1948. The new archbishop immediately inaugurated and promoted several notable projects, one of which was the establishment of a fund to extend the parochial school system and to erect a number of new high schools. As the demand for schools and churches continued, Archbishop McIntyre made every attempt to keep abreast with the new demands.

Development of California Catholicism in the 1940's was mirrored in the figures reported in the 1950 statistics. The Archdiocese of San Francisco numbered 873 priests in its jurisdiction serving the needs of 200 parishes and forty mission stations. Two auxiliary bishops helped in the administration of eleven seminaries, two for the education of the diocesan clergy and nine for religious. Seven universities and colleges, thirty-five high schools, 110 parochial and private elementary schools, and four orphanages served a Catholic population of 725,000. The suffragan Diocese of Sacramento claimed seventy parishes served by 158 priests. Its educational system was administered through eight high schools, twenty-one elementary schools, and three orphanages. There were 202,475 Catholics in the diocese. In the Province of Los Angeles, the metropolitan see possessed one archbishop, two bishops, 727 priests, 241 parishes, 186 missions and chapels to accommodate 832,500 faithful. The educational system boasted four universities and colleges, thirty-seven parochial and private high schools, 164 elementary schools and five orphanages to serve its Catholic population of 214,615. The Diocese of Monterey-Fresno accounted for three bishops, 204 priests, eighty-one parishes, eight high schools, and thirty-one elementary schools, while the Diocese of San Diego had 242 priests, 119 parishes, thirteen high schools, thirty-eight elementary schools, and two orphanages. 3,963 sisters and 175 brothers were engaged in the teaching apostolate throughout the state.

The last decade of our period saw the most radical of all changes. for in 1953 the Archdiocese of Los Angeles became officially represented in the College of Cardinals with the designation of Archbishop McIntyre as a papal prince. That same year, Bishop Aloysius Willinger succeeded Bishop Scher on the latter's death and several years later, the Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles, Joseph T. McGucken, was installed at Sacramento as Coadjutor to the ailing Bishop Robert Armstrong. Both Monterey-Fresno

and San Diego were given auxiliary bishops as the Church in California braced itself for an even greater tide of immigration.

Most recent of the major developments of the Catholic Church in California was the split of the Archdiocese of San Francisco into four separate jurisdictions. Almost immediately after the death of Archbishop John J. Mitty on October 15, 1961, plans were drawn up for the creation of dioceses at Oakland, Santa Rosa and Stockton. Bishop McGucken was promoted to San Francisco early in 1962 and was succeeded at Sacramento by Bishop Alden J. Bell of Los Angeles. Appointed to head the newly created dioceses were Floyd L. Begin (Oakland), Leo T. Maher (Santa Rosa), and Hugh A. Donohoe (Stockton).

Diocesan figures, adjusted for growth to the present year, indicate a total Catholic population of 3,544,436. The statistics of parishes, schools and other institutions are of necessity based upon figures compiled prior to publication dates and therefore must be taken as increasingly obsolete as the years proceed. There were, as of 1962, in the eight ecclesiastical jurisdictions of California, 3,300 priests, 900 churches with pastors, 566 parish schools, thirtyseven private elementary schools, 136 diocesan and private high schools, thirteen universities and colleges, thirty-nine seminaries, diocesan and regular, fifty-five hospitals and sanatoria, and eight nursing schools, to mention only a few aspects of Catholic activity in California. The Church in California would not be able to function without its 5,335 nuns, 410 brothers and 3,493 lay teachers. Nor would its apostolate be fruitful without the assistance. of the wonderful and stimulating zeal of the lay apostolate as exhibited in such organizations as The Legion of Mary, The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine and The Lay Mission Helpers, to mention but a few.

This short résumé reflects the development of the Church in California, and while a more complete study would bring out a closer precision of details it is felt that this brief overview illustrates one of the most phenomenal growth patterns of the Church in modern times. Several attempts have been made, none of them successfully, to tell the story of California Catholicism. The underlying reason for this lack of a reliable narrative is usually attributed to the almost total absence of documentary evidence, especially for the Church in Southern California. In recent years,

however, this problem has been greatly alleviated through the interest and concern of His Eminence, James Francis Cardinal McIntyre who has commissioned the author to assemble the necessary archival documentation from European Archives. Three monographs have already appeared and it is hoped that within the next few years, the series will be completed, thus ending the first phase of chronicling the story of Catholicity in California.

Los Angeles, California

FRANCIS J. WEBER

FIFTY YEARS AGO .

The leading article in The American Ecclesiastical Review for October, 1913, entitled "Some Notes on Christ's Church in Bulgaria," by Fr. Oswald Donnelly, C.P., a missionary in that land, informs us that there are about 45,000 Catholics in that country. They have suffered much from the Turks. . . . Bishop Alexander MacDonald, of Victoria, B.C., writing on "The One Sacrifice," upholds the unity of the Mass and the sacrifice of Calvary. He says: "Once granted that the Mass is essentially the same as the sacrifice of the Cross—and this our faith affirms-no one versed in the philosophy of the schools would ever dream of questioning that they have the same formal constituent." ... Fr. J. B. Peterson, of St. John's Seminary, Boston, writes on “Moral Theology in the Seminary Curriculum." He complains that too much matter is being taught under the general heading of moral theology. ... M. Carmichael, writing from Italy, describes an altarpiece in honor of St. Humility, preserved in Florence. . . . Mr. G. Metlake, of Germany, contributes an article on "The Rule of St. Columban." This religious rule was noted for its rigor. For example, "if through carelessness a monk caused the loss of food or drink, he had to remain standing in the choir during the Night Office, without moving hand or foot, whilst the others chanted twelve psalms; and if the quantity spoiled exceeded a measure, he was condemned to drink water instead of beer until the total loss was made up.”. . . In the Analecta we read that the Archbishops of the United States are empowered under certain conditions to absolve Masons, allowing them to retain passive membership in the Order. . . . We read that Rt. Rev. S. S. Ortynski has been made Bishop of the Ruthenians in the United States. . . . Fr. T. Reilly, O.P., takes objection to the view of Fr. Sheahan, proposed in the August issue, that the disciple named Cephas rebuked by St. Paul (Gal. 1:18) was not St. Peter, but another Christian. F. J. C.

...

THE POPES AND THE EASTERN RITES

It is sometimes wrongly thought that the pope, as the Bishop of Rome and Patriarch of the West (using the Latin rite), has little concern for the Eastern rites. However, the Universal Pontiff looks after the world, and the East with its rites is an important part of that world. Pontifical words and actions, for the most part, illustrate the great concern the popes have for these venerable rites.

THE EARLY POPES AND THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH

Many of the popes themselves came from the Near East. This is understandable when we consider that the Mediterranean basin formed an historical nucleus imbued with Greek and Syrian culture, especially in Sicily and parts of Italy and Spain. Greek was used in Rome in most of the liturgical documents of the second and third centuries. The early theological controversies required popes familiar with the East, from a political as well as from a religious point of view. In fact, at the time of these reigning pontiffs, the Patriarchate of the West embraced many Eastern Bishoprics in Sicily and Greece.

The Greek popes were: Cletus (91), Telesphorus (139), Hyginus (142), Eleutherius (192), Anterus (235), Sixtus II (258), Eusebius (310), Zosimus (418), Theodore I (649), Agatho (681), Leo II (683), John VI (705), John VII (707), and Zacharias (752).

The Syrian popes were: Evaristus (107), Anicetus (168), John V (687), Serguis I (701), Sisinnius (708), Constantine I (715), and Gregory III (732). I shall give brief biographical sketches of the Eastern popes among these who distinguished themselves in the government of the universal Church.

St. Anicetus (155-166) was an inhabitant of Hims, Syria and most likely was martyred under Marcus Aurelius. He is particularly noted for his efforts against the heresies of Valentine and Marcion. It was during his pontificate that St. Polycarp, the great Bishop of Smyrna, came to Rome in connection with the controversy about the date of Easter. His relics are kept now in the chapel of the

Pontifical Spanish Institute and are venerated publicly with great ceremony on his annual feast day, April 17th.

John V (685-686), before his election, was the representative of the pope at Constantinople. He was a peacemaker and obtained tax exemption for the Roman domains of Sicily and Calabria from the Emperor of Constantinople.

Sergius I (687-701) came from a Syrian family which had settled at Palermo, Sicily. Leo II appointed him the titular priest of the Church of St. Suzanna (he was responsible for its restoration). He championed the prerogatives of St. Peter against the Byzantine emperor Justinian II. As pope, he encouraged missionary work in France, England and Ireland. (He baptized the King of WessexCaedwalla.) He introduced into the Latin Liturgy, the prayer "Agnus Dei" at the moment of the breaking of the bread; he also solemnized the celebration of the four principal feasts of the Blessed Virgin: The Nativity, the Purification, the Annunciation, and the Dormition.

John VII (705-707) was a patron of the arts, responsible for the early mosaics of St. Peter's Basilica and the frescoes at St. Mary Antiqua, the finest extant examples of the art of his time. Constantine I (708-715) was a champion of papal rights against the tyranny of the Byzantine emperors and against the Monothelite heresy which taught that there was only one will in Christ. He was the first to wear the Tiara of Eastern origin. Most likely the lozenge shaped Greek "Epigonation" was adopted at this time. The pope alone among Western bishops wears it.

Gregory III (731-741) was a Benedictine of Syrian origin. He was noted for his linguistic abilities and his subtle sense of humor. A great missionary pope, he organized the religious structure of Germany under St. Boniface as Metropolitan. In 732, he condemned the Iconoclastic heresy and proclaimed his veneration for the holy images and relics by building a beautiful oratory, dedicated to all the saints, at Rome. It was he who obtained the political sovereignty of Rome (with himself as temporal ruler) from Pepin the Short. This sovereignty existed until 1870.

Zacharias (741-752) was last but not least of the great Eastern popes. He was a mild, meek man of great diplomacy and administration. An accomplished linguist, he translated into Greek the