23. vitio: gives cause of rara.

24. rara: the thought is rhetorically amplified by Lucan, 7. 398, crimen civile videmus, | tot vacuas urbes. Cf. ibid. 535 sqq., 25 sqq.; Verg. G. 1. 507.

1.

25. divum: gen. plur.; only a god can save. Ten years earlier Vergil prayed Di patrii. . . hunc saltem everso iuvenem succurrere saeclone prohibete. -ruentis: cf. on 2. 1. 32; 3. 3. 8. Thomson, Seasons, Tully, whose powerful eloquence a while | Restrain'd the rapid fate of rushing Rome.'

26. imperi: almost = 'empire.' Cf. 4. 15. 14, and lexicon. fatigent: importune. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 280.

27. Virgines: cf. 3. 5. 11; 3. 30. 9.-minus audientem : minus is idiomatic — who averts her ear from their chant. Vesta is offended by the assassination of Julius Caesar, the Pontifex Maximus. In Ov. Fast. 3. 699, she says: ne dubita meminisse! meus fuit ille sacerdos.

28. Carmina: any set form, chant, or litany. Possibly contrasted with the less formal prece.

29. partes: office, rôle. So A. P. 193, 315. It was the favorite rôle of Augustus. Cf. infra, 1. 44. - scelus: rò άyos, 1. 35. 33. expiandi: 2. 1. 5.

31. nube .. Milton's 'kerchef'd in a comely cloud.' Φαίδιμοι ὦμοι. Cf. on 2. 5. 18.

amictus: Il. 5. 186, νεφέλῃ εἰλυμένος ὤμους. Cf. candentes: Homer's

32. augur Apollo: so Verg. Aen. 4. 376. at Actium (Verg. Aen. 8. 704; Propert. 5. 6. as kabáрotos and μávτis, Purifier and Prophet. patron deity. For his new temple, cf. on 1. 31.

Apollo who helped 67) is first invoked He was Augustus'

33. Venus is invoked as Aeneadum genetrix. Cf. Preller-Jordan, 1. 444; Lucret. 1. 1; Pervigil. Ven. 70. She had a famous temple on Mt. Eryx in Sicily (Verg. Aen. 5. 759). Cf. John Bartlett, The queen of Paphos Erycine | In heart did rose-cheeked Adon love'; Thos. Watson, Hekatompathia, Ile praise no starre but Hesperus alone, | Nor any hill but Erycinus mount.'-ridens : piroμμeidns, laughter-loving. Cf. her 'subtle smile' and laugh in Tenn. Enone.

34. Iocus: so Plaut. Bacch. 113. Cf. Milton's Jest and youthful Jollity.' — circum volat: they hover about her like the

loves in a picture of Albani, making a pretty contrast with the following vision of grim-visaged war. Cf. F. Q. 4. 10. 42. — Cupido: Verg. Aen. 1. 663, aligerum . . amorem. Aristoph. Birds, 697; Shaks. Rom. and Jul. 2. 5, And therefore hath the windswift Cupid wings,' etc.

6

35. genus et nepotes: cf. 3. 17. 3, nepotum

genus.

36. respicis regardest, dost care for. - auctor: sc. Mars. Cf. 3. 17. 5; Verg. G. 3. 36, Troiae Cynthius auctor; Macaulay, Capys, 20, 'And such as is the War-God | The author of thy line.'

37. satiate: the Homeric Ares is insatiate of war

άτος

TOλéμOLO. — ludo: cf. 1. 28. 17, spectacula Marti. Cf. Ruskin on 'game of war.' Other gods have other games,' 1. 33. 12; 3. 29. 50. 38. iuvat: Macaulay, Capys, 19, 'But thy father loves the clashing Of broadsword and of shield: | He loves to drink the steam that reeks | From the fresh battlefield,' etc. Cf. Silius, 9. 554. - clamor: cf. strepitum, 1. 15, 18; cf. 'loud-throated war,' 'the noise of battle hurtled in the air'; kudouós, duados. —lēves: not lěves.

39. acer: the fierce light of battle upon it. Mauri peditis: so the Mss. Marsi is generally read (cf. 2. 20. 18; Epode 16. 3; Verg. G. 2. 167, genus acre virum; Appian. B.C. 1. 46). But the Mauri were fierce enough, and may well have used foot-soldiers. Or peditis may mean unhorsed.' cruentum: whether bloodstained or bleeding, it is close work.

41. sive: or if thou, Mercury, art already with us in mortal disguise. The apodosis is no longer venias, but serus redeas, etc. (45). iuvenem: so Sat. 2. 5. 62, iuvenis Parthis horrendus ; Verg. G. 1. 500. Octavian was about thirty-five years old. Men were iuvenes in the age of military service, seventeen to forty-five. 42. ales: Verg. Aen. 4. 240; 1. 10. notes.

43. filius: the nom. is preferred for euphony. - Maiae: cf. on 1. 10. 1. — patiens: cf. Epp. 1. 16. 30, pateris sapiens vocari. 44. ultor: Augustus dedicated a temple to Mars Ultor, B.C. 2 (cf. Merivale, 4. 24. 116; Suet. Oct. 29), and both he (Mon. Ancyr. 1. 8-10) and the contemporary writers dwell complacently on his mission as Caesar's avenger. Cf. Sellar, p. 151; Ov. Fasti, 3.709, Hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuere | Caesaris,

ulcisci iusta per arma patrem; ibid. 5. 577; Suet. Oct. 10; Velleius, 2. 87.

45. serus . . . redeas: cf. Ov. Trist. 5. 2. 52, sic ad pacta tibi sidera tardus eas; Met. 15. 868. Martial, as usual, outbids the Augustan poets in flattery. He prays for the birth of a son to Domitian, cui pater aeternas post saecula tradat habenas (6. 3. 3). Cf. on 3. 3. 11; 4. 14. 43.

46. populo Quirini: so Ov. Met. 15. 572, Fast. 1. 69.

47. vitiis: cause of iniquum, offended by our faults. — iniquum: cf. 2. 4. 16; 2. 6. 9; 1. 28. 28, aequo ab Iove; C. S. 65; Verg. Aen. 6. 129, Pauci, quos aequus amavit | Iuppiter.

48. ocior: i.e. untimely, premature.· aura: suggested by ales. 49. triumphos: tres egit, Dalmaticum, Actiacum Alexandrinum, continuo triduo omnes (Suet. Aug. 22). Cf. Merivale, 3. 314, chap. 30; Gardthausen, 2. 257 sqq. Cf. the description in Verg. Aen. 8. 714; also Verg. G. 1. 503, Iam pridem nobis caeli te regia, Caesar | Invidet atque hominum queritur curare triumphos.

50. pater: Augustus was formally saluted as pater patriae by the Senate in B.C. 2. But the poets had long since anticipated the title. Cf. 3. 24. 27. n.; Juv. 8. 244 (of Cicero); Ov. Trist. 2. 181; 4. 4. 13; Fast. 2. 127; as epithet of a god, 1. 18. 6; Epode 2. 21. princeps: 4. 14. 6. Technically princeps Senatus was the most dignified Senator first called upon by consul to give his opinion in the absence of the consuls designate. Octavian affected the title princeps, first citizen, because of its freedom from invidious associations. Cf. Tac. Ann. 1. 1. 3, quoted on 2. 16. 1. and 1. 9. 6. Furneaux (Tac. Ann. Vol. I. p. 66) rejects its identification with princeps Senatus.

6

51. Medos: cf. on 22. 3. 3. 44. - equitare: cf. 2. 9. 24; 4. 4. 44, ride on their raids; ride and ride (Gildersleeve). Cf. 1. 19. 11; 2. 13. 17.-inultos: 1. 28. 33; 3. 3. 42; Epode 6. 16; here, unpunished, with impunity. Cf. F. Q. 6. 7. 32, But lo! the gods, that mortal follies view, | Did worthily revenge (punish) this maiden's pride.' The defeat of Carrhae and the shade of Crassus are still unavenged. Lucan, 1. 11, umbraque erraret Crassus inulta. Cf. on 3. 5. 5.

52. te duce: cf. Epp. 2. 1. 256, et formidatam Parthis te principe Romam. Propert. 3. 1. 12-18. - Caesar: the true name of

our god and savior at last. Caesar

Julius Caesar, supra, 44, and Sat. 1. 9. 18 only. The full title of Augustus (originally Octavian) by adoption and honorary decrees of the Senate was, at the close of his life, Imp. Caesar, Divi F. Augustus Pontif. Max. Cos. XIII. Imp. XX. Tribunic. Potestat. XXXVII. P. P.'

ODE III.

Propempticon. A prayer for the safety of the vessel that bears Vergil to Greece, followed by reflections on the audacity of man who braves the terrors of the deep, steals fire from heaven, essays to fly though nature has withheld wings, finds out the way to hell, and scales the heavens in defiance of the angry bolts of Jove.

Vergil visited Greece in B.c. 19, and .died at Brundisium on his return. The first three books of the Odes were published in B.C. 23. We must assume another voyage, or another Vergil. Cf. on 4. 12. See Sellar, p. 141.

For the friendship of Horace and Vergil, see Sellar, Vergil, p. 120 sqq., Ode 1. 24, Sat. 1. 5. 41, 1. 6. 54.

With the Propempticon proper, 1-8, cf. Callim. fr. 114; Theoc. 7.52. The diffuse imitation of Statius, Silvae, 3. 2. Epode 10, to an enemy; Odes, 3. 27. Tenn. In Mem. 9, Fair ship, that from the Italian shore | Sailest the placid ocean plains,' etc.; ibid. 17. Wordsworth's lines to Scott embarking for Naples: Be true | Ye winds of ocean and the midland sea, | Wafting your Charge to soft Parthenope!'

For the second part of the ode, cf. Mill (On Nature, p. 22), 'There was always a tendency, though a diminishing one, to regard any attempt to exercise power over nature, beyond a certain degree and a certain admitted range, as an impious effort to usurp divine power, and dare more than was permitted to man. The lines of Horace, in which the familiar arts of shipbuilding and navigation are reprobated as vetitum nefas, indicate even in that sceptical age a still unexhausted vein of the old sentiment.' For further illustration of the feeling, cf. 3. 24. 36-41; Epode 16. 57-62; Tibull. 1. 3. 36-37; Verg. Ecl. 4. 32; Ov. Met. 1. 94; Hesiod, Works and Days, 236; Arat. Phaen. 110; Soph. Antig. 332 sqq.

The reflections of Valerius Flaccus, Argonaut. 1. 245, 530-560, are an interesting exception.

It should be further noted that in the Latin writers the expression of this primitive feeling is combined with a reprobation of the luxurious living to which the audacious enterprise of man panders. See Pliny, N. H. 23 Praef., and the passages cited on Odes, 2. 15. In similar vein Spenser, F. Q. 2. 7. 14-16. Translated by Dryden, Johnson's Poets, 9. 158.

regat

1-8. sic reddas: a petition in Latin (or Greek) is often followed by a promise or blessing conditional on its fulfilment; the condition being resumed in sic. Cf. Tibull. 2. 5. 121, Annue: sic tibi sint intonsi, Phoebe, capilli. Or the sic clause may precede, followed by an explicit condition, Epp. 1. 7. 69, sic ignovisse putato | me tibi si cenas hodie mecum; or by an imperative, as Verg. Ecl. 9. 30; Catull. 17. 5-8. Here the sic clause precedes, followed not by an explicit condition or imperative, but by an apparently detached optative or final subjunctive with precor. Cf. G. L. 546. n. 1; Odes, 1. 2. 30; Epode 3. 20. Some editors express this by calling sic Iapyga a parenthe

sis. Cf. Milt. Lyc. 19; Song in Comus, 'Tell me but where, . . . so mayst thou be translated to the skies,' etc. Matter-of-fact critics have observed that the expression of the blessing is superfluous, because it fulfils itself, - the safety of the ship and passenger being inseparable.

1. potens with gen. cf. 1. 5. 15; 1. 6. 10; C. S. 1; Verg. Aen. 1.80; Homer's пóτvia Onрŵv, Il. 21. 470; Pind. Pyth. 4. 213; Ov. Am. 3. 10. 35, diva potens frugum. — Cypri: cf. on 1. 30. 2. For Venus marina, cf. on 3. 26. 5, 4. 11. 15; Solon, fr. 18. 4; Pausan. 1. 1. 3, εὐπλοία.

2. Castor and Pollux; cf. 1. 12. 27, 3. 29. 64, 4. 8. 31; Sen. Herc. Fur. 556, non illic geminum Tyndaridae genus | succurrunt timidis sidera navibus; Propert. 1. 17. 17. Possibly the electrical phenomenon known to sailors as St. Elmo's light is meant. Cf. Lucian, Navig. 9; Stat. Silv. 3. 2. 8; Pliny, N. H. 2. 101; Macaulay, Regillus, 40, 'Safe comes the ship to haven, | Through billows and through gales, | If once the Great Twin Brethren | Sit shining on the sails'; Camoens, Lusiad. 5. 18, o lume vivo que a maritima