Parrhasian poetically for Arcadian. Another name for this constellation was Helice.-131. aditus, particip.-vana, acc. plur.-Construe (ea) quam quaeris, tertia regna tenet, nupta Jovis fratri. Jupiter ruled the heaven, Neptune the sea, Pluto the lower world: cf. 145.

PAGE 24.

-136. The meaning is, she has as much claim upon thine (her father's) care, as upon mine.-137. injuria facti, "the wrongful deed." The idea is, "I know merely that she is carried off, but I have not recovered her."-139. marito, 66 as-."-142. novis factis, i. e. by restoring the captive.-144. nec . . . . ait, i. e. et ait, non est pudendus, &c. -145. caelo, i. e. in caelo, so 160.— 146. alter alter, meorum fratrum.-chaos, here, the yawning gulf of the Realm of the Dead.-148. Stat, "it stands fast, it is determined.". torus, here," the marriage."-150. Si minus, "if not."-151. Caducifer, Mercury, the messenger of the gods: he carried a herald-staff (caduceus) in his hand, and wore winged shoes on his feet.-152. Spe may be expanded in translation into a subordinate clause.

66

a

154. Punica poma, "pomegranates." --lento, tough, tenacious."-157. ita, namely, vix refecta.-Nec, as I. 2, 16.-158. Taenaria valle, "in the Taenarian gorge," cavernous glen near the promontory Taenarum, at the southern point of Laconia, where there was, according to tradition, au entrance to the infernal regions. Here the entrance is used for the lower world itself. -159, factura fuit nisi is stronger than fecisset nisi; she fully intended to do so, and would certainly have carried out her intention, had not, &c.-160. Bis tribus mensibus, as multis diebus, v. 67.-illa, Proserpina,-foret = futura esset.-161. vultum, i. e. her accustomed cheerful countenance. 163. cessatis, i. e. quae cessaverant. Observe this unusual perf. part. of an intransitive verb. During the wandering of Ceres, agriculture had been neglected.

13. THE GOLDEN AGE.

1. prima, "at first," "in the beginning." vindice nullo, abl. abs., "without any protector." vindex, "a protector, preserver;" Dict. vindex, I.-3. verba minacia, referring to the edicts of praetors and censors, inscribed upon brazen tablets, which were hung up in the Capitol and other public places.-4. supplex turba, the accused person surrounded by his friends, who endeavoured to work upon the compassion of the judges.-5. ora, "the countenance," see pectora, I. 4, 22.-erant, "men were.' -6. Construe Nondum descenderat pinus caesa (in) suis montibus.-orbem, here" part of the world," "quarter of

PAGE 25.

the globe."-10. directi aeris and flexi aeris, gen. of the quality.-11. sine militis usu," without needing soldiers."-12. otia peragere, here "to live in peace."-mollia, "gentle."13. Construe Ipsa tellus-immunis, "free from service."-14. per se, as I. 4, 5.-15. nullo cogente, " without constraint," see v. 1.-16. Arbuteos, see virgineo, II. 10, 16.-17. mora, as II. 12, 71. At the same passage, see the note on glandes.-18. quae glandes, see I. 4, 30. The oak was sacred to Jupiter.-20. mulcere, fan, caress; Dict. mulceo, I.-21. Mox, i. e. so that after the blossom the ripeness shortly followed.-22. Nec renovatus, "and without being tilled afresh."-cānebat, from caneo.- -23: jam, "at one time another."-nectar, here for wine.

jam.

66 to

14. CERES CHANGES A BOY

INTO A LIZARD.

at

1. filia, Proserpina, who had been carried off by Pluto; cf. II. 12.matri, Cereri: for the dat., see the note on ulli, I. 4, 48-2. profundum for mare. 3. Illam matrem. The connection non Aurora may be inferred from the next line, non Hes

perus.-udis, because she arises from the ocean.-4. duabus manibus, so that she holds one in each hand.-7. alma dies, see I. 4, 39. 8. solis occasus and ortus refer to the quarters of the heaven, west and east.-9. sitim colligere, "to contract thirst," "to become very thirsty." ora, "her mouth," see pectora, I. 4, 22.-13. Dulce (here subst.)" a sweet drink."tosta quod texerat, &c., she had, according to old custom, besprinkled the drink with roasted and ground barley, something like our meal and water.14. duri,“ rude," audax, “bold, forward, pert."-16. Construe and resolve et, nondum epota parte (turn the particip. into "as with a verb) diva perfudit loquentem ("him in the act of speaking "), polenta mixta cum liquido (subst.).-18. Combibit, "absorbs."-quae, &c. "What just now as arms he bore, he bears as legs."

دو

PAGE 26.

22. monstra, "the marvellous creature, see above ora. — parantem, "endeavouring."— 24. Nomen, i. e. stellio, "the star-lizard," called "the Gecko;" Dict. stellio.-stellatus, resolve into "because," with a verb. For the acc. corpora, see tempora sparsus, II. 3, 13.

15. BATTUS.

At this

1. Delphicus, Apollo. time he was in Elis and Messenia, tending a herd of cattle, which belonged to the gods.-3. Alterius manus onus: for the quantity, see I. 1, 76.-dispar, see inaequali arundine, II. 5, 13.4. Dum amor est curae; in a hasty fit of anger he had killed a beloved nymph, Corōnis.-mulcet, as II. 8, 34.-5. Pylos, a town in Elis, in the Peloponnesus. 6. Atlantide Maia natus, Mercury, whose mother was Maia, daughter of Atlas (hence called Atlantis): his father was Jupiter, and so, v. 18, he is styled Jove natus.-7. sua, peculiar to himself," or "his own peculiar," for Mercury was the god of theft.-occultat abactas, "he

drives away and hides them :" in translation it is often necessary to turn a pass. part. into an act. verb followed by and."-10. Nelei, a dissyllable, Neleus, the father of Nestor, was king of Pylos.-11. Construe greges nobilium equarum.-12. Hunc Battum timuit Mercurius.-14. aliquis, with emphasis, "any one," thinking all the time of the rightful owner. - facto, "for thy service."-16. Accepta, abl. abs.; what subst. must be supplied? 19. versa figura, abl. abs. 21. Silence is a kind of concealment in cases of theft.-22. femina, for vacca. -juncta may be translated by a prep.-23. senior, see II. 12, 77.25. Atlantiades, "the descendant of Atlas," see 6.-26. pectora, the part for the whole person.-27. In silicem, with reference to v. 17.-nunc quoque, as II. 10, 54.-Index, "the Informer."

16. ICARUS.

1. Daedalus, a famous artist, and father of Icarus, had been guilty of homicide in his native Athens, and had fled to Crete, where he constructed the Labyrinth; he was further detained against his will by king Minos.—perosus and tactus may be resolved into verbs with concessive particles, "since, because, &c."-3. licet, with the sub

PAGE 27.

junctive to be rendered by "may." obstruat, Minos.-5. possideat, see I. 1, 11.-6. animum dimittit, "he lets his thonghts soar."-7. Naturam novat, "he changes his nature," by assuming that of a bird. - Nam, "namely," "that is to say."-8. longam breviore sequente, describes the contrivance generally without special reference to a minima coeptas.-9. Ut (in) clivo crevisse putes, for trees which grow upon a declivity, grow in order one above another. quondam, not always of a past time, but indefinitely "sometimes."-10. disparibus, cf. II. 15, 3.-13. veras aves for veras avium alas. 14. sua se tractare

pericla, "that he was sporting with his own danger," but literally?-15. renidenti, "beaming " with glee.

17. mollibat, an older form for molliebat.-19. libravit corpus in alas, "balanced his body upon the wings." -20. mota, by means of the wings.21. Construe et ait, moneo ut medio limite curras (here "fly").-22. demissior, "too low." 23. gravet, "should weigh down;" Dict. gravo.— ignis,solis.-24. carpere viam, "to travel over a course," see litus carpere, I. 2, 11.-26. Inter opus refer to accommodat alas.-monitus, acc. plur.-28. non repetenda, "which would never again be given."-31. Hortatur, Daedalus: according to rule, what should the following construction be?— erudire has here the same construction as docere.-33. arundo, here "a fishing-rod."-34. baculo, as well as stiva, depends upon innixus.-35. Construe et credidit deos esse (eos) qui . . . possent. aethera carpere ("to fly through") formed on the model of viam carpere.-36. Junonia, because Juno was worshipped with peculiar honours upon the island of Samos. -The verb erat, in v. 38, belongs to this clause also. The flight was first in a northerly direction over the Cyclades; and when these had been passed, the course turned eastward between Samos and two small islands Lebynthos and Calymne, which lie to the south of Samos.-41. Rapidi, here "consuming." 43. nudos, deprived of wings. 44. non ullas percipit auras, "gets hold of no air" to support him. 45. patrium nomen, "the name of his father."-46. nomen, the name mare Icarium, between Chios and Cos. -47. nec jam, "and no longer."

PAGE 28.

50. devovit, "he execrated;" Dict. devoveo, II. -51. tellus, the island Icaros, south of Chios.

P. L. III.

17. LATONA CHANGES PEASANTS

INTO FROGS.

..

ve.

1. agris, for in agris, see latis fundis, I. 3, 22.-2. deam, Latona, the mother of Apollo and Diana.-3. obscura, i. e. "little known."-ignobilitate virorum, because the persons transformed were mere peasants.-4. praesens, "personally." The narrator is a countryman.-5. grandis aevo, "advanced in years."-6. Impatiens viae, "not able to endure the journey."-7. inde, i. e. from Lycia.-Construe ducem illius (i. e. Lyciae) gentis.-eunti, "to me on my way.”—9. Construe ara vetus, nigra (nom.) favilla (abl.) sacrorum.-11. Restitit, subject-nom. dux.-13. Construe rogabam tamen, ara foret Naïadum, Faunine, indigenaeve dei. Observe the connecting particles, ne . -Naiades, water-nymphs; Faunus, a woodland deity.-15. Construe hac in ara.-16. Illa, dea.-17. Orbem interdixit; Juno, through hatred of Latona, had forbidden every land to receive her. She found no other refuge than the island of Delos which at that time floated "wandering ("erratica") in the sea: on this island she gave birth to Apollo and Diana.— 18. Errantem, see above eunti.-19. puerpera, Latona.-21. Construe Lyciae Chimaeriferae, "which produced the Chimaera," a monster vomiting fire, having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the form of a serpent from the haunches downwards. gravis, "oppressive."-22. Finibus in, prep. after its case.-23. sitim collegit, as II. 14, 9.-ab aestu, "in consequence of "-sidereo, i. e. solis.-25. medio

cris, " moderately large."-in imis vallibus, translate as in summum solum, II. 2. 6.-27. gratam paludibus, growing freely in marshes. 28. posito, "bent." Titania, an epithet applied to Latona, because she was descended from the Titan Coeus. Hence v. 48, Coei filia.

29. pressit, here, knelt upon."potura," as a draught;" but literally? -30. turba vetant, why is the verb

E

in the plural?-31. prohibetis, whom? -32. proprium, "as an exclusive possession."-33. publica, i. e. common to all.-34. Construe et tamen (quamquam ad publica munera veni) supplex peto ut ea detis.-35. artus, lit. joints," but used generally for "limbs," which, however, is the usual translation of membra: we may render the passage, "my limbs and wearied body."-parabam, as II. 14, 22.-36.

PAGE 29.

loquentis, see above v. 7, eunti.-39. dederītis, the i in the terminations is, imus, itis of the perf.-sub. and the fut. perf. was originally long.-in unda, i. e. in giving me water.-40. nostro tendunt sinu, for e nostro sinu, cf. carcere missus equus, I. 4, 10.-48. Distulit, i. e. caused her to forget for the moment. Neque jam, see II. 16, 47.— 50. minora dea, "too submissive for a goddes."-ad sidera, for ad caelum. -51. Aeternum, " evermore."-52. juvat, illos.-53. modo for the more usual modo -cava palude, "in the hollow of the marsh."-54. summo gurgite, see v. 25, in imis vallibus.--57. Lites, "brawls," or "brawling clamour."pulso may be rendered by a prep.-58. The sound of this line is intended to imitate the "quacks" of frogs.-intercepta, "to have been taken away from " between (the head and the back): Dict. intercipio.-63. novae ranae, 66 'as newly-formed frogs."

nunc,

modo

18. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS.

2. peractum est, see I. 3, 8.-3. Quoque minus, as II. 10, 10. The meaning is and in proof of this stands an oak, &c.-6. celebres, "much fiequented."-8. Atlantiades, Mercury, see II. 15, 6, 25; for caducifer, see II. 12, 151.- positis, as II. 3, 11.

PAGE 30.

-13. Illa, construe with casa.-14. fatendo, i. e. because they were not ashamed of their poverty.-15. nec

iniqua mente, i. e. et aequa mente, "without dejection or ill-humour."-16. Nec refert," and it is much the same." -dominos illic famulosne requiras, a dependent question, and disjunctive. The meaning is: they are at once masters and servants, and consequently have no attendants.-17. idem, i. e. iidem.18. penates, as II. 12, 93.-21. Quo, adv.-22. dimovit, Baucis.-24. anili, i. e. weak through age.-25. faces, "faggots."-tecto, "from the floor of the house."-26. minuit, "chopped them small."-aënum, "the copper kettle."-27. Construe et olus quodsuus, not for ejus, but to point out the intimate union between the pair, "her own dear husband."-28. truncat foliis, "strips of leaves," i. e. strips the leaves from the herbs to make a saladlevat, "lifts down," "takes down."29. suis, from sus.-sordida, by smoke. -31. domat," boils soft:" Dict. domo II.-32. Fallere tempus, "to beguile the time," ," "to pass the time."-medias horas, "the interval."-33. torus is here only the "cushion," lectus the "couch " upon which the cushion is laid, sponda, the "framework" of the couch. The good old people do their best to make such preparation that the guests may recline at their meal, in fashionable style.-34. sponda pedibusque salignis, abl. of the quality: the adj. qualifies both nouns.Vestes, here, "coverlets."-non nisi, cf. nec nisi, II. 6, 9.-37. lecto (dat.) non indignanda is said in jest," so that the couch had no need to distress itself," as though the covering were too costly. -38. accubuere, "reclined at table:" Dict. accumbo.-succincta, "tucked up," i. e. with her clothes girt up, as was the custom with servants, that their flowing dresses might not hinder them in their work.-40. clivum, "the inclination of the table to one side. -41. aequatam, mensam.-42. baca Minervae, the olive; for the olive tree was sacred to Minerva.-bicolor, green and black.-43. Condita, "steeped."44. Intibпm, "endive," radix, “radish," used in making the salad.-lac coactum, see II. 12, 105; massa lactis coacti, "cheese."-45. non acri

35.

66

favilla, on a slow fire," lit. " on embers not briskly " blazing.-ova leviter versata, referring probably to a kind of pancake or omelette, which must be skilfully "turned" at the right moment.-46. fictilibus for in fictilibus. eodem argento, "in the same kind of silver," i. e. earthenware, said in jest. -48. qua cava sunt, i. e. in the hollow.-50. Construe et vina non longae senectae (gen. of the quality) rursus referuntur. The first course consisted of rashers of bacon; but as the second course (mensae secundae) appeared at the same time, the wine-bowl was taken away again (rursus referuntur), and placed a little on one side (paulum seducta), to make room for the dishes.52. Hic, at the second course or dessert. -palmae, here, "dates: rugosae, because they were dried.-54. pur

PAGE 31.

pureis, on account of the grapes which hang upon them.-55. nec negatives both iners and pauper: "a goodwill neither slow nor niggardly," i. e. an active and generous goodwill57. toties haustum, "though so often drained."-58. per se, as I. 4, 5, -59. novitas, here, the wonderful manifestation."-manibus supinis, "with uplifted hands," in the attitude of prayer.-60. concipiunt preces, "utter prayers," strictly, express them in words.-61. nullis, as good as none, i. e. "insignificant, poor."-62. minimae, see the note on justissima, I. 3, 22.-custodia, for custos, so below, v. 89. templi tutela fuere. The Romans considered the goose a peculiarly wakeful animal; and, according to tradition, the vigilance of the geese saved the Capitol in the Gallic war, whence the proverb "sicut anseres Capitolium." -63. parabant, as II. 14, 22.-65. est visus," was seen;" so v. 79, videntur.-67. Dique, to what word does the conjunction belong? cf. II. 16, 21. -68. vobis dabitur ("it shall be granted") immunibus esse, the dat. with inf. as after licet.-69. modo, "only."-70. The active form comito is found in poetry only, cf. I. 4, 46.

in ardua montis, "to the top of the mountain."-71. simul, i. e. nobiscum. -73. Construe semel missa, "at one shot."-76. ea, the marvellous occurrence.-suorum, i. e. of their neighbours.-77. Construe illa vetus casa, dominis etiam (as I. 4, 68) duobus parva.-78. furcas subiere columnae, "in place of the fork-shaped props (which supported the roof) came columns."79. flavescunt is explained by aurata tecta, "the roof."-81. Saturnius, Jupiter, the son of Saturn,-82. justus, here, righteous," "honest." -89. fides, here, "the fulfilment " of the promise.-90. soluti, "worn out." -92. Inciperent, "began to speak of." -93. senior, as II. 15. 23.-95. mutua reddebant may be translated by one word. Valeque, see above v. 67.97. Tyanëius of Tyana, which, however, was not in Phrygia, but in Cappadocia.-98. de gemino corpore, "which had been formed of the two

66

PAGE 32.

bodies."-99. vani, "deceitful."-non est cur, "there is no reason why."-101. Serta, which were hung up as dedicatory offerings.-102. see I. 1, 2. [Dean Swift has written a humorous imitation of this passage, entitled "Baucis and Philemon. On the ever-lamented loss of the two Yew-trees in the parish of Chilthorne, Somerset."]

19. MIDAS.

1. Pactolos (Greek nom.) a river in Lydia, which brought down golden sands. -For quamvis, with the indic., see II. 10, 53.-2. invidiosus, "enviable, an object of envy."-3. cohors, here "the train, retinue:" Satyri, see II. 9, 11: Bacchae, "the Bacchantes," women who accompanied Bacchus upon his expeditions, and celebrated his festivals (orgia) with a wild enthusiasm which bordered on madness.-4. Silenus, see II. 9, 19.-5. vinctum coronis, with wreaths of leaves or flowers in sportive procession.-6. Midas, king of Phrygia, son of the goddess Cyběle, who was worshipped on the Phiygian mountain