of. Quirinus. See below, II. 24, 5.— 8. exiguum, "scanty."-9. Jupiter had, at that time, so small a temple, that his statue could hardly stand upright in it.-11. Construe Frondibus ornabant Capitolia, quae nunc gemmis ornant.-13. Construe nec pudor ("disgrace") fuit.- cepisse

supposuisse, see I. 1, 68.-15. Jura dabat," gave judgment," "laid down the law." posito, as II. 3, 11.— modo, as I. 4, 48.-16. levis argenti lamina, "a trifling or thin plate of silver."-crimen erat, as being too great expense.-18. tetigit deos signifies the attainment of the highest grandeur. -summo vertice," with her topmost crown," i. e. with the very top of her head, cf. II. 2, 6.-20. cum, as I. 2, 8.-21. Quaerere, "to win, gain," cf. quaesitis, I. 1, 77.-certant, "vie, strive."-22. ipsae vices, "this very alternation," in gaining and squandering. -vitiis, dat.-23. Construe Sic (ab iis quibus venter intumuit ab unda suffusa (the dropsy, aquae (eo) plus sitiuntur, quo plus sunt potae (ab ris). In translating turn the passives into actives.-25. "Now money is valued:" Dict. pretium II. and III.— census, as I. 4, 42.-26. jacet, as I. 4, 10.

8. ARION.

1. Arion, a famous lyric poet of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos, lived in the 7th century, B.C., and spent much of his time at the court of Periander in Corinth.-2. currentes tenebat, "stopped them in their course," while they listened to his song.-4. restitit, "stood still."-7. Construe sine lite sedit.-Palladis ales, the owl.-8. juncta fuit, "was associated with."9. Cynthia, an appellation of Diana, from the mountain Cynthus in the island of Delos.-tuis, vocalis Arion, addresses to persons mentioned in narration, or even to inanimate objects, are very common in poetry.-10. modi, "measures, i. e. "strains, melodies ;" so Dryden," softly sweet in Lydian measures."-tamquam fraternis, "as though they proceeded from her brother

PAGE 17.

(Apollo)."-11. Arionium, translate by the genitive of the name. Arion had made a professional journey (or musical tour) to Sicily and Lower Italy (Ausonis ora)-14. ita, i. e. nave.-Construe quaesitas arte, "gained by the exercise of his art:" for the meaning of quaerere, see II. 7, 21.-18. conscia =conjurata.-19. Quid tibi, supply vis? The poet asks the question,— dubiam, as I. 4, 51.- pinum for navem, the material for the thing composed of it, cf. arundo, II. 5, 13.-21. Mortem non deprecor, "I beg not for life;" but literally?-22. sumpta, resolve as captos ducit, 1. 4, 50.-referre for canere.-23. In executing their musical performances, the singers were accustomed to crown themselves with wreaths, and to put on festal attire: cf. below, II. 19, 79, &c.—25. bis tinctam; the Tyrian purple required a second dyeing to attain its full brilliancy.-27. Construe veluti olor cantat flebilibus numeris (as before modi, lit. "numbers") tempora canentia (fiom caneo) trajectus (“shot through,' "transfixed") dura (i. e. crudeli) penna, (here, "the feathered shaft," i. e. "the arrow"). It was supposed that the swan, in dying, sang a pathetic strain.-31. Construe Inde as II. 3, 14) delphina se supposuisse memorant.-fide majus, "beyond belief."-33. pretium vehendi cantat,

66

sings the price of his passage," i. e. pays his fare with a song.-34. mulcet, calms."-36. habere, what is the subject?

66

9. BACCHUS DISCOVERS HONEY.

1. ortus, "birth," see somni, I. 3, 22, and pectora, I. 4, 22.-honor, "worship or "offering."-2. Liber, i. e. Bacchus―gelidis, because no offerings were consumed upon them; and thus, grass grew thereon.-3. Ganges for India; Bacchus made an expedition through the East as far as India.-4. Primitias, i. e. praedae.-seposuisse, for sacrificial offering.-6. triumphato, "presented in triumph, as part of the

=

spoil."-7. The meaning is-the libamina, "offerings," derive their name from Liber, who first presented them to the deities; so also the liba, "festal cakes," which were also offered in sacrifice.-9. deo, Baccho; fiunt: sacrificantur--succis dulcibus, the liba were composed of meal, honey, and oil.-10. reperta, esse.-11. comitatus, as I. 4, 46.-Satyri, woodland deities, represented with the feet and ears of goats, and described as the companions of Bacchus.-Hebrus, a river in

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Thrace.-13. Rhodope, a mountainrange in Thrace.-Pangaeum, a mountain in the same country, on the borders of Macedonia.-14. Aeriferae, the followers of Bacchus carried drums (tympana) and cymbals (cymbala.-15. novae ("unknown"). volucres, i. e. apes-coeunt, "swarm together." 16. Construe et apes sequuntur sonitus, quos aera movent, see I. 4, 30. -17. inani, i. e. cava.-19. Senex is Silenus, the tutor and constant companion of Bacchus, a thick-paunched, bald-headed (lēvis here," with smooth pate"), and mostly drunken old fellow. -21. Audit; what is the subjectnom.? see I. 4, 5.-22. ceras, cf. frigoribus, II. 2, 1; why plural ?23. Therefore, without dismounting. -pandi, "crook-backed;" Dict. pandus.-24. Applicat, i. e. alligat.-25. super, adv. i. e. upon the back of the ass.-31. parentis, "of the old one." —33. deus, i. e. Bacchus, who, in the following couplet, is styled pater, a title of honour which was attributed to most of the gods. The Satyrs and Silenus were only half-gods (semidei). -limum, as a means of soothing the pain.

10. ORESTES AND PYLADES.

Ovid, who at that time was living in banishment at Tomi, on the Black Sea, in the land of the Getae, puts the narrative into the mouth of an old man of the Tauric Chersonese (now the Crimea).-2. ultimus orbis, "the very end of the earth," cf. II. 2, 6

summum solum.-3. priores, otherwise termed majores. 4. Construe non ita longe.-5. nec, see I. 4, 36.

6. Consors (here "the sister") Phoebi, Diana or Phoebe, also called Trivia.-7. Templa, translate in the sing. An object which appertains to the gods is often expressed in the plur., although the idea is sing. (Plur., majestaticus.) So below 51, simulacra.manent, "still exists."-8. Per as II. 4, 23.-9. signum caeleste, namely a statue of Diana.-10. Quo ut eo.-11. natura saxi," from the natural quality of the stone."-13. taedae non nota jugali, qualifying femina; 66 a stranger to the marriage torch," i. e. unmarried. At weddings it was customary to carry flaming torches in procession.-14. nurus, often used in the plur. by poets for

PAGE 19.

young women generally.-15. sacrifici, gen. of sacrificium.-16. virgineo, in translating turn the adj. into the gen. of the corresponding noun.-17. Maeotis ora, on the Palus Maeotis (now the Sea of Azov).-18. alter, "another," " any other," Dict. alter, V.20. Construe dicunt, nescio quam Iphigenian (Greek acc.) iter fecisse, see 1.4, 50: the indefinite form nescio quam is used, because the narrator is not supposed to be acquainted with all the details. When the Greeks, on their way to Troy, were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, the oracle declared that Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon, must be offered in sacrifice to Diana. But the goddess substituted a young fawn in her stead, and carried away the maiden through the air to the Tauric Chersonese.-21. sub nube, i. e. enveloped in a cloud.-26. presserunt, "trod." 27. Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, was a mere child at the beginning of the Trojan war. memnon, on his return from the war, was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra; and Orestes, taking vengeance for this crime, killed his mother. On this account he was pursued by the Furies; but the oracle promised deliverance from their persecution, if he would

Aga

bring the statue of Diana from the land of the Tauri. He undertook the task, in company with his faithful friend Pylades.-30. Evincti geminas manus, see II. 3, 13, sparsus tempora.31. The strangers (advenae) who were destined for sacrifice were first consecrated by the sprinkling of holy water (lustralis aqua), and then crowned with a white woollen fillet, which served as an ornament both for victims and for priests.-35. Non ego crudelis must be connected with facio sacra: the contrast is expressed in the word gentis; "I (am) not cruel (though) I perform sacrifices which are (even) more barbarous than the place itself;" lit. "their own place," i. e. the country where such enormities are perpetrated. -37. Qua urbe, see I. 4, 10, carcere missus.-38. parum fausta puppe, "in an ill-fated ship," but literally?39. Construe et pia virgo, audito nomine patriae illorum, comperit eos consortes esse urbis suae, "of her native city," Mycenae in Argolis.41. votis (particip.) Dianae a gente Taurica.-43. periturus, "willing to die."-44. pugnare, with inf., meaning, "to strive to or "be eager to," is a poetical use of the word.-45. quod non convenerit illis, " on which they were not agreed." The subjunctive as I. 4, 18.-46. Cetera, "in other respects," acc. used absolutely; par, "the pair," Dict. par, III.-Construe par fuit concors et sine lite.-47. Construe pulchri amoris.-48. exarat, "she writes," Dict. exaro, II.-scriptas notas, "written characters," i. e. a letter. 49. Construe cuique (et is cui) illa dabantur, frater erat.-51. Nec mora (est or fuit): a common phrase in Ovid: in translating connect with the following clause, and translate as an adv.-53. quamvis abiere, the poets often use quamvis as quamquam with the indic.-54. nunc quoque, 99 even now, or even yet."

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11. BUSIRIS AND PHALARIS.

PAGE 20.

1. Aegyptos, Greek nominative.— 3. Busiris, a mythical king of Egypt, who sacrificed strangers, and was himself slain by Hercules.-4. Hospitis effuso sanguine, i. e. by the sacrifice of a stranger.-5. Fies. dabis, "thou shalt," see repetes, I. 3, 24.7. Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum in Sicily, notorious for his cruelty. The artist Perillus brought over from Athens, and presented to the tyrant, a hollow brazen bull, so contrived, that when victims were placed inside and a fire was kindled below, their cries resounded like the roaring of a bull, as they perished by slow torture. Phalaris tried the first experiment upon the artist himself.-8. imbuit, inaugu. rated," i. e. was made the first example.-10. conciliare here, "to recommend." artes suas, otherwise termed (v. 17) inventa.-11. usus, sed imagine major, i. e. an advantage, but greater than might be supposed from its outward appearance.-13. a dextra (parte) on the right."-14. perdes, "you intend to destroy."—20. praesens, i. e. now, on the spot.-21. Nec mora, see II. 10, 51. stratis," as he had shown the way.". 22. geminos, a metaphor borrowed from the likeness of twins, " similar,'

66

66

- mon

em

resembling" the roar of a bull.-24. artifices, "inventors." sua, phatic," their own." Compare Shaksp. Haml. III. 4, "For 'tis the sport, to have the engineer hoist with his own petard" (i. e. blown up with his own engine).

12. CERES AND PROSERPINA.

a. The Rape.

2. Trinacris (adj.) "the Trinacrian " (i. e. three-pointed or three-peaked): in translating take this adj. after the words of the first line. Trinacria was the oldest Greek name for Sicily, so called from its three promontories

(here scopula). 3. Grata domus Cereri, on account of the remarkable fertility of the soil.-ea, Ceres, because she had temples there.-5. Arethusa, a Sicilian fountain-nymph. Her fountain (or well-spring) was near Syracuse, whereas Henna, where the rape took place, was in the centre of the island. -vocarat, "had invited' -matres caelestum, "the female deities," for mater is a title of honour applied to goddesses as pater to gods. Observe the form of the gen. caelestum.-6. dea flava, Ceres, so termed from the colour of ears of corn.-7. filia, Proserpina, by the Greeks called Persephone, daughter of Jupiter and Ceres.

-consuetis comitata puellis, see I. 4, 46.-8. sua prata, because Henna was her favourite residence.-9. sub valle, "down in a shady vale."-10. Construe Uvidus aspergine multa aquae ex alto desilientis.-11. fuerant, i. e.

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before the occurrence which is now related.-12. dissimili, i. e. inter se.16. non sentitur, one idea, "is unperceived."-17. lento, see II. 1, 3.20. Comas, i. e. flores.-21. tenes... moraris; for the apostrophe, see II. 8, 9.-23. Plurima, see I. 3, 18, prona. With sunt supply lecti.-24. Ipsa, Proserpina.-27. patruus, Pluto or Dis, brother of Jupiter, and ruler of the Lower World. 28. caeruleis, "dark-coloured, sable," like everything else belonging to the infernal regions.30. abscideratque sinus; sometimes the poets attach que to a word which is not the first in the sentence; see below, 156.-The tearing of a garment from the breast, was a sign of the deepest grief.-31. via, a cleft in the earth, leading to the realms below.33. aequalis, see virgineo, II. 10, 16.-34. ad tua dona, to the flowers which we have gathered for thee.-36. nuda, because they had rent their garments.-38. Nec mora, see II. 10, 51.39. rapitur, denotes her wild haste in running to and fro. 40. Maenadas, Greek acc. The Maenades (i. e. raving women) or Bacchantes, were women who celebrated the feast

of Bacchus with frantic dances; Thrace was especially remarkable for these wild festivals.-41. sua, used in reference to vitulo ab ubere rapto (abl. abs.), cf. II. 5, 8, ut sua, quod peperit, vix ferat arbor onus.-46. Construe and supply ut ales loca querelis implet, cum gemit amissum Ityn. Philomela, from revenge against her husband Tereus, had killed their little son Itys. She was changed into a nightingale, and still bewails the loss of her boy. See the old ballad :

"As it fell upon a day

In the merry month of May," &c. -47. per vices, "alternately;" not differing in meaning from alternis (i. e. vicibus), vv. 48 and 50. Dict. alternus, III.-48. ciet, "calls upon." Dict. cieo, VI.

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b. Triptolemus.

53. Typhoëos, the Greek gen. of Typhoeus, the son of Earth and Tartarus, represented as a monstrous giant, from whose mouth flames proceeded, and who tried to take heaven by storm. But Jupiter, hurling down thunderbolts, subdued his violence, and buried him beneath the island of Sicily, where he still vomits fire through mount Aetna.-56. Hinc, "wherefore," in remembrance of this-sacris datur, "is offered in her worship," i. e. is lighted when sacred rites are performed in her honour, cf. II. 31, 19.-nunc quoque, as II. 10, 54.-58. regio non homini adeunda, non ferae. The gerundive may often be translated by a verbal adj. in "-able."-59. Ceres rode through the air upon a chariot drawn by dragons (or serpents); hence sicca, not wet by the waves of the sea.-61. Syrtes, two bays, notorious for their dangerous sandbanks, on the African coast, southward of Sicily.-Zanclaea; the whirlpool Charybdis is situated in the strait of Messana (Messina), anciently called Zancle.-62. Nisaei canes, in reference to Scylla, a sea-monster haunting the coasts of Italy and Sicily: from her sides dogs were produced, who destroyed

any ships that came near them. The epithet Nisaei is an oversight on the part of Ovid, who has confounded this Scylla with another of the same name, the daughter of Nisus, king of Megara. -66. Cecropidae, the Athenians, from the name of their ancient king Cecrops. -67. sub Jove, i. e. sub dio; Jupiter, the god of heaven, is used for the sky itself.-multis diebus, "during many days." What would be the more usual form?-68. lunae; in southern climates the light of the moon is supposed to have an injurious influence upon the health, cf. Psalm 121, 6, "The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night."-69. Quo and Hoc (abl.) refer to loco.-Eleusin or Eleusis (-inis) a town in Attica, where the famous mysteries of Ceres were celebrated.-70. Dicitur, with the acc. and inf. is rare. -71. glandes, the eatable acorns or beech-nuts of southern climes: mora, "blackberries." In early times the people used any substitute they could find for corn, the cultivation of which was first introduced among the Greeks by Triptolemus. -72. arsuris focis, i. e. for lighting the fire; but literally? Ardere is an, intransitive verb: cf. I. 1, 35.-73. redigebat rupe, see I. 4, 10, carcere missus: cf. 90, seque levat saxo.-76. solis, "lonely."—77. senior must often be translated by the positive.-quamvis with the indic. as II. 10, 53.-orat subeat, the subj. denoting a purpose, the conj. omitted. 78. quantulacumque, here, not relative but adjective, "how small soever," "however lowly."-80. Instanti, with entreaties.-81. semper parens, i. e. never bereaved of thy children.-83. ut lacrimae, "tear-like," but without actual tears: so Milton, "Tears such as angels weep," Par. Lost, I. 620.-87. Sic, sometimes introduces a wish, which presupposes the fulfilment of some entreaty the meaning is, so or in proportion as my request is granted.-88. nec, as 1. 4, 9.-89. qua (via) = qua ratione.-92. invigilet malis, she is

PAGE 23.

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kept awake by pain."-93. penates, the household gods are cften employed

to signify the house itself.-94. lene, on account of its soothing qualities.95. oblito, "forgetful," i. e. 66 unconscious."-96. imprudens, "unawares.' -In exsoluisse the v changed into u forms a separate syllable (Diacrėsis).• 105. liquefacta coagula lacte, rennet dissolved in milk, i. e. curdled milk, lac coactum, for by the dissolution of rennet in milk, the latter curdles, and coagulation takes place.-106. cerae, here, the "cells," "honeycomb."-107. somni causas, "the means of producing sleep," in apposition with papavera. -110. Triptolemus was the name of the boy.-gremio suo (dat.) sustulit, "raised him to her lap." This use of the dative is poetical.-111. Even from the oldest times the number three was held sacred or mysterious: so, too, Shakespeare, Macbeth, I. 3.

"Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine,

And thrice again, to make up nine." -carmina," charms," or "incantations."-112. non referenda, see 58. --114. humanum onus, the gross and heavy burden of humanity; for she wished to make him immortal.-115. Excutitur somno, "is startled out of sleep."-stulte pia, "foolishly affec tionate," "fond."-117. Dum non es scelerata, scelerata fuisti, without being criminal, thon hast made thyself criminal, by allowing maternal fondness to stand in the way of thy child's happiness.-119. Ceres afterwards taught Triptolemus the arts of agriculture, and ordered him to propagate them in other countries.-121. nubem trahit, she draws a cloud with her, i. e. she soars away in a cloud, cf. II. 10, 21.-dracones, for the chariot drawn by dragons or serpents.-122. axe, see puppis, I. 2, 12.

c. The Recovery.

123. immunia ponti signa, the constellations of the greater and smaller Bear, which never set, and consequently never appear to dip into the sea. They are called Parrhasides stellae, because the Arcadian nymph Callisto was changed into a she-bear, and then raised to the heavens as Ursa major. Parrhasia was a town in Arcadia: hence