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see

his father Mars carried him in a chariot to heaven.-7. patres senatores.-in crimine (erant) falsae caedis, i. e. falso caedis incusabantur.-8. fides, "belief."-9. Construe Proculus Julius. -10. usus est, with abl. or gen. for opus est.-11. saepes, the shrubs or trees lining the road.-sinistrae, see II. 23, 25.-12. Rettulit gradus, horruĕrunt, sprang back." vagiĕrunt, II. 22, 23.-13. humano, i. e. quam humanum est.-trabea, the robe of state worn by kings. - 15. dixisse, see I. 1, 68.-16. Nec, as I. 4, 9. - numina nostra," my godhead," see II. 10, 7, templa.-17. novum Quirinum, after his elevation among the gods, Romulus received the name of Quirinus.-pia turba, in apposition with the subject-nom. of ferant and placent; cf. II. 27, 6.-18. patrias mei patris.-20. populos, the Sabines were already united with the Romans. 21. Templa, see v. 16.-collis, namely, Quirinalis. - 22. paterna, of Romulus, who was considered pater urbis.

26. THE TREACHEROUS CAPTURE OF GABII.

2. ad arma, "in respect of i. e. in war.-4. Gabii, a town in Latium.-5. trium (filiorum), minimus, Sextus Tarquinius. — manifesta, because his character so completely resembled that of his father.-8. cupi"the very thing ant, "would desire; they would like.-13. bella tueri = administrare.-15. appellat, "consults him."-16. quod iterquam rationem.-17. suberat, was near," i. e. to the palace of Tarquinius.-18. Sectus humum, see sparsus tempora, II. 3, 13.-lene, used adverbially-20. summa, "the highest, tallest."-22.

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Agnosco, "I understand."-24. Traduntur, to whom?- ducibus suis, abl. dependent upon nuda.

27. THE SAGACITY OF BRUTUS UNDER AN ASSUMED APPEARANCE OF FOLLY.

1. nefas, here" awful, dreadful.”. 2. exta, which were upon the altar, ready for burnt sacrifice. The prodigy occurred at Gabii, after the conquest of the town; and Tarquinius sent two of his sons, in company with Brutus, to Delphi, in order that they might consult the oracle upon the occurrence.3. Sors, as II. 20, 120.-4. princeps = primus.- victor erit, i. e. in the struggle for power.-5. quisque and credula turba refer to the sons of Tarquinius.-properata, i. e. as speedily as possible.-6. Non intellecto deo, resolve as a causal sentence.-7. stukti, "of imbecility."-9. Construe matris Terrae.-10. Creditus, resolve by a verb and a conj. "while."

28. THE HOUSEHOLD VIRTUES OF LUCRETIA.

en

1. Ardea, a town in Latium.-signis, the banners of the legions.- 2. patitur lentas obsidione moras, dures a slow and tedious siege," but literally? 3. vacat, impersonally, "there is leisure."-4. otia, as I. 4, 11.-5. Tarquinius juvenis, the Sextus mentioned II. 26, 5. He is afterwards called rege creatus (in translation one word).-6. Accipit, here "entertains."-7. difficilis, 66 'stubborn,"

cf. facilis, I. 3, 22.-8. ad patrios deos, i. e. to our homes.-9. Ecquid serves here to mark the question.— torus socialis, i. e. 66 our wives." 11. studia, "jealous party feeling.' 13. Surgit cui, &c., Tarquinius Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia. Collatia, a town in the neighbourhood of Rome.-15. tolli equis, " to mount on horseback."-16. frenis impedire, may be translated by a single verb; Dict. impedio, I. 1.-17. Pertulerant, to their destination, i. e. to the city.

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19. nurum regis, the wife of Sextus Tarquinius.-fusis per colla, “hanging around her neck." At banquets it was the custom for guests to adorn themselves with wreaths of flowers.20. pervigilare, "spending the night." -21. petitur, "is visited."-23. trahere, here to spin."-26. lacerna, "a soldier's cloak."-27. plura, than I, since I always remain at home.-28. esse super, for superesse.-29. postmodo, "in a short time."-restas = resistis.-31. Sed enim, "but yet," or "but I must own."-Construe ille meus, vir.-32. quolibet, adv.-33. Mens abit," my consciousness fails."

34. et gelidum . habet ("possesses") belongs to the main clause.36. On the position of que, see II. 12, 30.

=

29. THE FABII.

1. Haec fuit illa dies, the Ides of February, 479 B.C.-in qua, see I. 1, 71.-Veiens, adj., from Veii, an ancient city in the south of Etruria.-2. ter duo sex.-3. vires et onus susceperat urbis, "had taken upon itself the active force and burden of the city," i. e. had undertaken to supply troops, and to bear the necessary charges. Observe the antithesis between domus and urbis.-4. gentiles manus, "the hands of a single clan; Dict. gentilis and gens.-professa (passive, see I. 4, 46), "offered by them," for the Fabii had volunteered to serve in this campaign. To offer service on a military expedition was termed nomen profiteri. -5. "A high-born troop of common soldiers (miles collectively) sets out from the same camp from which

وو

The common soldier, miles, stands in marked contrast with dux; both words require a strong emphasis. -castra, figuratively for gens.- isdem for isdem.-6. quis, as II. 21, 29.-dux fieri aptus, a poetical construction; what would the ordinary syntax be? -7. Cremera, a river in the territory of the Veientes.-9. loco, "on the spot," i. e. on the banks of the Cremera.

campi ultima (accus.), cf. ardua montis, II. 18, 70.-18. occulere apta, see v. 6.-19. rara, "scattered here and there," "dispersed; " cf. arbores rarae, Nep. Milt. 5, 3.-24. clausas finit, translate as captos ducit, 1. 4, 50.-25. discursus, "skirmishes." - 26. Quodque, to which word does the copula belong? cf. II. 16, 35.-metus alter, "fear of anything else." - 28. Simplex, here "guileless."- 29. Construe undique prosiliunt-32. in misero tempore, see II. 22, 18.-33. Laurens, adj. from Laurentum, an ancient town in Latium.-36. alterna manu, "alternately." 39. Herculeae, according to tradition the Fabii were descended from Hercules.-Semina, as II. 22, 1. -43. Maxime, Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator.-44. This line is an imitation of the well-known verse of Ennius, see I. 1. 90.

30. THE POPULAR FESTIVAL.

1. Idibus, of March. -Anna Perenna, a Roman goddess of whom little is known.-2. Advena, "stranger," because he flows from Etruria.-4. accumbit, "lies down" to eat.- cum pare sua, "with his partner."-5. Sub Jove, as II. 12, 67.-6. Sunt qui, many."-7. Pars imposuere, cf. turba vetant, II. 17, 30.-pro, "instead of."-9. (tot) annos precantur, they wish for so many years' of life.-10. ad numerum,

66

66

in proportion to the number," i. e. they drink a cup for every year.-11.

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Before qui and quae supply the necessary pronouns, observing the difference of gender.-ebibat has reference to the former couplet.-Both Nestor and the

Italian prophetess Sibylla were proverbial for their great age.-14. jactant manus, in gesticulation.—faciles, "agile." To this day the Italians are remarkable for their expressive gesticulation.-15. posito, i. e. when it is put aside.-duras, "hardy, rough," i. e. with more hard labour than fine art.-16. Culta, "trimmed, dressed up, bedizened."-17. Cum redeunt, i. e. on their way back.

31. THE FEAST OF CERES.

66

1. indice (adj.) causa, "of an explanatory reason."-4. nullo sollicitante (eam), see nullo serente, I. 4, 57.-sollicitare is here used of tilling the soil.-5. modo ... nunc, see II. 17, 53. For the abl. vivaci cespite, see II. 17, 40.-6. tenera fronde, construe as an abl. of the quality with cacumen. They eat the extreme and tender leaves of trees or shrubs.-7. glans, see II. 12, 71.8. bene erat, "it was well with them," i. e. they were well off.-10. mutavit, exchanged for.". 12. soles, "the sunshine, the light." -13. Aes, as the material for making agricultural implements; for the working in copper was known before the use of iron (chalybëia massa).-14. debuit tegi," ought to have remained in concealment," because iron is employed in making weapons of war. -15. Pace, abl. of the cause.-Et, "also, too."-16. ducem, here a prince."-17. honorem, as II. 9, 1. -mica saliens, salt, because it jumps and crackles in the fire. Salt, mixed with ground spelt (farra) was used in sacrifices; such a mixture received the name of mola salsa; Dict. mola, II. -19. unctas, with wax or perfumed rosin.

This was in remembrance of the torches with which Ceres went in search of Proserpine, see II. 12, 55. -21. succincti, see II. 18, 38.ministri," the sacrificial attendants."

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32. THE FESTIVAL OF THE DEAD.

1. placare and ferre, take in apposition with honor.-2. pyras, of the same meaning as. v. 10, foci.-3. Manes, or di Manes, the souls of the dead. pietas, "dutiful affection towards the departed.- grata est pro gratior (iis) est, quam: but literally?-4. Styx, a river in the infernal regions, here used for the Lower World generally.-6. sparsae fruges, &c., see II. 31, 17.-7. Ceres, see II. 19, 26.- sòlutae, loose, unbound," in opposition to coronae.— 8. media via, tombs were often erected by the wayside.-10. sua verba, i. e. suitable words: such as vale, or salve, or placide requiescas.-11. auctor here, "an example." Aeneas had rescued his aged father Anchises, by carrying the old man on his shoulders from the flames of Troy.-12. Latinus was king of Latium, when Aeneas landed there.-13. patris Genio, "the spirit

of his deceased father," who worn out with the long wandering had died in Sicily.

33. THE TEMPEST.

On the voyage to his place of banishment (see II. 10), Ovid was overtaken by a violent storm.-1. supersunt, the plur. used to agree with vota, which stands nearest to the verb, rather than with quid. 2. parcite solvere = nolite solvere.-5. subsidunt, as II. 21, 26.-12. sero vespere missus, see earcere missus, I. 4, 10.-Vesper, to denote a quarter of the heaven," the west," is poetic.-14. adversa, boreae. -16. ambiguis, "doubled" by storm

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and waves. - 21. dolet nil aliud, quam me exule, than about my exile." The verb dolere may be followed by an acc. denoting the object of grief: so here nil aliud. The cause of grief is expressed by the abl.

me exule; Dict. doleo, II. 1.-22. Hoc unum, "this one portion."-23. corpora, see pectora, I. 4, 22.-25. conscendere, it is easy to supply both subject and object. Ovid's wife wished to accompany him into banishment, but at his request she remained at home.-27. ut, as I. 1, 17.-33. Construe fluctus, qui hic venit, supereminet omnes fluctus, see quem taurum, I. 4, 30.-34. The tenth wave (fluctus decumanus) was considered, by the Romans, as the largest and most powerful-35. genus, lay an emphasis on this word.-39. mandare, object sepulchra, i. e. ut (or) quomodo nos sepeliant. aliqua is emphatic, and the meaning is: or even if a man can give no injunctions to his friends, yet at all events to hope that he will be buried in some way or other.-40. Et non, not nec, because of the stress which is laid upon the negation.-42. trahit, as I. 3, 4.43. Pro, interjection.-virides dei, the sea-gods.-curae sunt.-44. Utraque turba (gods of heaven and gods of the sea), in apposition to the subject of sistite.-45. Quamque, to what word does que belong? cf. II. 16, 35.dedit, "bestowed," because he punished Ovid with banishment, and not with death. Caesaris, Augusti. 46. sinite feram, see II. 12, 77, orat subeat.

34. OVID'S ACCOUNT OF HIS OWN

LIFE.

1. Sulmo, a city of the Peligni, situated in a spacious valley, which is intersected by several streams, hence gelidis uberrimus undis. Elsewhere he terms it gelidus Sulmo. It is now called Sulmona, and is situated in the Abruzzi.-2. millia, sc. passuum.novies decem, 10×9=90. Ninety Roman miles would be nearly eightythree miles English.-3. editus natus.-nec non, "and besides."-4. The two consuls C. Vibius Pansa and A. Hirtius fell in the battle at Mutina, A.U.C. 711, B.C. 43, the year after

Caesar's death.-5. si quid id est, "if that is anything: " if there is anything in that. usque a proavis, "all the way down from my forefathers." -ordinis, sc. equestris. 6. non modo, &c., i. e. not a mere upstart.7. genito fratre, abl. abs. The name of this brother was Lucius.-8. tribus ante quater mensibus, "twelve months before: 3 x 412.-10. duo liba. On birthdays it was customary to offer to the Genius a libum, i. e. a cake made of flour, milk, honey, and oil, liba genitale notantia tempus, as Ovid elsewhere expresses it. The brothers were born on the same day of their respective years.-11. Construe haec (dies) est (ea) de quinque festis (diebus) armiferae Minervae, quae (dies), &c. The festival here mentioned (quinquatrus, or quinquatria) began on the 14th day before the Calends of April (19th March), and lasted five days. On the four concluding days alone, combats of gladiators took place. On which day was

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Ovid born?-14. insignes ab arte, "distinguished in respect of art," cf. Dict. ab, IV. 2. The arts taught by these professors were grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy. M. Arellius Fuscus and M. Porcius Cato are mentioned as Ovid's teachers in rhetoric. -17. coelestia sacra, i. e. the art of poetry, which is elsewhere called Pieridum sacra. The poet was cosidered a priest or servant of the Muses. -19. quid, "why?"-20. Maeonides," the Maeonian," another name for "Lydian." This is a poetical designation of Homer, who according to some accounts was born in Maeonia (Lydia). Two of the seven cities said to contend for the birthplace of Homer are in Ionia, which geographically belongs to Lydia: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenae.-21. toto Helicone relicto, i.e. having entirely abandoned poetry. Mount Helicon in Boeotia was sacred

to Apollo and the Muses. A description of it is given in the Classical Dictionary.-22. verba soluta mo