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the supreme exultation felt by Clement at the news of the king's liberty, and he urges him to be careful how he uses his power in punishing his enemies: "the power of a ruler," he says, "is strengthened by clemency." To the prince, the letter of the pontiff was full of good advice and earnest exhortation to be thankful to God for all His mercies, and to take warning from the past. He is to know " that rulers are made more powerful and secure by mildness than by cruelty. Show yourself ready to forgive your enemies," he writes, "and let not the memory of your recent injuries, nor the suggestions of any one, induce you to act cruelly towards them. Bind them to yourself as friends by your benefits, which make faithful out of unfaithful subjects; and in order to make true friends of your enemies, be reconciled with them. With regard to the prelates, whom you have good reason to suspect, . . . out of reverence for Him who has helped you, when in great danger, with His loving protection, . . . do not lay your hand in punishment on them, but following in your Father's footsteps, show due honour to the Churches and ecclesiastics of the kingdom."

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On Thursday, 27th October, 1265, the legate Ottoboni reached England in company with Henry's queen, who had been for nearly two years in France. The king was at Canterbury awaiting their arrival; and the day following, the queen went thither to him, in order to assist in the cardinal's reception there on the next day, Saturday, at which, besides Henry, the king of the Romans and a vast number of nobles and prelates were present. The party rested at Canterbury until after the feast of All Saints; and on Tuesday, 2nd November, the king and queen accompanied the legate to London. The king had summoned a 1 Rymer, i, 463. 2 Ibid., 464. 3 Chron. T. Wykes (Ann. Mon., iv. 179).

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parliament to meet him at Northampton; and thither the queen and the legate also went, stopping at the monastery of Dunstable both going and returning. At Northampton, the legate appears to have published his sentence of excommunication against those who still adhered to the party opposed to the king. The first meeting of Ottoboni, however, with the clergy generally, was on 1st December. In the course of November, the pope had written to his legate, and after describing to him the trouble in which he himself was involved in Italy, he referred to his former letters, and told Ottoboni not to show grace and favour to the four bishops previously named, that is, those of Worcester, London, Lincoln and Ely, as further information seemed to show that they were not worthy of it.2 Another letter, or rather a series of letters, entered in the papal register at this time, is worth recording. The archiepiscopal See of York had been vacant since the death of Godfrey de Ludham, some months previously; and, on 24th November of this year, 1265, Pope Clement IV provided to the See Friar Bonaventura, then minister-general of the Franciscans, and one of the greatest theologians of the day. He was subsequently created a cardinal, and is now known in the Church's calendar as St. Bonaventure. All the necessary documents were drawn up, including letters to the king, to the Chapter, to the suffragans, to the citizens of York, and to the vassals of the archiepiscopal estates.3 The great man, however, begged to be excused from taking up such a burden in a foreign country, and the appointment fell through.

In the council of clergy, assembled to meet the legate in London, on 1st December, Ottoboni suspended several

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Ann. de Dunstaplia (Ann. Mon., iii. 241). 2 Reg. Clement IV, i. No. 978. 3 Ibid., i. No. 171; cf. Moreri, Dictionnaire, s.n.

of the bishops for their attitude to the king during the troubles. Against this sentence the bishops of Winchester, London, and Chichester, solemnly appealed to the Holy See, and went to the Roman Curia. The bishop of Worcester, Walter de Cantilupe, though unable through infirmities to undertake the journey, still maintained an uncompromising attitude as to his former actions.' He died on the following 12th February, when the legate forbade the Chapter to make choice of a successor; but, through the action of the king, the monks afterwards elected Nicholas of Ely, the chancellor of England.2

Sometime in January, 1266, Ottoboni wrote to the pope as to the state of public affairs as he had found them on his arrival in England. The nation, when I came to it, he says, "had somewhat forgotten its redemption, and by what labour mother Church had brought it forth, and nourished it with its daily food." On reaching the country, he had, he says, "endeavoured to meet those who had erred in these troubles, and make them feel true sorrow." Many of the people showed themselves desirous of obtaining the grace of absolution; but others, who might have been expected to proved themselves columns of support by reason of their pastoral office, had as yet kept silence, and not to make matters worse, he had as yet done nothing. To the superior of some religious house in England the legate wrote about this time at great length, pointing out how in the history of God's dealings with men He has punished those who have turned a deaf ear to the monitions of the Church," the spouse of Christ and mother of all the faithful, who by God's power makes and ministers the heavenly food" to her sons. It is the part of teachers, he declares, to proclaim without fear the duty and obligation of all, as 2 Ibid., 244. 3 Hist. Review, ut sup., p. 91.

1 Gervase of Cant., ii. 243.

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did "the glorious martyr St. Thomas" and others, whose lives the holy Roman Church has approved. He adds that those, who have fought as they have done against the king cannot be absolved except by the pope, or by the powers he has granted to his legate, unless in the case of death. This he bids all religious to make known in their preaching and teaching.' To one who persisted in his rebellious attitude to the king, Ottoboni wrote most severely, and warned him of the danger that must follow to himself and to the nation in continuing this state of hostility.

A letter from the pope to his legate, dated 8th May, 1266, shows that the cardinal kept him informed about the various steps taken in the pacification of the kingdom. He is glad to hear that the inhabitants of the Cinque Ports, and the dwellers along the southern coasts of England-whom (partly no doubt in recollection of their treatment of himself when legate), he calls maris latrunculos, sea-robbers-have returned to their duty to their sovereign. He speaks also in his letter of the process instituted against the bishops of London and Chichester, which had commenced in the Lent of this year, and had been continued till Easter, when they had been cited to appear before the pope in person." It is not uninteresting to note in these letters of the pope to the cardinal that Clement IV enters, with considerable detail, into the troubles which afflict him in Italy and elsewhere, for the information of Ottoboni, whom he evidently regards as one of his chief advisers in the government of the Church.*

1 Hist. Review, ut sup., pp. 92-94.

2 This was on 18th March, after they had been for three years living as pirates; cf. Gervase of Cant., ii. 244.

3 Ann. de Dunst. (Ann. Mon., iii. 240).

Reg. Clem. IV, i. No. 1094.

With the pacification of the country assured, the question of money was once more mooted. The pope on 23 May, 1266, appointed one Master Sinicius, collector of papal dues, and commends his work to the king and various bishops. The same day he reminds King Henry that the annual tribute of a thousand marks has not been paid for five years; and, as the Church is in grave need of money, he begs that the king will pay the whole amount of the arrears to the newly appointed collector as soon as possible. In order to bring pressure upon Henry for the settlement of this claim, in another letter he endeavoured to enlist the influence of the queen.'

Henry, however, was obviously unable to pay the tribute and was himself in great need of financial assistance at this time. Applications to the pope to assist him out of the revenues of the English Church, secured on 8 June, 1266, a papal grant of a tenth of all ecclesiastical property for three years. Henry applied to Convocation for a larger amount, which was at once refused. Besides this papal grant from the ecclesiastical revenues in England, Pope Clement gave Henry a similar tax on the Scotch church property, should the king of Scotland consent. Cardinal Ottoboni is authorised to appoint collectors of this tax on the Scottish Church, and he is told that the intention of the pope is that any sums thus obtained are to be spent on the liquidation of the king's debts, incurred during the late disturbances. If the Scotch king will consent to the taxation, the pope wished the money in the first place to be used to pay the queen's debts; and then, out of whatever is over from the tenth on all ecclesiastical property, the legate is charged to pay what is due to the pope for the annual 2 Ibid., No. 320. Reg. Clem. IV, i. No. 322.

1 Reg. Clem. IV, i. Nos. 764, 766, 768, etc. Ann. Mon., iii. 244.