Berecyntus. Hence he is called, v. 20, Berecyntius heros.-Orpheus, a famous singer of the earliest artiquity. He was the teacher of Midas, whose fellow pupil was Eumolpus of Athens (hence called Cecropius).-7. tradere = docere. Observe the hiatus in the fifth foot.-8. simul, as I. 4, 48.sacrorum, Bacchi.-9. adventu, abl. of the cause. 10. junctas, diebus: ordine, i. e. one after another. - 11. agmen cogere, a military phrase, "to bring up the rear."-12. Lucifer, the day-star or morning star, which is the last to disappear.-13. juveni (adj.) alumno, i. e. Baccho: who then is meant by altor, v. 15? see II. 9, 19. -14. Construe optandi muneris.-16. usurus; the fut. part. here expresses the decree of destiny, "who was to use," so, v. 18, nocitura.-17. vertatur, the subjunctive, after effice (without any connecting particle), as commonly after fac.-18. solvit, as a debt, because he had promised to grant whatever he requested.-20. heros, a name of honour, applicable to a descendant of the gods.-21. Polliciti fidem, "the credibility of the promise."-22. sibi, i. e. the power which was conferred upon him. Construe ilice non alta detraxit virgam fronde virentem, and lay an emphasis upon fronde, in contrast with aurea. - 24. palluit, "looked yellow;" Dict. palleo, I. 2. 26. Massa, here "a lump of gold;" what our Australian miners call a

66

66

nugget.' Ceres often stands for "corn," as Bacchus for "wine."-28. Hesperides, the daughters of Atlas, in whose gardens golden apples grew.putes, one might think ; 29. videntur, see II. 18, 65.-31. fluens palmis," flowing from his hands," see I. 4, 10, carcere missus. Danaë, the mother of Perseus: she had been shut up for safety, by her father Acrisius, in a lofty tower, but Jupiter obtained access to her in the form of a shower of gold.-32. fingens, "imagining." 34. Exstructas, "heaped up."-tostae frugis, i. e. bread. In very ancient times it was the custom to parch the corn and then bruise it.-35. sive sive, "whether ... or

PAGE 33.

whether." - 36. rigebant, because they were turned to gold.-38. premebat, as II. 4, 26.- 39. auctorem muneris, i. e. Bacchum = vinum, see v. 26.-40. videres vidisses, si tum affuisses. The imperf. is used because the poet, in imagination, conceives himself present at the scene. Translate

66

auro.

=

=

you might see."-41. que... que shows that both conditions exist at the same time," at once," &c.-44. meritus, adverbially, "deservedly." - ab auro, literally?-45. splendida, his very skin is supposed to be glittering with gold, see v. 50, circumlitus -46. Lenaeus, an epithet of Bacchus, as "god of the wine-press." For pater, see the note on II. 9, 33.-47. specioso splendido. 48. Mite, est. deum (i. e. deorum) numen is often used to signify the godhead. 49. Restituit, &c. " restored him to his former condition, and repealed the grant that this should happen, (even) the gift conferred, (i. e. that every thing which he touched should turn to gold)." Facti fidem is in apposition to data munera.—50. Construe et ait ne maneas, &c.; cf. II. 12, 144.-51. amnem, Pactolon. -52. Construe per (as II. 4, 23) jugum montis carpe viam. plurimus, "in richest fulness."-55. Construe corpus with elue.-56. Vis aurea, "the golden (i. e. the gold producing) power."-58. Nunc quoque, as II. 10, 54.-semen jam veteris venae ("vein of gold"), is the golden sand.-59. auro madidis, impregnated with gold."-60. colebat, belongs also to the phrase Panaque, &c.; but the verb cannot be rendered by the same word in both clauses.-Pan was the god of shepherds.-62. Pingue, i. e. " dull, stupid."-nocitura, as v. 16.-63. domino, "the owner:" praecordia (ppéves), "the midriff," considered in the most ancient times as the seat of sensation and thought: praecordia mentis, a circumlocution for mens.-64. Nam, "for" or "now," introduces the following narrative as an explication of the judgment passed upon

66

54.

Midas.late, construe with prospiciens.-riget arduus alto in ascensu,

66

11.

دو

steep on the precipitous side," as opposed to the two sloping sides.-65. Tmolus, a mountain in Lydia.-66. Hypaepa, a town in the neighbourhood.-67. jactat, "extols, vaunts.' -68. leve, 66 insignificant." -arundine, see II. 5, 13.-cerata, because the reeds were joined together by wax. -69. Ausus (referring to Pan), resolve with, "and."-Apollineos, see II. 8, prae se, "in comparison with himself." 70. Judice sub Tmolo, "under the arbitration of Tmolus," who must here be understood as the god of the mountain-certamen ad impar, namely, with Apollo, who was the god of music.-71. senior, see II. 15, 23. aures liberat arboribus, why? The poet transfers to the god an expression borrowed from the woody heights of the mountain.-72. Quercu, i. e." with oakleaves.". -coma caerula, on account of the blue haze which hangs upon distant hills. 74. In judice nulla mora est, "the judge is ready;" literally? 76. Barbarice, Pan, here represented as a Phrygian god, plays a Phrygian, that is, a barbaric tune.77. delenit," charms."-78. vultum sua silva secuta est, "his native wood followed his countenance," i. e. as he turned, his face was accompanied by the forest which crowned his head.79. For the acc. caput, see sparsus tempora, II. 3, 13.-Parnaside, from mount Parnasus, near Delphi, which was sacred to Apollo and the Muses.80. saturata, see II. 8, 25, bis tinctam, and compare the whole passage.

PAGE 34.

-81. fides (gen. is)" a stringed instrument," either lyre or cithara.-dentes Indi, "ivory."-82. a laeva parte, see a dextra, II. 11, 13.-83. Artificis status ipse fuit, "his very attitude was that of an artist."-stamina, "the strings" Dict. stamen, II. 2.— docto, as I. 4, 44.-85. submittere, "to lower in honour of," "to place in subordination to:" our nearest English word is "to vail," i. e. to let fall, as in the phrase "to vail topsails."-86. que,

-

belongs to sententia.-88. Nec, as I. 4, 69.-Delius, i. e. Apollo, see II. 17, 17. - 90. trahit in spatium, "elongates."-91. posse moveri, the object of the verb dat, "the faculty of moving."-92. Cetera, "the other parts of his body.-partem in unam, "with regard to one portion." — 93. Induitur aures, with verbs passive of clothing, the poets often use the acc. to express the object worn.-94. pudore, as II. 7, 13.-97. hoc, Midam aures asini habere.-98. cupiens, resolve, "how much soever," with a verb. -efferre sub auras, "to bring to light," "to tell."-101. parva, "soft, light." - haustae = effossae. 102. regesta, in scrobem. - 105. ut primum simulac. 106. agricolam, "the husbandman," in jesting allusion to the servant who had sowed the secret in the ground.

20. CADMUS FOUNDS THEBES.

66

Cadmus, the son of the Phoenician king Agenor (hence called Agenorides), had been ordered by his father, on pain of exile, to seek and find his sister Europa, who had been carried off by Jupiter. As he was unable to discover her, he wandered to Greece.-2. Phoebi oracula, at Delphi.-4. solis, as II. 12, 76.-6. carpe vias, as II. 16, 24. -herba, for in herba.-7. Moenia, often used by the poets in the sense of a city" or "town."-fac condas, see I. 4, 9.-Boeotia (adj.): Thebes in Boeotia was sometimes called the "Boeotian," to distinguish it from other cities of the same name, and especially from Thebes in Aegypt. The word Boeotia was supposed to be derived from the Greek Boûs, bos.-8. Vix bene, "but just."-Castalium antrum is the name of a cavern at Delphi, where oracles were delivered; so called from the Castalian spring which issued forth in the neighbourhood on Mount Parnassus. For the abl. see I. 4, 10, carcere missus.-11. legere vestigia, "to follow a track," see above, carpe vias. presso gressu, "with firm, i.e. slow step."-13. Cephisus, a river

PAGE 35.

in Phocis, eastward of Delphi.-Panope, a town in the neighbourhood.-15. impulit, "shook."-16. Atque ita," and as she did this;" cf. II. 12, 157.—sua terga, we should say "behind her.". 18. agit grates, Phoebo.-21. Construe petere e vivis fontibus undas libandas, "to draw, from the running springs, water for the purposes of libation." For religious uses, it was customary to draw water from running streams.-23. densus, " thickly surrounded."-26. Martius, according to some the serpent was begotten by Mars. -cristis et auro for cristis aureis, two co-ordinate nouns substantive, for a subst. with an adj. (Hendiadyoin, one by two).-27. corpus tumet omne veneno; so Spenser, Faerie Queene, Bk. I. canto 11:

"His body monstrous, horrible, and vast, Which, to increase his wondrous greatness more,

Was swoln with wrath and poison, and with bloody gore."

-28. triplici stant ordine dentes; so Spenser, ibid.:

- 33.

"And, that more wondrous was, in either jaw Three ranks of iron teeth enrangéd were, In which yet trickling blood, and gobbets raw Of late devouréd bodies, did appear." -29. Construe Quem lucum-Tyria de gente profecti, the Tyrian emigrants." 31. longo, extending far below the ground.-32. Caeruleus; cf. below, 57, atrae pellis. Effluere, here "to slip away from."sanguis relinquit corpus, from paleness consequent upon fear.-34. Attonitos, "stiff with terror, awe-stricken." -35. A redundancy of synonymous terms; compare Spenser, F. Q. I. 1: "And as she lay upon the dirty ground, Her huge long tail her den all overspread, Yet was in knots and many boughtes upwound,

Pointed with mortal sting."

And ibid. I. 11:

"His huge long tail, wound up in hundred folds,

Does overspread his long brass-scaly back, Whose wreathéd boughtes whenever he unfolds,

And thick-entangled knots adown does slack, Bespotted as with shields of red and black," &c.

-37. media plus parte, "more than the half."-38. quanto serpens est qui separat, &c., as large as the constellation of The Dragon, situated in the northern heavens, between the Great and Little Bear (geminae Arcti).39. totum, "in his whole length.' 40. Nec mora, see II. 10, 51.-parabant, "were getting ready."-42. Occupat, II. 21, 33.-44. altissimus, i. e. at his meridian height, consequently at noon.-48. animus, " courage." 50. Victorem, used adjectively. supra, adv.-52. fidissima corpora, ye bodies of my trusty friends;" cf. II. 10, 16.- 53. comes, mortis.molaris, here used for any large stone. -54. magnum magno: combinations of this kind are intended to strike the ear, and to draw attention to the magnitude of the thing described, and the effort required.-55. Illius, molaris.— Construe ardua moenia cum turribus celsis. 57. Loricae depends upon modo; compare Spenser, F. Q. I. 11: "And over all with brazen scales was armed Like plated coat of steel."

66

PAGE 36.

-60. lentae, as II. 1, 3.—fixum constitit," remained sticking fast.". 61. Supply et cujus (jaculi) ferrum totum descendit in ilia.-64. partem in omnem, "on all sides."-65. Vix, "with difficulty."-66. Tum vero, "then, and not till then."-67. guttura, see colla, II. 1, 2.-68. spuma, &c.; compare Spenser, F. Q. I. 1:

Therewith she spued out of her filthy maw A flood of poison horrible and black. -69. Construe et halitus, qui; cf. sub qua arbore, I. 4, 30. - 70. Stygio, i. e. fearful as the river Styx, "hellish."-vitiatas inficit, i. e. inficit ita, ut vitientur, "infects and corrupts." 72. modo is answered by interdum and nunc.-72. Cingitur, "curls himself." 73. Impete impetu, "with a rush," an old abl.: the gen. impetis is found, but no nom. is in use; Dict. impetus.-74. Fertur, as rapitur, II. 12, 39.silvas, here the trees of the forest." -77. ille, serpens. - inania val

=

nera, "ineffectual bites."-81. ab, "before."-82. dabat retro, "put back, drew back."-sedere, lit. "to sit," i. e. to penetrate, to come home.83. longius ire (plagam), "to enter further.' 84. conjectum ferrum pressit, "plunged the steel and drove it home; cf. II. 15, 7, oceultat abactas.-85. Usque sequens, "" following up (the stroke) all the way.' in gutture belongs to pressit.-dum, "until."-retro eunti, serpenti.-86. robur, here as 88, sua robora, "the trunk of the oak. -88. Construe gemuit (arbor) sua robora flagellari imae parte caudae ("by the lower end of the tail.") · 92. serpens, -;" Cadmus himself was afterwards changed into a serpent.93. cum mente; cf. mentis inops, II. 12, 39.-96. motae, i. e. aratae.97. populi incrementa futuri, "the seedlings of his future people:" here incrementum means the cause of growth;" Dict. incrementum, I. 3.98. presso, in terram.-99. jussos, "as he had been ordered;" cf. monstratis, II. 11, 21.-mortalia semina, "human seed."-100. fide majus, II. 8, 31.-101. Prima corresponds with the following mox.-102. picto, CO

"as

PAGE 37.

66

66

21. CACUS.

1. illuc, to Latium. Hercules (heros claviger) carried off the oxen of the giant Geryon, from the island Erythea, on the west coast of Spain (hence boves Erytheides), and drove them (applicat) to Latium. Here he was hospitably entertained by Evander, who had emigrated from Arcadia, and had settled on the Palatine Hill.-2. longi orbis, over the long circuit of the earth," 66 over the wide world."-3. domus Tegeaea, the Arcadian house of Evander, from Tegea, a town in Arcadia.-5. excussus somno, as II. 12. 115.-Tirynthius, an epithet of Hercules, from the town of Tiryns in Argolis, where he resided. 8. aversos, "backwards," by their tails, why? feri, here the oxen, on account of their enormous size.9. Aventinae; the Aventine Hill was opposite to the Palatine.-infamia, "that which brings into bad repute;' Dict. infamia, I. 2; cf. II. 18, 62, and 89.-11. pro, as I. 4, 22.-12, Mulciber (ĕris). an epithet of Vulcan, from mulceo.

loured, variegated."-107. nec, see I. 4, 9.-civilia bella, here "wars among brethren."-108. Atque ita, as v. 16. -110. leto dederat, translate by one word.-111. auras, i. e. animam.113. Mars, for pugna, see Ceres, II. 19. 26. suo Marte, "in battle among themselves." subiti, "who suddenly risen up."-115. tepidam, from the warm blood.-matrem, the Earth.-116. Quinque superstitibus, abl. abs.-117. humo is sometimes used by the poets for humi.-Tritonis, an epithet of Athena, from the lake Triton in Africa, where she is said to have been born.-118. fidem, "the promise."119. Sidonius hospes, Cadmus.-120. sortes, "the oracular responses," properly the "lots" which the soothsayers caused the inquirers to draw, in order that their destiny might be ascertained.

PAGE 38.

-22. juga, boum. 23. caelum sederat (in) illis, Hercules had supported the heaven upon his shoulders, while Atlas went to fetch for him the apples of the Hesperides.-24. motu, "with the movement," i. e. by pushing or heaving.-25. simul, as I. 4, 48.-26. subsedit, "sank in."-27. Prima, "at first:" movet, "begins ;' collata dextra = manu collata, "in a hand-to-hand fight."-28. Rem gerit pugnat.-29. Quis, an old

=

66

form for quibus. — ubi, "when." male fortis, as above, male servata, cowardly."-patrias, not as though Vulcan vomited tire; he was merely the god of fire.-31. credas, as putes, II. 19, 28. For Typhoeus see 11. 12, 53. -33. Occupat, "anticipates" his assault. adducta, i. e. brought into action.-34. sedit, as II. 20, 82.38. vocat, as II. 12, 5.-40. de bove nomen habet, the forum boarium, at the foot of the Palatine Hill.

22. THE PRESERVATION OF
ROMULUS AND REMUS.

1. semina, "offspring:" caelestia, because Mars was their father: partu edere may be translated by a single verb.-2. patruo, Amulio.-4. Quid facis? an exclamation of the poet, see II. 8, 9.-5. recusantes, "with reluctance."-7. Tiberinus, a king of Alba, who is said to have been drowned in the river Albula, which was henceforth named after him, Tiberis (Tiberim reddidit, "made to be called Tiber").-9. videres, as II. 19, 40. -10. Quaque, as II. 4. 21. The Circus Maximus was situated in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. 14. iste, the speaker points to the future Romulus. imago, "the outward appearance."16. Construe suspicer nescio quem deum vobis esse; he would have added originis auctorem, but interrupts himself to state an objection. For nescio quis see I. 4, 50.-18. tempus, here situation;" cf. Nep. Milt. 5. 1, in hoc tempore.-19. Ferret opem; the

PAGE 39.

- 15.

subject-nom. is mater.-21. nata and moritura construe with corpora. 22. deposuit, whom ?-sinu, see II. 17, 40.-23. sensisse, "that they had understood" what was going on. -putares, see above, videres.-25. alveus, "the tub or tray," afterwards called tabella, "the little board."summa unda, as II. 4, 28. - 26. quantum fati, "what a mighty destiny."-28. deficiente, in contrast

with tumebat, v. 8.-29. erat, in the place where the little vessel stopped. -remanent, even to the poet's time, as manent, II. 10, 7.-quaeque, see above, quaque. "And the fig-tree

which is now called the Ruminian was (formerly) called the Romulian:" Livius, I. 4, ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis est (Romularem vocatam ferunt) pueros exponunt. 31. foeta, "who had brought forth young." 34. sustinuere, "endured, dared."-36. lingua fingere, "polishes over with her tongue," as animals are accustomed to do.-bina, sometimes used for duo, with objects which are reckoned in couples.37. Marte satos, esse. — scires, see above, videres; Ubera ducere, "to suck."-38. Construe et aluntur ope lactis sibi non promissi ("unexpectedly offered to them ").

23. THE FOUNDATION OF ROME.

DEATH OF REMUS.

1. frater Numitoris, Amulius, who had expelled his brother Numitor, and had ordered Romulus and Remus, grandsons of Numitor, to be thrown into the Tiber.-2. gemino sub duce, "under the government of the twins." - - 3. utrique convenit, as II. 10, 45. In contrast we have ambigitur and uter. -moenia, see II. 20, 7.-5. Nil (nihil) is sometimes an emphatic non,

66

by no means, not at all."-6. fides, "trust, confidence," because by means of birds the future is revealed.-7. Palatium for mons Palatinus.-9. hic, Romulus.-10. Stare aliqua re, "to abide by anything."-arbitrium, "rule, dominion."-11. moenia signet aratro, see below, v. 17.-12. Pales, the Italian goddess of shepherds. On her festival (sacra) Rome was founded.movetur, as II. 21, 27.-13. In the following lines we have a description of the religious ceremonies observed in founding a city: these observances are supposed to have been borrowed from the Etruscans. Fossa, "a trench or ditch," which was called mundus.-ad solidum, to firm ground, that is, very deep.-16. fungitur igne, i. e. serves