ἀλλά ὁ ὶς ἐδάμασσε βίης Ηρακληείης. Κητὼ δ ̓ ὁπλότατον Φόρκυι φιλότητι μιγείσα γείνατο δεινὸν ὄφιν, ὃς ἐρεμνῆς κεύθεσι γαίης πείρασιν ἐν μεγάλοις παγχρύσεα μῆλα φυλάσσει. 335 [τοῦτο μὲν ἐκ Κητοῦς καὶ Φόρκυνος γένος ἐστί. Τηθὺς δ ̓ Ωκεανῷ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας, Νειλόν τ' ̓Αλφειόν τε καὶ Ηριδανὸν βαθυδίνην, on behalf of the Nemean lion.” (Clark, Peloponnesus, p. 63.) The solar myth is well explained by Mr. R. Brown in Appendix iii. to “ Eridanus,” p. 79. The old reading was τρητοῖο Νεμείης. Gais ford and Van Lennep give Τρητοῖο, Νεμείης, ἠδ ̓ ̓Απέσαντος. Of this latter place nothing seems to be recorded beyond the mention of it in Pausan. ii. 15, 3, as ὄρος 'Απέσας ὑπὲρ τὴν Νεμέαν. 332. ἀλλά με (σφε) Fis (vis) &c. See on Scut. H. 53. 334. κεύθεσι γαίης, sc. φωλεύων.— πείρατα μεγάλα (πείραρ) are the vast boundaries of the earth; the illimitable realms stretching beyond Oceanus into space. See inf. 518. 622. 809. Schoemann reads ἐρεμνοῖς (with cod. Paris) and μeyάans on his own conjecture. μῆλα, the golden apples of the Hesperides, sup. v. 215. Eur. Herc. F. 394400, ὑμνῳδούς τε κόρας ἤλυθεν ἑσπερίαν ἐς αὔλαν, δράκοντα πυρσόνωτον, ὃς ἄπλατον ἀμφελικτὸς ἕλικ ̓ ἐφρούρει, κτανών. This monster is called Λάδων by Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1397. 336. This verse is feeble, and perhaps au interpolation. Of the name Phorcys there appear to have been three forms, Φόρκυς, υος, Φόρκυς (for Φόρκυνς) —υνοs, and Φόρκος, που, the last of which was used by Pindar, Pyth. xii. 23, and Aeschylus, who has the patronymic αἱ Φορκίδες, Prom. 813, where Hermann needlessly gives Φορκυνίδες. 338. An enumeration of the principal rivers known to the Greeks in Hesiod's 336. φόρκυος Μ. time. Goettling here has a good comment. "This passage is worthy of note as illustrating the geography of Hesiod's age. He is the first poet who mentions the Nile by name, for Homer calls it Αἴγυπτος, (Od. iv. 477. 581. xiv. 258,) [Schol. καὶ ἐκ τούτου φαίνεται Ησίοδος Ομήρου νεώτερος· καὶ γὰρ "Ομηρος Αἴγυπτον καλεῖ τὸν Νεῖλον,] neither does he mention the Phasis in Colchis. The Ister (Danube) and Ardescus belong to Scythia; the latter, according to Voss, is the same as Salmydessus. The Haliacmon is in Macedonia, the Strymon and the Nessus (Rhesus?) in Thrace. In Epirus we have the Achelous and Evenus, in the Peloponnese the Alpheus and the Ladon, in Thessaly the Peneus. Nothing more is said about the other rivers in European Greece, though the poet enlarges on those of Asia Minor, and especially of the Troad. To this belong the Scamander, the Simois, the Sangarius, the Rhodius, the Nessus, the Heptaporus, the Granicus, the Aesepus. To Lydia belong the Macander and the Hermus, to Mysia the Caicus, to Paphlagonia the Parthenius. That he should have nowhere mentioned the rivers of Boeotia seems very extraordinary.” Yet in Opp. 635, the poet says that bis father came from Asia Minor to Ascra, Κύμην Αἰολίδα προλιπών, so that we may easily account for his knowledge of Asiatic rivers. According to the early Greek notions of geography, the Ister Στρυμόνα, Μαίανδρόν τε καὶ Ἴστρον καλλιρέεθρον, Φασίν τε Ῥῆσόν τ', ̓Αχελώϊον ἀργυροδίνην Νέσσον τε Ρόδιόν θ' ̔Αλιάκμονά θ ̓ Επτάπορόν τε, Γρήνικόν τε καὶ Αἴσηπον, θεῖον τε Σιμοῦντα, Πηνειόν τε καὶ Ερμον, ἐϋρρείτην τε Κάϊκον, Σαγγάριόν τε μέγαν, Λάδωνά τε Παρθένιόν τε, Εὔηνόν τε καὶ ̓Αρδησκον, θεῖόν τε Σκάμανδρον. Τίκτε δὲ θυγατέρων ἱερὸν γένος, αἳ κατὰ γαῖαν 343. ἐϋρέτην 342. αἴσιπον Μ. 344. λάδωνα παρθ. Μ. 345. ἄρδισκον Μ. was the principal river of Europe, the Nile of Ethiopia, the Eridanus of the Celtic or northern division, and perhaps the Phasis of Asia. The Eridanus is generally regarded as mythical, though in later times some associated it with the Padus. Van Lennep thinks that even in Hesiod's time the Po was designated by the name of Eridanus. Mr. R. Brown has shown (Eridanus,' § xviii.) that the Euphrates is probably meant. 340. ̓Αχελφόν τ' Gaisford, 'Αχελώιόν τ' Schoemann, Flach, and Van Lennep, Αχελώϊον (without τε Goettling, who thinks the contraction ̓Αχελῷον alien from the ancient epic. The Te seems only found in one MS., which however gives ̓Αχελώϊόν τ'. The i may have been pronounced like j or y. 341. Ρόδιον. Goettling and Van Len nep write Ροδίον with one MS., and on the authority of Arcadius 'On Accents,' p. 39. 15. 314. Λάδωνα. A river in Arcadia, a branch of the Alpheus. Ovid, Fast. ii. 274, 'Quique citis Ladon in mare currit aquis.' Ibid. v. 89, 'Arcades hunc Ladonque rapax et Maenalus ingens Rite colunt.' 345. Σκάμανδρον. The initial or vanishes in pronunciation. So Homer frequently uses it, and so σκέπαρνον, σμάραγδος, Ζάκυνθος, &c., are adapted to heroic metre. A good many words in English retain the initial sibilant which has dropped out of the classical languages, e. g. slime (limus), strife (lis, stlis), 340 345 snow (nix), smelt (melt) μέλδω. There is a suspicious resemblance between this passage and Il. xii. 20, Ῥῆσός θ' Επτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ρόδιός τε, Γρήνικός τε καὶ Αἴσηπος διός τε Σκάμαν δρος, Καὶ Σιμόεις. 346. θυγατέρων, viz. the water-nymphs, 'Ωκεανῖναι, ν. 364. They differed however from the Nereids, who were marine divinities, and had quite distinct offices and attributes, as the names respectively imply. They are considered κουροτρόφοι, because they presided over rivers and fountains, which the early Greeks supposed to have their source in Oceanus, and to bring nourishment to all living things. Hence to rivers was offered the πλόκαμος θρεπτήριος, Aesch. Cho. 6. The meaning of most of the names is tolerably obvious, and has been pointed out by the Schol. and also by Van Lennep and Goettling, who remarks that the nymphs presiding over islands and continents (γαῖαν ἐφέπουσαι, ν. 365), are called by cognate appellations, e. g. Europa, Asia, Doris, Ianeira (from the 'Iaves, or Ionians, Aesch. Pers. 929), Rhodeia (from Rhodes), Perseis. Those derived from certain physical characteristics are, Πειθώ and Αδμήτη, which are contrasted as tractable and intractable, in allusion to the artificial coercion that can be put on some rivers; Ἰάνθη, whose banks blossom with violets, or from ἰαίνειν ' to delights (διὰ τὸ τῶν ὑδάτων εὐφραντικὸν, Schol.). Ηλέκτρη means transparent (purior electro ἄνδρας κουρίζουσι σὺν ̓Απόλλωνι ἄνακτι 347. Γάνακτι 350 355 349. Γιάνθη 350. θεοξειδὴς 352. τε ιδυϊά τε 355. βοώπις 356. Περσης, διάνειρά το 355. ἐρατὴν 358. τελεστώ τε Μ. 351. podía Te M, Ald. 353. γαλαξάρη τ' Μ. Ald. 357. Μενεσθώ τ' Flach, Schoemann. τελεσθώ τε Ald. 359. κρησηΐς τ' M, in which the first hand recurs from this verse to 372, then the second hand again. campum petit amnis, Virg. Georg. iii. 522). Ξάνθη, muddy, Πληξαύρη, cascading through the air, Γαλαξαύρη, α rather doubtful compound, meaning, perhaps, milk-producing by its moist air, or from γάλα aud ἀέξω, or, as the Schol. explains it, διὰ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνέμων λευκαίνεσθαι, καὶ οἷον ἐκγαλακτοῦσθαι. As Barocc. 60 gives γαλαξάρη τ', we might possibly read καὶ ̓Αλεξιάρη, averter of evil, like νειὸς ἀλεξιάρη in Opp. 464. Van Lennep, explaining auras relaxans," seems to regard it as a form of χαλαξαύρη. Ζευξώ, confluent, ̓Αμφιρὼ, branching, Μενεστώ, slowly-flowing (or permanent, in respect of its source), Ευρυνόμη, widely-ranging, Καλυψώ, covering with mud (Virg. Georg. i. 115, amnis abundans Exit, et obducto late tenet omnia limo '), Πρυμνώ, springing from a mountain's base (not a summis montium fastigiis,” Goettl.), Τελεστώ, remote (?), or perhaps, paying tribute, Οὐρανίη, ruin 46 fed, Κερκης, uncertain; Schol. διὰ τὸ ηχητικόν. Perhaps from κερκίς (Photius, φυτὸν αἰγείρῳ ὅμοιον). Goettling further suggests that Μῆτις, Εἰδυΐα, and Τύχη, may refer to the prophetic attributes of the Nymphs. 347. κουρίζουσι, ‘nurse from youth to manhood, vigere faciunt, Van Lennep.—σὺν ̓Απόλλωνι. Because he was the god of healing, of purity φοίβος), and elemental brightness, though not, in the early mythology, identical with the sun. 352. Πασιθέη occurs as the name of a Nereid, sup. 247, where one MS. gives Πασιθέη. Here the termination implying swiftness is manifestly appropriate, as we have Θόη below. Similarly both Leucothea and Leucothoe appear to have been in use. 359. Κρηνης Goettling, with one MS. χρυσης Gaisford, Schoemann, and Van Lennep, with Hermann. The name is corruptly given in the other MSS., and Εὐδώρη τε, Τύχη τε καὶ ̓Αμφιρὼ Ωκυρόη τε, πρεσβύταται κουραι. πολλαί γε μέν εἰσι καὶ ἄλλαι. 360 365 370 early edd., Κρυσίη, Κρισίη, Κρησίη, Κρησηΐς. Schol. Κρυσηΐς, διὰ τὸ κρυερόν. A good conjecture of Naeke's is Κρισσηΐ;. 361. προφερεστάτη, has precedence over all the rest. This is the probable meaning, since Zeus gave to her peculiar prerogatives, v. 400. But inf. v. 766 she is also spoken of as the eldest : δεινὴ Στὺξ, θυγατὴρ ἀψορρόου Ωκεανοῖο πρεσβυτάτη, so that both ideas may here be combined. 364. The great number of the Ocean Nymphs who are nameless, belong, as the poet proceeds to say, to the thou sands of fountains, streams, lakes, and rivers which have only a local notoriety. The Schol. on Pind. Οl. v. 1, reads τρὶς γὰρ μυρίαι—ὠκεανίδες. Οι γε μὲν see Scut. H. 5. 366. πάντῃ ὁμῶς, alike in every part of the world. 367. Hesych. καναχηδά· ἠχητικῶς. 370. ἕκαστοι, MSS. Probably ἕκαστα, singula nomina, as ἴσασι takes the digamma, e. g. Opp. 40. 814. We may easily supply τὰ περὶ τὰς ἐγχωρίας νύμφας. So also Van Lennep reads, on the authority of Eustathius on Dionysius Perieg. 644.ὅσοι Goettling with one MS. οἳ ἂν Gaisford, Flach, Schoemann, and Van Lennep, which is the common reading, but scarcely the correct syntax, since there is no idea of a contingency to be proved by experience. It is very probable that the distich itself is not genuine. 371. Θείη, see v. 135. Pind. Isth. iv. 1.-Ὑπερίονος, ν. 134. As Hyperion is made the parent of ἥλιος, he is evidently a distinct personage in the Hesiodic mythology. Inf. v. 1011 the sun is called Ὑπεριονίδης. Catullus calls the sun 'progenies Thiae clara, lxvi. 4. Ovid, Fast. i. 385, uses Hyperion for sol, and Homer makes ἥλιος and Υπερίων synonyms, e. g. Od. i. 234. Il. viii. 408, but has Ὑπεριονίδης in Od. xii. 176. That sol and σελήνη are the same words, connected with σέλας (the aspirate of the one representing the sibilant), seems a probable opinion. See Curtius, Gr. Et. 541, who refers ἠέλιος to the root us, 'to burn,' ib. 401, as well as ἠὼς = ἀδώς. ἀθανάτοις τε θεοῖσι, τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσι, γείναθ ̓ ὑποδμηθεῖσ ̓ Ὑπερίονος ἐν φιλότητι. Κρίῳ δ' Εὐρυβίη τέκεν ἐν φιλότητι μιγεῖσα Αστραίόν τε μέγαν Πάλλαντά τε δια θεάων Πέρσην θ', ὃς καὶ πᾶσι μετέπρεπεν ἰδμοσύνῃσιν. Αστραίῳ δ ̓ Ἠὼς ἀνέμους τέκε καρτεροθύμους, Αργέστην, Ζέφυρον, Βορέην τ' αἰψηροκέλευθον 375 ὑπεννηθεῖσ ̓ Ald. 375. κρειώ δ' 374. ὑποδμηθεῖσα ὑπερίωνος Μ. εὐρυβίῃ τέκε ἐν φ. Μ. τίκτεν φ. Ald. 377. ὅς γε Μ. ὃς καὶ πᾶσι Ald. λαιψ. Αld. 373. Perhaps an interpolated verse. Van Lennep defends it by Il. xi. 1, 2, and Il. ii. 489. But it is omitted by some scholiasts in quoting the passage 371-4. 375. Κρίφ, see sup. v. 134.—Εὐρυβίη, v. 239. Of these two personages mythology records little, and nothing of Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses (the Titanic father of Hecate, v. 409). The names are merely mentioned in Apollodor. i. 2. The correlative feminine Astraea represented Justice in a later mythology, whereas Astraeus simply means father of the stars,' (cf. 'Aoτερίη, ν. 409.) Probably Πάλλας is from πάλλειν, ' the Earth-shaker. 377. ἰδμοσύνη appears to be ἅπαξ λεγόμενον for ἐπιστήμη. πάσῃσι is Goettling's correction for καὶ πᾶσι, from two MSS. The Bodleian MS. Barocc. 60 is said to give us γε πάσῃσι. I have merely copied from it the variant os ye. On the whole, καὶ πᾶσι seems as good; 'who also was conspicuous among all for his craft. Cf. v. 430. And this is adopted by Van Lennep. 379. As three of the winds enumerated represent cardinal points, west, north, and south, it seems probable that by 'Αργέστης Hesiod meant Εὖρος, the east, or more properly the south-east wind, so called, because it makes a clear sky (the Italian scirocco)._So λαμπρὸς ἄνεμος is ‘a brisk wind. Hor. Carm. i. 7, 15, Albus ut obscuro deter 376. ἀστραῖον μέγαν τε Μ. 379. ἀργέστην. ζέφυρον. βορέην get nubila caelo Saepe Notus.' Gaisford and others take ἀργέστης here for an epithet. Gloss. Barocc. 60 (Μ). τὸν ἀνατολικὸν, τὸν δυσικὸν, τὸν ἀρκτοῦρον, τὸν ἐκ μεσημβρίας. Apollon. Rhod. ii. 960, ἀλλ ̓ ἐνὶ νηΐ, Αργέσταο παρᾶσσον ἐπιπνείοντος, ἔβησαν. Ibid. iv. 1628, αὐτίκα δὲ Ζέφυρος μὲν ἐλώφεεν, ἤλυθε δ' αὔρη ἀργέσταο Νότου. It is clear from these two passages that this writer used the word both as a substantive and as an adjective. The same ambiguity occurs inf. v. 870, νόσφι Νότου Βορέω τε καὶ ̓Αργέστεω Ζεφύρου τε (al. καὶ ἀργές στεω Ζεφύροιο). The Schol. absurdly says, Ζέφυρον λέγει τὸν Εὗρον. But he inconsistently adds, πνεῖ δὲ ̓Αργέστης, ὁ καὶ Εὖρος καλούμενος, ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς. Again, 'Ακουσίλαος δὲ τρεῖς ἀνέμους εἶναι φησὶ κατὰ Ἡσιόδον, Βορᾶν, Ζέφυρον, καὶ Νότον. τοῦ γὰρ Ζεφύρου ἐπίθετον τὸ ̓Αργέστην φησίν. Van Lennep thinks the poet regarded Eupos among the unstable winds (inf. 870), and omitted to mention it. In later times, 'Αργέστης was the north-west wind (see the table of winds according to Aristotle, engraved in Goettling's edition). Hence Ŏvid, Fast. v. 161, Frigidus Argestes summas mulcebit aristas.' In Il. xi. 306, the word is an epithet to Νότος, and also in xxi. 334, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Ζεφύροιο καὶ ἀργέσταο Νότοιο εἴσομαι ἐξ ἁλόθεν χαλεπὴν ὄρσουσα θύελλαν. These passages were doubtless copied by Apollonius Rhodius. In Od. v. 295, |