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Source of all their mental advances. Arabs imparted
to West previous knowledge of Greeks - improved by
their own. Arithmetical notation- cyphers of Saracenic
derivation passage of into Europe. Algebra. Its in-
vention by Arabs probable - its first application certain.
Their algebraic discoveries. Moderns excel ancients in
mathematical sciences - our debt to Spanish Saracens.
Astronomy. Peculiarly the science of the East. Ara-
bians eminent incorrect and improve on Greeks. Al-
batagnus-worthy precursor of Newton. Saracens dis-
cern defectiveness of Ptolemaic system. Transit of
astronomy into Christian West. Roger Bacon - pupil
of Arabs emendator of Kalendar — anticipator of Co-
pernican system. Optics. Arabs first restorers of. Al Hazen
-immediate successor of Ptolemy—though at an interval
of 1000 years ·
his great optical discoveries - followed
by Roger Bacon-glasses - theory of the telescope-
foresight of invention of Galileo. Chemistry. Saracens
its undisputed inventors. Greeks theorists
- Arabs ex-
perimentalists. Alchemy fosterer of chemistry. Marks
of Providence. Proficiency of Arabians in chemical sci-
ence - its introduction into Catholic Europe. Alchemy
the superstition of science its uses again apparent.
Roger Bacon Robert Boyle - Sir Humphry Davy.
England unrivalled in chemical science. Gas-Steam
Watt. Medicine. Arabs study Greeks-distance their
preceptors. Pharmacopoeia enlarged by chemistry. Me-
dical analysis of vegetable and animal substances — of
metals of minerals - mercury-fruits of chemical re-
searches of Arab physicians. Botany. Science of me-
dicine progress of Arabs in. Doctrine of symptoms.
Classes of malady discovered. Transmission of art of
medicine into Christian Europe. Saracen medical semi-
naries - Norman school of Salerno. Way led by church-
Monte Casino-monastery of- Constantine Afer. Subse-
quent progress of art of healing among the happiest so-
cial influences of Gospel. Hospitals. The first founded
by S. Ephrem Syrus. Multiplied by Crusades. Charit-

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able foundations for sick-religious societies for their
superintendance. Christian charity the great auxiliary
of medical science. Harvey. Philosophy. Its revival and
progress-effects of Mahometan and Christian faiths. Phi-
losophy of Greeks—its meridian in the age of Alexander.
Moral branch raised by Eclectic school-its unacknow-
ledged plagiarisms from Christianity- its early disappear-
ance-instrumental in forming school of the Fathers. Arabs
pass boundary line between ancient and modern learning.
Aristotle their one great guide his practical spirit meets
and awakens experimental genius of Saracens - harmo-
nizes with their religious belief. Arabs enlarge their ex-
periments- and their inductions-reach solid conclusions.
Peculiar service rendered to philosophy by Mahometanism.
Reception of by Catholic Europe. Gothic and German
character adapted to pursuit of physics. Its superi-
ority of judgment frees itself from shackles of Aris-
totelic system. Churchmen and physicians the only
scholars of the age. Peculiar service rendered to philo-
sophy by Christianity. Effects of the two creeds on his-
tory of modern philosophy. Logic and metaphysics.
Studied by Saracens for defence of Mahometan faith.
Controversies with Jews and Christians — origin of Ara-
bian scholastic theology. Rise of scholastic disputes in the
bosom of Mahometanism-transformed into a chaos of con-
tradictory tenets-Saracenic intellect edged by dialectic
debate directed to substantial objects. Arabs first
unite abstract science with experiment. Union augments
powers of both. Scholastic theology of Arabians the origin
of Christian schoolmen. Mahometan Ramists and Radi-
calists Christian Realists and Nominalists. Aristotle
- in Arabic version and with Arabic comments-equally
supreme director of both schools. Effects also similar.
Bad effects-beneficial effects on Christendom. Pro-
vidence triumphantly justified in the result. Scholastic
theology the pioneer of experimental philosophy. Moral
science. Fitness of the Saracens for ethical pursuits.

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Aristotle their chosen preceptor in ethics. Practical
moralists — illustrious examples. Romance of Hai Ebn
Yokdan. Exalted philosophy of Al Gazal. Progress of
Arabian learning inseparable from influences of Maho-
metanism. Subsequent agency of Christianity-advance-
ment of moral science. Jews a providential link between
Mahometan and Christian worlds—especially in history
of ethics. Experimental philosophy rise of among
Saracens -connected with their progress in physics.
Arabs soon employ physical facts in service of reason.
Mr. Sharon Turner-character of Arab philosophers.
Effects of their writings on their European contemporaries.
Progress from facts to principles-from experiments to
laws. Roger Bacon-an experimentalist of Saracenic
school the unowned preceptor of Lord Bacon. Ele-
ments of the Novum Organum in the Opus Majus. Table
of direct coincidences comprises several of the most
important deductions of the Baconian philosophy. New
law of philosophy traced to the impulse given by Maho-
metanism. Literature. Poetry and romance among Arabs
before Mahomet-Moallakat-Antar. Both branches of
polite letters most probably introduced into France and
Italy from Asia and Spain. Saracen romances. Moorish
origin of Spanish literature. Songs and ballads of Trou-
badours Arabesque. Rise of Italian poetry of En-
glish-connection with effects of Mahometanism. Inter-
vention of Judaism-conspicuously providential. Jews
from commercial converted into intellectual carriers of the
world. Public schools-colleges-universities-of Saracen
empire: models to Christian Europe. Comparative scale
of the universities of Bagdad and Paris. Public libraries.
Cordova - Cairo Fez-notice of libraries in above
seventy opened in cities of Andalusia. These found-
ations imitated in West. S. Louis-Royal library of
Paris. Encouragement of learned men-by caliphs of
Asia and Spain - by the Italian states. Learned so-
cieties established in Saracen Spain-illustrious fe-

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VOL. I.

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males among
their chief ornaments. These institutions
copied eventually in Italy - progress of reviving know-
ledge also promoted by distinguished women. Christian-
ity primitive source of the two great restorations of learn-
ing. Mahometan aids tributary transitory. Saracenic
learning initiatory-Christian, perfective. The covenant
of Ishmael still essential to developement of that of Isaac.
Connection of the twofold restoration of knowledge with
influences of religious belief- summary of confirmative
evidences. Merits and defects of Greek philosophy.
Mental revolution consequent on influx of northern tribes
into West. Office discharged by Arabs. Great fabric
of European intellect rests on ground-work laid by Christ-
ianity. Past services of Mahometanism-its prospective
services. Fulfilment of Abrahamic covenants - re-union
of Isaac and Ishmael as civilizers of world.

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Nature and amount of general argument. Series of cumu-
lative evidences. Heads of induction recapitulated. Its
fundamental principle necessarily supposes a final spiritual
consummation. Mahometan superstition the middle term
between truth and error. Obstructions to diffusion of
Christianity among barbarous nations existence of evi-
denced by facts. Action of Mahometanism upon barbarian
population of Asia-upon negro tribes of central Africa-its
inherent aptitude for proselytism of uncivilized heathen.
This view of the subject presents a sphere for Islamism, suit-
able to the covenant of Ishmael consistent with the ho-
nour of God-with the analogy of Providence. Brings near
to the Gospel a portion of the heathen world apparently un-
approachable by a higher system. Uses of Arabic tongue.
Golius. Mercy of God secretly preparing a way for re-
storation of the East-for universal diffusion of the Gospel.
Past uses of Mahometanism its prospective spiritual
uses. Eventual conversion of Mahometan nations anti-
cipated by Mussulmans themselves. Work once begun

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progress probably rapid. Supplies a new instrumentality
for the conversion of heathen. Our great present duty.
Pre-requisites for wisely acting on Mahometan world.
Fatal effects of erroneous notions respecting Mahomet-
anism on Mahometans themselves. Happy effects of op-
posite course anticipated.

APPENDIX. No. I.

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Pages 383-416.

INQUIRY INTO THE DESCENT OF THE ARABS FROM ISHMAEL.

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Foundation of the preceding inquiry rests on the Abrahamic
origin of the Arabian family-questioned by infidels-by
some Christian scholars. Investigation of the subject un-
avoidable. Ishmaelitish descent noticed by Mr. Gibbon—
his affected doubts-his studied insinuations-gratuitous
- in face of ancient records often used by himself as his-
torical authorities-his misrepresentation of actual state
of evidences. Evidences of national pedigree twofold
Scripture history-Arabian tradition. Scriptural testi-
mony-two branches; direct incidental; Mosaic re-
cords Old Testament at large. Strength of double
proof. Job Chronicles - Prophets- Psalms. Union
of testimonies irrefragable. Sceptic forced on incredible
hypothesis. Ishmaelites - proportion in which Arabia
peopled by. Arabian tradition. Its existence disputed
by Mr. Gibbon-suppression of historical facts-in-
vention of gratuitous theory. His statement confronted
with history. Rite of circumcision— national usage of
Arabs - after manner of that of Ishmael in commemor-
ation of parentage. Testimonies of Josephus- of Origen
- of S. Jerome · of Melo of Plutarch-of Strabo. Na-
tional names land-marks of history. Scriptural proofs
completed by evidences of Arabian tradition. Traces of
national tradition in Koran in early Mahometan writers.
Appeal to non-existing traditions by Mahomet - incre-
dible supposition. Temple of Mecca - contained vouch-
ers of national descent-statues of Abraham and Ishmael.
Abulfeda. Doctrine of Divine Unity-always existing

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