sub divo; 3. 10. 8; Epode 13. 2; Lucret. 4. 209, sub diu; Ov. Fast. 3. 527; Verg. Ecl. 7. 60; Il. 5. 91, Aids oμßpos; the Athenian prayer, voov, voov & píλe Zeû, Marc. Aurel. 5. 7; Ennius, Sat. 41 (ed. Müller), Istic est is Iovi pater quem dico, quem Graeci vocant aerem, etc.; Aesch. fr. 70.

27. seu... seu: cf. A. G. 315. c; G. L. 496. 2. The result is the same whatever the game. — visa est: épávn.

28. plăgas: Lex. s. v. 3, Epode 2. 31. For boar-hunting, cf. 3. 12. 11; Epp. 1. 6. 57.

29. me for antithetic emphasis, cf. Milt. P. L. 9, Me of these | Nor skill'd nor studious,' etc.; Tenn. Alcaics, 'Me rather all that bowery loneliness,' etc. Cf. 1. 5. 13; 1. 31. 15; 1. 7. 10; 2. 12. 13; 4. 1. 29; 2. 17. 13. — doctarum: learned, or lettered, but more especially poetic: cum apud Graecos antiquissimum e doctis genus sit poetarum, Cic. Tusc. 1. 3. Early man thinks rather (so Ruskin moralizes) of the knowledge than of the art of the poet. Cf. the comment of Gorgo, Theoc. 15. 145-146. Το σοφός in Pindar; doctus, Tibull. (?) 3. 6. 41, etc.-hederae: the ivy of Bacchus as well as the laurel of Phoebus crowned the poet as cliens Bacchi, Epist. 2. 2. 78. Cf. Epist. 1. 3. 25; Juv. 7. 29; Ben Jonson, To come forth worth the ivy or the bays'; Propert. 2. 5. 25; Ov. Trist. 1. 7. 2; Verg. Ecl. 7. 25.

30. miscent: cf. Pindar's free use of μíyvvμi, Isth. 2. 29.gelidum nemus: the traditional 'green retreats' of the poet. Cf. 3. 4. 8; 3. 25. 13; 4. 3. 10; Epist. 2. 2. 77; Verg. G. 2. 488; Tac. Dial. 12, nemora vero et luci et secretum ipsum, etc.

31. Cf. 2. 19. 3-4.- chori: 1. 4. 5; 2. 12. 17; 3. 4. 25; 4. 3. 15; 4. 7. 6; 4. 14. 21.

32. secernunt: set apart (se-cernunt), make a dedicated spirit. Cf. Milton's, 'secret top of Horeb'; Tenn. Lotus Eaters, while they smile in secret.'· si: modest condition - if only the muse

be gracious. tibias: two played together.

Dict. s.v.; 1. 12. 1; 3. 4. 1.

...

Cf. Harp. Class.

33. Euterpe. Polyhymnia: the flute and lyre represent all lyric poetry. Cf. 1. 12. 2. n.; Harp. Class. Dict. s.v.

31. Lesboum: of Sappho and Alcaeus. Cf. 3. 30. 13. n.; 4. 3. - tendere: Herrick, 333, Aske me, why I do not sing | To the tension of the string.'

12. n.

35. quod si, etc.: but if you rank me with the nine Greek lyric poets of the canon. Wordsworth, Personal Talk, 4, The Poets -Oh might my name be numbered among theirs.' - inseris: 2. 5. 21; 3. 25. 6. 36. Proverbial. Cf. Otto, p. 63; Ov. Met. 7. 61, vertice sidera tangam; Ben Jonson, Sejanus, 5. 1, And at each step I feel my advanced head | Knock out a star in heaven'; Herrick, And once more yet (ere I am laid out dead) | Knock at a star with my exalted head.'

ODE II.

The age is weary of storms and portents dire and civil strife. What god may we invoke to uphold the falling state and expiate our guilt? Apollo ? Venus? Mars? Or is it thou, Mercury, already with us (in the guise of Augustus), Caesar's avenger? Late be thy return to thy native heaven. Long may'st thou dwell amid thy adoring people. The Mede will not ride on his raids while thou art our captain.

A declaration of adhesion to Octavian, written apparently before the new constitution of the Empire and the bestowal upon him of the title of Augustus in Jan., B.C. 27 (cf. Merivale, 3. 335–336, chap. 30).

The close resemblance to Vergil, G. 1. 465 sqq. (cf. Merivale, 3. 239, chap. 28) has led some scholars to date it as early as B.C. 37 or 32. But this is excluded by the allusion (1. 49) to the triumphs celebrated in Aug., B.C. 29. Nor would Horace so early have recognized Octavian as savior of the state. Octavian was princeps Senatus from B.C. 28 to his death. The evidence then points to a date between the return from the East, B.c. 29, and the renewal of the imperium in Jan., 27, and most probably to the latter part of B.c. 28, when Octavian, having, as he said, fulfilled his pious duty of punishing the assassins of Caesar (cf. on 1. 44), affected to talk of laying down his authority (Dio. 53. 4, 53. 9; Merivale, 3. 331-32); which would have been a signal for the renewal of the disturbances of which the age was so weary (cf. 1. 1. iam satis, and on 2. 16. 1).

The portents that accompanied or followed the death of Caesar (Shaks. Jul. Caes. 1. 3, Hamlet, 1. 1; Verg. G. 1. 467 sqq.; Dio.

45. 17; Tibull. 2. 5. 71; Ov. Met. 15, 782; Petronius, 122) and the inundation of the Tiber (cf. on 1. 13) do not date the ode. They are the experience of a generation.

1. We may, if we please, hear the swish of the storm in the repeated is. Cf. II. 21. 239; Shelley, Alastor, The thunder and the hiss of homeless streams'; Liberty, Waves - Hiss round a drowner's head in their tempestuous play.' - terris: dat. i.e. in terras. dirae strictly ominous, portentous. Cf. insessum diris avibus Capitolium, Tac. Ann. 12. 43. Snow and hail would be rare in Italy. Milton has dire hail.'

2. pater: the epic father of gods and men. Cf. on 1. 12. 13; 3. 29. 44. rubente: in the lightning's glare. Pind. O. 9. 6, φοινικοστερόπαν. Milt. P. L. 2, Should intermitted vengeance arm again | His red right hand to plague us.'

6

3. iaculatus: cf. 3. 12. 11; 3. 4. 56; Ov. Am. 3. 3. 35, Iuppiter igne suos lucos iaculatur et arces. Tenn. L. and El. bolt . . . javelining | With darted spikes and splinters of the wood | The dark earth round.' Milton, hurl'd to and fro' with jaculation dire.' arces: the seven temple-crowned hills of Rome; Verg. G. 2. 535. More specifically the two summits of the Capitoline, the N. or Arx proper, and the S. with the temple of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.

4-5. terruit . .

terruit: cf. 2. 4. 4, 5, for this linking of sen

tences by repetition of the verb.

5. gentes: 1. 3. 28; 2. 13. 20; Lucret. 5. 1222, non populi gentesque tremunt (ne) poenarum grave sit solvendi tempus adultum ? Psalm 2. 1, quare fremuerunt gentes.

...

5-12. Rome and mankind feared a return of the flood of Deucalion and Pyrrha ingeniously described by Ov. Met. 1. 260 sqq. Cf. Pind. O. 9. 47; Milt. P. L. 11. Horace pauses in the bare list of portents to paint it. Cf. 1. 12. 27; 3. 4. 53-57, 60–64.

6. nova monstra: strange prodigies, or signs. Cf. Epode 16. 30, novāque monstră iunxerit libidine.

7. pecus: for Proteus' herd of phocae seals, cf. Odyss. 4. 405 sqq.; Verg. G. 4. 395 sqq.; F. Q. 3. 8. 30, ‘Proteus is shepherd of the seas of yore, | And hath the charge of Neptune's mighty herd.' The imaginative origin of the myth is perhaps indicated by Shelley,

L

Witch of Atlas, 10, And every shepherdess of Ocean's flocks | Who drives her white waves over the green sea.' Cf. Lang, Helen of Troy, 3. 23, 'They heard that ancient shepherd Proteus call | His flock from forth the green and tumbling lea.' For Proteus as symbol of mutability ('protean'), cf. Sat. 2. 3. 71; Epp. 1. 1. 90.

8. visere inf. of purpose, archaic, B. 900, abiit aedem visere Minervae,

colloquial, poetic. Cf. Pl.

she went away to visit the

temple of Minerva'; G. L. 421. 1. (a); 1. 23. 10; 3. 8. 11.

9-12. A topsy-turvy world. Cf. Ov. Met. 1. 296, hic summa piscem deprendit in ulmo. Milton's flood has a touch of Ovid (P. L. 11), and in their palaces | Where luxury late reign'd, seamonsters whelp'd.' Cf. Archil., fr. 74. 6.

10. nota: cf. 4. 2. 7, 'custom'd.'

11. superiecto: sc. terris. - pavidae: 1. 23. 2.

13. vidimus: i.e. our age has seen. Cf. Verg. G. 1. 472, quotiens. . . vidimus. Livy, Praef. 5, malorum quae nostra tot per annos vidit aetas. Cf. 1. 35. 34. — flavum: standing epithet of the Tiber (1. 8. 8; 2. 3. 18); multa Alavus arena, Verg. Aen. 7. 31. Cf. Macaulay, Capys, 'The troubled river knew them, | And smoothed his yellow foam'; Arnold, Consolation, 'By yellow Tiber, They still look fair.'

13-14. retortis litore (ab) Etrusco: the waters supposed to be heaped up and driven back by winds or tides at the mouth of the river, overflow on the lower left bank, flood the region of the Velabrum between the l'alatine and the Capitoline, and spread to the Forum. Cf. Ov. Fast. 6. 401 sqq.; Propert. 5. 9. 5. For litus Etruscum, cf. C. S. 38; Epode 16. 40. Others take it of the high right bank of the Tiber (litus = ripa, Verg. Aen. 3. 389; 8. 83), from which the foaming flood in freshet is violently hurled on to the opposite low left bank, at the sharp bend below the island (see map). Cf. further Tac. Ann. 1. 76; Plin. N. H. 3. 55; Dio. 45. 17, 53. 20, 54. 1.

15. deiectum: supine; to overthrow. The personification of the angry river begins to be felt.-monumenta regis, etc.: the establishment of the order of Vestal Virgins was attributed to Numa Pompilius (Livy, 1. 20), and his palace, the official residence of the Pontifex Maximus, adjoining the temple of Vesta at the

N. W. corner of the Palatine, was, with the old house of the Vestals, called the Atrium Vestae. Cf. Ov. Fast. 6. 263, hic locus exiguus, qui sustinet atria Vestae, | tunc erat intonsi regia magna Numae; Trist. 3. 1. 29; Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 159. Even these venerable monuments are not spared. Caesar was Pontifex Maximus

at the time of his death.

16-20. Ilia, or Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus by Mars (Livy, 1. 3-4), and, according to the legend followed by Horace, daughter of Aeneas, might be called the bride of the Tiber, into which she was thrown (on one tradition) by order of King Amulius. The wife-doting stream is, by a far-fetched conceit, said to avenge her complaints at the assassination of her great descendant Julius Caesar, with an excess of zeal not approved by Jupiterκαὶ ὑπὲρ Διὸς αἶσαν.

17-18. dum

iactat for this use of dum equivalent to a pres. part. of cause or circumstance, cf. 1. 6. 9; 2. 10. 2; 3. 7. 18; G. L. 570. n. 2.

19. ripa: over, by way of.

19-20. u-xorius: cf. 1. 25. 11 (a compound); 2. 16. 7. The license is avoided in 3d and 4th books. It is frequent in Sappho, who treated the third and fourth verses as one. In English only for comic effect: Here doomed to starve on water gru | el never shall I see the University of Gottingen.' Anti-Jacobin. When the cola were printed as separate lines, its apparent frequency in Pindar was a stumbling-block to French critics.

21-24. audiet . . . iuventus: note position. Our sons will marvel at the crime and folly of this generation. Cf. 1. 35. 35; Epode 7. 1; 16. 1-9.

21. cives emphatic, but the ellipsis of in cives is harsh.

22. graves: 3. 5. 4. So ẞapús. — Persae: the empire of the East was Parthian from B.C. 250 to A.D. 226. But Horace uses Oriental names freely, and to a student of Greek literature Eastern was Persian, or Mede. - perirent: cf. 3. 14. 27; 4. 6. 16. These imperfects where we might look for pluperfects have been variously explained as 'potential,' 'softened assertion in past time,' or as 'future to a past' arising from an imaginative shifting of the point of view. Metrical convenience probably determined the resort to them. For the general thought here, cf. Lucan, cited on Epode 7.5.