and of com

Was it the custom, prior to the War of Indeand hired maids or girls, as well as of hired men? Presumably it was. The point could be ascertained by turning over old records.

Our colonial grandsires of course stressed the first syllable in hired man, while we make the phrase, in its altered acceptation, a spondee. And in so doing we observe analogy. Witness, for instance, black-sheep, reprobate,' like which we should, moreover, supplying a hyphen, write hired man.

The quotation given above is taken from the volume of the Annual Register for 1760. F. H.

MARLESFORD, ENGLAND, February 5, 1896.

HEINE'S SOLITUDE.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION:

SIR: Your mention, among the autograph letters in the British Museum, of Washington's letter to the Earl of Buchan-it is in the first case to the left, as you enter from the Grenville Library-reminds me of another letter in the same collection written by Heine from Boulogne, under date of July 15, 1834; it is characteristic: "Depuis 10 jours je suis ici, jouissant d'une parfaite solitude, car je suis entourré de la mer, de bois, et d'Anglais, qui sont aussi muet que le bois-je ne veux pas dire aussi hölzern ”—Yours very truly, ROBERT H. MARR.

NEW ORLEANS, February 11, 1896.

Notes.

WHITE'S 'Natural History of Selborne' is to be edited, with an introduction and notes, by Prof. Edward S. Morse, for Ginn & Co.'s "Classics for Children" series.

D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, have nearly ready a translation, by Will S. Monroe, of Comenius's 'School of Infancy,' with portrait, introduction, notes, and bibliography.

Macmillan & Co. announce Art and Humanity in Homer,' by Prof. Wm. Cranston Lawton; a translation, by Dr. Alexander Bruce, of Thoma's 'Text-book of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy'; and a collection of the traditional bymns of the Ancient Gaelic Church in Scotland, by Alexander Carmichael

Henry Holt & Co. announce for speedy issue 'On Parody,' an essay on the art, with humorous selections from its masters, beginning with the Greeks and Romans, by Arthur Shadwell Martin.

Roberts Bros. have ready for immediate issue No. 3 of Prof. Todd's "Columbian Knowledge Series." entitled 'A Hand-book of Arctic Discoveries,' by Gen. A. W. Greely, U. S. Army, a compact volume, exhibiting such accomplished results as may answer the inquiries of the busy man who often wishes to know what, when, and where rather than how. Maps and bibliographies have not been neglected.

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The first century of the French Institute is to be commemorated by Count de Franqueville, a member of that body, in two quarto volumes of elegant manufacture, Le Premier Siècle de l'Institut de France: 25 Octobre 1795-1895' (Paris: J. Rothschild; New York: Lemcke & Büchner). The history and biography of the Institute and its titulary members form one division; in the second a like service is performed for the "membres libres," the foreign and non-resident associates, correspondents, etc., and it will contain lists of foundations, prizes, and the like. Rubricated initials and an abundance of photographic illustrations in the text adorn and elucidate the narrative.

The panorama of the year is unrolled as usual in the bound volume of Harper's Weekly for 1895. The war between China and Japan determines the illustrations at the beginning; the menace of war on account of Venezuela, at the end. Between these events comes the unlucky death of Secretary Gresham, whose portrait is succeeded by that of Secretary Olney, President Cleveland's âme damnée so far as we can now judge. This change of officers is certainly the most momentous event recorded in the Weekly, beside which the reversal of the income-tax decision counts for the merest trifle. There is a page of portraits of new

pert microscopists and the best of apparatus are shown as they appeared in the most perfect results of long continued observations and in the most successful of many attempts at representation. The atlas exhibits forty stages, in maturation, fertilization, and cleavage, to the Blastula of sixteen cells, photographed di

United States Senators, a choice assortment. For the rest, we pass in review the Lexow Committee, the Brooklyn strike, the grand combination Astor-Lenox-Tilden library of New York, the Boston Public and the Congressional Libraries with their respective decorations, the city shows, the yacht races, the Atlanta Exposition. Mr. Weyman's 'Red Cock-rectly from sections of minute eggs. The fig. ade' is the chief serial, but the illustrations to Mr. Bangs's House-boat on the Styx' can be studied only here at their original scale and with full enjoyment of Mr. Newell's clever

ness.

The twenty-eighth volume of Harper's Ba zar furnishes data enough, with its bewilder. ing array of feminine costumes, for the expert in such things to calculate the curve which sleeves and skirts are now following. From such mysteries we refrain, to note only the less technical contents: serial fiction provided by Maarten Maartens, Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis, and Mr. Howells; notes on contemporary music; reproductions of contemporary art, with an occasional harking back to Gainsborough or Sir Joshua for types of female loveliness; "T. W. H.'s" column, "Women and Men," running through the year and covering things literary and moral in Mr. Higginson's well known style.

Mr. William Woodville Rockhill, the newly appointed First Assistant Secretary of State and one of the most distinguished of living Asiatic travellers, has given us an account of his second journey to Thibet, in the form of a 'Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet,' published by the Smithsonian Institution. The bulky volume will be of much value and interest to specialists, as the author, who speaks both Chinese and Thibetan, had great advantages over any rivals in the same region, and knew how to make the most of them. The public, however, will find the mass of uncouth names and minute geographical information rather formidable, and be more inclined to admire than to read. Although Mr. Rockhill did not succeed in following out his original plan of pushing through to India, but, like so many others, was forced to turn back, he went over much new ground, and has added materially to our knowledge of one of the least explored countries in the world.

The Fifth Army Corps,' by Lieut.-Col. W. H. Powell, 11th U. S. Infantry (G. P. Putnam's Sons), is a book sure to be very attractive to the veterans of the civil war who were mem bers of that corps organization in the Army of the Potomac. For the general reader, who naturally thinks that in a stout octavo he should find a complete history of the campaigns mentioned, it has the defect of being limited to the standpoint of a minor fraction of the army in Virginia. A more serious fault is that the author, in his laudation of McClellan as a commander, pays no attention to the definite criticisms of that general's campaigns which are based on the fuller knowledge gained since 1862, and especially upon the established fact that his army was greatly superior in numbers and equipment to the Confederates. He also shows a confusion of ideas with regard to the relations of the President, the Cabinet, and Congress to the army which is simply astonishing.

The importance of the aid of photography in modern science-teaching is admirably illustrated in An Atlas of the Fertilization and Karyokinesis of the Ovum,' by Edmund B. Wilson, Ph.D., with the coöperation of Edward Leaming, M.D. (New York: For the Columbia University Press by Macmillan & Co.). Subjects beyond the reach of any but the most ex

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ures set forth the phenomena exactly as seen by original investigators, and are sufficiently numerous to trace the courses of reasoning by which accepted conclusions have been attained. The many diagrammatic figures corresponding to the phototypes reduce necessary textual explanations to the smallest compass. The technical terms are clearly defined. In the second part-that is, the Atlas proper-the natural or der has been followed, but in the general introduction the sequence is fertilization, cleav age, maturation, and "fertilization, the cycle completed." This arrangement presents no difficulty for an embryologist, but in the case of a student beginning the study it leads to confusion which has no compensating excuse for its existence. It is a slight blemish in a work which in general is well adapted to the purpose for which it was constructed. The Atlas is worthy of a good reception.

To persons desiring a moderately compre. hensive knowledge of animal life below the vertebrates, to teachers of high or grammar schools, or of such courses in zoology as do not include exhaustive special investigations, and to students under such instructors, Arthur E. Shipley's 'Zoology of the Invertebrata' (Lon don: Black; New York: Macmillan) has much to recommend it. The material has been carefully selected, the arrangement is good, the text is clear and concise, and the abundant illustrations are of excellent quality. The author has laid particular stress on morphology, rather than on histology, embryology, or natural history. He has chosen an example of each of the larger groups, one typifying the whole group, for dissection, illustration, and discussion, and also has given special prominence to intermediate forms which by their affinities are placed between the larger groups. Absence of bibliographical references, commonly so numerous, and of the multitudinous footnotes ordinarily complicating the text and perplexing the inexperienced student, renders the matter more easy to grasp, and really makes the pages more attractive for the classes it is intended to reach. A work better suited to the needs of those for whom it was prepared is not easily found.

We are in the midst of an active period of production of German dictionaries. The fourth edition of Flügel's 'Universal English-German and German-English Dictionary' is only four years old, but already we have a namesake rival, Flügel-Schmidt-Tanger's Dictionary of the English and German Language for Home and School,' "with special reference" to the foregoing (Brunswick: George Westermann; New York: Lemcke & Büchner). The super ficial differences are Flügel's three volumes as against the triumvirate's two, and fine and open type respectively. In this latter particular the newcomer should be decidedly welcomed. The gain in space lies in the EnglishGerman portion, and as this will be much less used than the German-English by an Englishspeaking buyer, he will be apt to prefer the triumvirate's one volume to Flügel's two. It is but fair to add, however, that the literary features of Flügel's English-German section, as shown in the illustrative quotations from a wide range of English sources, are wholly wanting in the newer work. Between the

German-English portions it is hard to choose, and we can only counsel the procuring of both if one's means permit. Neither deals at all in etymologies.

Whatever be here the choice, the more scholarly and philological dictionary-seeker will, on examination, decidedly wish to own also the new 'Deutsches Wörterbuch' of Prof. Hermann Paul, of which the first instalment (A-Gebühr) is to hand (Halle: Max Niemeyer; New York: Lemcke & Büchner). Its plan is sufficiently novel. It does not aim to furnish an exhaustive vocabulary or a complete series of definitions. It deals with the speech of the present day, and with the older only by way of comparison, to show the significant departures from classic usage in the eighteenth century and from the Biblical. Hence the references are principally to Goethe, Klopstock, Lessing, Luther, Pestalozzi, and Wieland. Take the word billig for an example of the author's treatment. He notes its MHG form of billich, and the prolongation of the ending ch into the seventeenth century; its root bil-; its synonymy with recht, but with an aspect not towards statutes but towards natural perception of right; its sense of 'cheap' ('not dearer than it should be '), originating in the last century. In this brief exposition there is a single (proverbial) illustration. Ein is discussed in two pages. The work will be complete in October. It is, as German books go, clearly printed in a handsome Gothic letter, but it would have been an immense condescension to a foreigner if the phrases and examples had been picked out (as in Heyne) in Roman characters. It will, however, find a ready welcome as it is.

Velhagen & Klassig, well known for their excellent series of popular illustrated books, have undertaken one of artists' monographs, the purpose of which is to give in popular form a scholarly history of classic and modern art. The series is under the direction of Prof. H. Knackfuss, author of the excellent 'Deutsche Kunstgeschichte' published by the same firm, and he has written many of the monographs himself. Thus far the series contains volumes on Raphael, Rubens, Rembrandt, Michelange. lo, Dürer, Velasquez, Menzel, Teniers, A. v. Werner, Knaus, Murillo. They are all printed on good paper, handsomely bound, and, al. though arranged in a series, each volume is complete in itself. The price ranges from two to three marks, but a Prachtausgabe, limited to 100 copies and numbered, has been provided at twenty marks per volume. The volumes on Menzel, by Knackfuss, and on Werner, by Adolf Rosenberg, lie before us, and are indeed very attractive. They contain about 130 pages each, and the former has 141 reproductions from paintings and drawings, while the latter is ornamented with 125. Those from paintings cannot fail to be pleasing to every eye; those from drawings and from studies have a special value for artists.

Signor Angelo Lupatelli's 'Storia della Pittura in Perugia' (Foligno: F. Campitelli) will be of service to such students as have no access to libraries stocked with the numberless publications, old and new, on Italian art. Signor Lupatelli has compiled from good sources, and with a certain intelligence; but neither in his bibliography nor in his text do we find mention of Morelli's writings, so epoch-making in the study of Umbrian art. 'Le Petit Guide de Pérouse,' by the same author, can be safely recommended.

The Observer (Portland, Conn.: Bigelow) has been enlarged, and bids fair to be a very popu. lar as well as valuable magazine for outdoor

recreation and education. The department of birds is under the care of Mr. John H. Sage, and will have series of articles by Florence A. Merriam and Olive Thorne Miller. The department of microscopy will be conducted by Miss M. A. Booth; that of astronomy by Miss Mary Proctor, daughter of the lately deceased astronomer; and that of botany by Miss C. A. Shepard. There will also be series of articles by Dr. Henry C. McCook, Anna Botsford Com. stock, Elizabeth G. Britton, and Dr. Alfred C. Stokes. These are all experienced writers, and confidence may be felt in both their science and their English. It is to be hoped that it is not the editorial hand that is responsible for the announcement that practical microscopy "will take a high stand, worth more than double the price of the Observer."

An illustrated account of a recent visit to the Faroes opens an unusually interesting number of the Geographical Journal for January. This is followed by Capt. Vaughan's narrative of his journeys in central Persia, and a discussion by Col. Holdich of the origin of the Kafir of. the Hindu-Kush. This interesting race, whose independence is now threatened by Afghanis tan, claims to be of Greek descent, and their appearance is of a distinct Aryan type, with low forehead, prominent aquiline features, and a relatively fair complexion. While the most natural hypothesis is that they are the "mo dern representatives of a very mixed race, chiefly of Tajak origin," yet some curious facts are given which seem to show their connection with the legendary subjugation of India by Dionysus mentioned by Arrian. Some yet undeciphered inscriptions found in their valley "recall a Greek alphabet of archaic type," and a hymn to their war.god, of which a translation is given, is a Bacchic hymn, wanting only the "accessories of vine-leaves and ivy to make it entirely classical." A very creditable piece of exploration in the Canadian Rockies by a party of Yale students is described by one of their number, Mr. W. D. Wilcox. It is accompanied by two contour maps and some reproductions of photographs of Lake Louise and the neighboring mountains. A useful sketch map of British Guiana is given, so shaded as to show at a glance the territory not in dispute and the extreme claims of both Ve. nezuela and Great Britain. The Journal for April, 1895, we will remind our readers, contains an admirably clear map of the whole region, indicating plainly the Schomburgk line, the gold districts, the various stations, settlements, and trails.

Among the articles of general interest in the Annales de Géographie for January is an account of the trade of Tripoli with the Sudan. There are three principal routes across the desert, and the caravans, starting generally in the autumn, carry out cloths, hardware, glass, arms, ammunition, sugar, and essences. They bring back gold, from Bornu and Damergu, ostrich feathers, skins, ivory, gum, wax, and civet. The caravan-men are either part owners of the goods, or more frequently are hired by the merchants, receiving in payment a part of the proceeds. The attempts of the French and English to divert this trade to AI. geria and the Niger have so far proved unsuccessful. Following this is a study of the littleknown region to the west of the Nile affected by the Franco-Congo treaty of 1894, and a summing up of the results of the war between China and Japan. The writer believes that the harder terms of the first treaty of peace would have been in the end better for China, which has apparently sunk again into the lethargy that must end in the fall of the empire.

among the most successful of the long array, and has the merit of being nearly if not quite "untouched." Thus all the fine lines of the

of age but of geniality and benevolence, to produce a speaking likeness which will be cherished by a large circle of Dr. Furness's friends and admirers.

Since we noticed the forcible and not too amiable onslaught of M. Espinas on Rousseau's social "system" in the Revue Internationale de l'Enseignement of October 15 and Novem-skin combine with the usual marks, not only ber 15, 1895, we ought sooner to have called at least equal attention to the editorial reply of M. Éd. Dreyfus-Brisac in the number for December 15. It is a warm defence of Rousseau's veracity as well as of his consistency, and is fairly conclusive on the main point at which M. Espinas is controverted, namely, the divergences between the rough draft of the Contrat Social' and its definitive form in print. Indeed, M. Espinas is exposed to the charge of very careless if not grossly unfair comparison and use of these documents, and is roundly scored by M. Dreyfus Brisac. The discussion over the "system" is perhaps not ended, but the question has, in our opinion, very little interest for the present generation. It were much to be wished that what is admirable, charming, and salutary in Rousseau's writings might be enjoyed without reference to his philosophy or his reputation.

M. Anatole France's recent address before the Association Générale des Étudiants deserves mention as being graced with one of the most beautiful tributes to Science that ever came from the lips of a man of letters. Some of the sentences are apothegms: "Elle soutient notre curiosité; nous devons l'en aimer. Elle ne l'épuise pas; nous devons l'en aimer encore." "Elle fait leur [men's] vie moins brève, plus sûre, plus abondante et plus variée. Elle les abrite pour penser." Such homage, coming from the opposite camp, is beneficial at a time when so many minds the civilized world over are kept at a tension in adjusting the rival claims of the sciences and the letters.

Hitherto only the leisurely traveller through Italy has been acquainted with one of the most lovable creations of Italian genius, Moretto's Virgin, the most motherly of Madonnas, in the mountain shrine of Paitone, near Brescia. But recently this masterpiece has been pho. tographed by Alinari Bros., who at the same time made reproductions of all Moretto's pic. tures at Brescia. This town, so rich in works by this master of delicate feeling and exquisite tone, is rich also in works by his splendid rival Romanino, and in the gallery are a number of fine canvases by the best known member of this school, the great portrait-painter Moroni. Among the other paintings at Brescia photographed by Alinari is the "Annunciation" by the rare and precious Jacopo Bellini, fascinating "Nativities" by Lotto and Savoldo, a "Salvator Mundi" by the young Raphael, and a fine head by his Urbinate master Timoteo Viti.

The students of the Slade School of Art, Oxford, England, are shortly to issue a new quarterly, the Quarto. By permission of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, a photogravure reproduction of "A Holy Family," by Andrea del Sarto, will serve as frontispiece to the first number. A tempting feature of this new art magazine is to be a "collector's edition" of twenty cop ies, on Japanese paper and bound in vellum. With each of these copies there will be distributed, in addition to an original etching by Mr. Wm. Strang, "a small original autograph sketch, no two alike," by one of the contributors. Among these appear the names of the late Lord Leighton, Mr. Geo. Fred. Watts, and Mr. Joseph Pennell.

It was not to be expected that the late Dr. William H. Furness of Philadelphia would fail to have a place in Mr. F. Gutekunst's photographic gallery of celebrities. The "imperial panel," in fact, of this eminent preacher is

-American Book-Prices Current,' compiled from auctioneers' catalogues by Luther S. Livingston, and published by Dodd, Mead & Co., wisely adopts the form and style of the British Book-Prices Current,' of which the ninth volume is before us (London: Elliot Stock & Co.). In both these indispensable works the arrangement is by sales, preceded by a tabular list; the entries are progressively numbered (6,025 in the American, 6, 748-a falling off-in the British); an index groups the scattered authors or anonymous works; and a preface reviews the features of the year's sales as to rarity, prices, etc. There is much food here for study and international comparison, the principle of inclusion (a pound value as a customary minimum) being about the same in both cases. We have roughly computed the number of separate entries in some two dozen instances, showing the respective American and British transactions in Almanacs, 10, 2, Bibles (printed), 78, 61; Boccaccio, 6, 10; Cervantes, 13, 16; Dibdin, 23, 6; Balzac, 8, 1. American interest in Borrow surpasses British, 5, 2; as in Browning, 30, 10, Dickens, 49, 34, Tennyson, 38, 23, Thackeray, 36, 21, and Walton, 31, 17. Even Cruikshank stands 32, 39, but Bewick only 5, 23. Bacon items are American 3, British 11. Matthew Arnold is tied, 4, 4. With American authors the disparity is great indeed: Audubon, 7, 1; Emerson, 31, 1; Hawthorne, 39, 1; Holmes, 26, 1; Longfellow (and this is singular), 49, 2 only; Lowell, 24, 0; and Whittier, 46, 1. But the rage for first editions has been catered to by Mr. Livingston in admitting sales below the five-dollar mark. It will be seen that with our American collectors the order of favoritism is Longfellow, Whittier, Hawthorne, Emerson, Holmes, Lowell. We should notice that the 'American Book-Prices Current' is handsomely printed from type in a limited edition of 400 copies, which must surely appreciate.

-At the suggestion of Dr. S. A. Green, and as an addendum to his List of Early American Imprints belonging to the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society' recently noticed by us, Nathaniel Paine has prepared 'A List of Early American Imprints, 16401700, belonging to the Library of the American Antiquarian Society,' and printed two hundred copies. The books falling within the scope of this bibliography number three hundred, of which one-half, approximately, were already catalogued in the three hundred titles printed in Dr. Green's list, and are therefore not repeated here, only a mere reference to the fuller title being given. We thus have in the two works a list of four hundred and fifty separate issues of the early American presses, and, as not more than twenty-five were printed outside of Cambridge and Boston, a long step has been made towards a complete list of Massachusetts incunabula. Mr. Paine, indeed, goes so far as to say that "the two lists probably contain the titles of nearly all the known publications, now extant, issued from the press in British North America from 1640 to 1700 inclusive." In this we can hardly agree, for Haven's very imperfect list gives 607 titles for this period, and while copies of a

few of these are unknown, they are balanced five times over by the new discoveries of Mr. Hildeburn in Pennsylvania and New York imprints. Indeed, the Prince and Lewis collections of the Boston Public Library alone give nearly 100 additional titles, and the Lenox Library and the Historical Society of Pennsyl vania could also supply many additions. Probably there are actually extant, at the present writing, about 1,000 issues of the Massachusetts press before 1701, and these are not more than two thirds of the actual issues. These facts, however, do not lessen the value of the present work. As in Dr. Green's list, the larger part of the titles fall among almanacs, laws, and the typical New England theologico political tracts, the most interesting being a copy of 'Gospel Ordinance Revived' (which played so curious a part in the attempt carried on by the Mathers to restrict the freedom of the press), with several of the broadside "Advertisements" and "Depositions" relating to the contest bound in; a copy of Cotton Mather's curious 'Rules for the Society of Negroes,' 1693, which ranks second in date of our slave literature; and a copy of the Bay Psalm Book, the earliest book of the Massachusetts press. The work bas been carefully done, and is a most acceptable addition to the subject.

-When the ravages of the "downy mildew" were checked for the first time in American vineyards by means of the "Bordeaux mixture," spraying was hailed by orchardists and planters as a deliverer and a panacea. After wasting much hard work in spraying the right bugs at the wrong time, the farmers have thrown down the nozzle to learn from scientists and college men something about bugs and the fungous diseases of plants. Economic Entomology has come into existence to cope with the annual destroyers of one-tenth of all our agricultural products. "Watch and spray" is now the facetious war-cry of farmers and fruit-growers. The practical advice offered by the experiment stations to farmers is scattered in the deciduous literature of bulletins and newspapers. All this material has been sifted by a competent specialist in combination with his own experiments, and the result is a book of 400 pages of practical things arranged in the helpful form of a pocket dictionary, The Spraying of Plants,' by E. G. Lodeman, Instructor in Horticulture in Cornell University (Macmillan). It tells what to spray, when, and why. It can be consulted under vines and fig-trees, and offending objects can be compared with pictures. Nor are prescriptions lacking, together with seductive cuts of wonderful nozzles, pumps, and spraying paraphernalia. The familiar old cut of the codlin moth that has for half a century been an object of odious interest, at last gives way to a new engraving that is positively artistic by comparison, and of greater scientific accu racy. The early history of spraying is detailed in the painstaking manner of the investigator and contributor to science. These 238 pages of history and principles may be useful to those farmers only who are troubled with insomnia (if there be any such), and in future editions this matter could, as far as the farmer is concerned, be compressed into 200 less pages; but of the value of the specific directions for spraying cultivated plants there can be no doubt. It is a remarkable adaptation of science. There is nothing else on the subject so new, complete, accurate, and available.

-In 1870, at the age of thirty-five, Mr. Alfred Austin published a book entitled 'The

Poetry of the Period,' consisting of eight articles which had previously appeared in the Temple Bar magazine. The first of them is concerned with Mr. Austin's immediate prede cessor in the office of Poet Laureate of England. Mr. Austin sets out with the announcement that he intends to expound, with a confidence not the growth of yesterday, but of long, deliberate, and ever deepening conviction, the opinion that Tennyson has no sound pretensions to be called a great poet, and will of a certainty not be esteemed such by an unbiassed posterity. He thinks it is high time that somebody should speak out; the conventional sense of the majority so overpowers the critical sense of the discriminating minority that, as a rule, no one ever expends his energy in the attempt to reverse an opinion which has once got itself accepted by a preponderance of voices. So has it been with Tennyson. His fame has steadily increased precisely as his genuine poetical power has steadily waned. Mr. Austin's proposition is, that Tennyson is not a great poet, unquestionably not a poet of the first rank, all but unquestionably not a poet of the second rank, and probably-though no contemporary perhaps can settle that-not even at the head of poets of the third rank, among whom he must ultimately take his place. Posterity will not hear him, save in little snatches or breaks of voice, as it still hears Cowley or Falconer. It will not allow the "Talking Oak" or "Locksley Hall" to die, but "In Memoriam" will assuredly be handed over to the dust. In the whole range of his poetry there is not to be found even a solitary instance of a sublime thought sublimely expressed. He is the poet crossed by the man of scientific thought and intelligence, and producing a species of metrical emulsion. Browning does not find more favor in Mr. Austin's eyes than Tennyson. The assertion that Browning is our great modern seer is the most astounding and ludicrous pretension ever put forward in literature. A passage from "Sordello" is pronounced to be not only not poetry, but detestable gibberish even as prose. Browning is the real M. Jourdain, who has been writing prose all his life without knowing it He has no voice, and yet he wants to sing; he is not a poet, and yet he would fain write poetry. These choice specimens of Mr. Austin's critical acumen must suffice for the present purpose, but his whole volume may be profitably studied by the brood of youngsters who are deluging us with a shower of little four-by-six magazines in which every precious contribution of a hundred words is signed with its author's name. Mr. Austin, they will find, is just as "smart," and epigrammatic, and "fearless," and self-confident as they are.

-Were we to watch the labor of Sisyphus, we should probably be much interested the first time we saw him roll the stone up the slope, and grieve with him as it dashed down just before reaching the top. We should admire the perseverance with which he ran after it, and again puffed and tugged and pushed to wards the goal. But, after watching several of these failures, we should conclude either that Sisyphus had undertaken the impossible, or that he lacked the necessary strength and skill. A similar conclusion forces itself upon us as we review, year after year, the efforts of one scholar after another to translate the Divine Comedy' into English verse, and we believe that in this case failure must be charged to the task itself, and not to the incompetence of those who undertake it. The latest of these, Mr. George Musgrave, has produced a version

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of the "Inferno" in Spenserian metre (Macmillan) which deserves the commendation due to good but futile intentions-and no more. Mr. Musgrave declares that the nine line stanza of the Faerie Queene' is the nearest equivalent to Dante's terza rima; a little while ago Mr. Lancelot Shadwell assured us that the metre of Marvell's great Horatian ode would alone serve; and before him how many others have taken different roads to failure! Dante's verse, we need hardly say, flows like a mighty unhindered river; to imagine that any stanzaic divisions can represent it, is like imagining that a canal, cut up into sections by regularly recurring locks, can represent the freedom, the sweep and variety and life of the river. Inevitably, therefore, before we have read a dozen of Mr. Musgrave's stanzas, we are obliged to admit that they do not reproduce, even faintly, the metrical effect made by Dante, and further testing merely confirms the suspicion that this version, so far as its form goes, has no justification as a possible equivalent of the Divine Comedy.' But perhaps, we think, Mr. Musgrave may have made a good English poem, whatever may be its inferiority to the Italian. We read again, with this in view, and again are disappointed. The "linked sweetness, long drawn out" of this stanza as used by Spenser nowhere appears; nor is there aught to suggest that Byron, Shelley, and Keats could, each in a different way, get many fine qualities out of it. To Mr. Musgrave's touch it is an instrument which is neither sweet, nor sonorous, nor fluent, nor emphatic. So we are driven to consider the translation simply as a tour de force, and from this standpoint it has its interest. That any one should be able, in a given number of syllables, to give the English equivalents of a given number of Italian words, is, however inadequate the general result may be, a scholarly pastime which may amuse the looker on. But after a while the elisions and inversions of syntax, the strange words, and the unlimited license in rhymes tire us. What pleasure can any one get from such rhymes as "Italy," "lie," "I," and "wistfully"? What profit from having conosciuto translated "agnised," because Mr. Musgrave could not make "recognized" fit his metre? Doubtless, he had satisfaction in wrestling with difficulties which are indeed insuperable; but the best that can be said of his achievement is that we wonder that he has done as well as he has, and this is very far from saying that he has produced a work worth reading as a specimen of English poetry, or worth studying as means to a better knowledge of Dante.

-The second and concluding volume of Dr. Karl Heinemann's 'Goethe' (Leipzig: Seemann) begins with the publication of the first collective edition of the poet's works in 1787-'90, and ends with his death, March 26, 1832, thus comprising the best forty-five years of his life. His sojourn in Italy from 1786 to 1788 had released him from the petty and prosy routine of official duties at Weimar, and, through the study of the antique, had perfected his taste by purging his mind from the last dregs of the storm-and-stress period and the morbid sentimentality of Wertherism, which could be only a passing episode in the development of a nature so robust. Dr. Heinemann gives an excellent appreciation of these influences as traceable in Goethe's writings, followed by a chapter entitled "House and Hearth," in which his rela tions to Christiane Vulpius are explained and extenuated, but by no means approved. At that time concubinacy was neither foreign nor offensive to the "best society" in Weimar and

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