Catholic lawyers constantly deal with difficult ethical questions which require an exact answer. To help lawyers answer some of these problems the following should be useful: Catholic Lawyers Guide (Detroit: Catholic Lawyers Society, 1963. Pp. x+155, $2.00). Planned and edited by Monsignor C. J. Malloy of the Detroit Tribunal, this small book contains twelve chapters dealing with such subjects as the lawyer's vocation, the Church and State issue, basic Catholic moral principles, the Catholic in politics, and the Catholic judge. Other chapters discuss marriage cases, civil divorce, wills and legal fees. Each chapter concludes with a selected bibliography.

The long awaited Directory of American Catholic Theologians has appeared. It contains biographies of the active members of The Catholic Theological Society of America and their contributions to theology. It is a necessary reference work for libraries. It can be ordered from CTSA Editorial Offices, St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers 4, N. Y.

The School of Sacred Theology of The Catholic University of America has published several dissertations over the past year. Rev. Berard M. Riegert, O.F.M.Conv., wrote on The Obligation of Following a Religious Vocation. Studies in Sacred Theology, No. 136 (Washington, D. C. The Catholic University of America Press, 1962. Pp. xiii + 168. $1.75). He restricts himself to a study of theological opinion from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries nearly all authors taught that there is no obligation to follow a religious vocation, since it is a matter of counsel and not of precept. Later theologians followed St. Alphonsus who argued that in practice there is always some sin in refusing to follow a religious voca

tion, even though the religious vocation does not oblige per se. Theologians up to the nineteenth century agreed substantially with St. Alphonsus' opinion. Present moralists are not in complete agreement.

Father Emmanuel Doranzo, eminent sacramental theologian, has directed two dissertations that are complementary. Rev. Seamus P. Heaney's work is: The Development of the Sacramentality of Marriage from Anselm of Laon to Thomas Aquinas. Studies in Sacred Theology, No. 134 (Washington, D. C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963. Pp. xvi + 212. $3.50). During the one hundred and fifty years between St. Thomas and Anselm of Laon there was intense activity in sacramental theology. Father Heaney shows that "the development of the doctrine of the sacramentality of marriage consisted in nothing more than the application of the definition of sacramentum with its increasing specifications and refinements to marriage." Rev. Ralph J. Lawrence writes on The Sacramental Interpretation of Ephesians 5:32 from Peter Lombard to the Council of Trent. Studies in Sacred Theology, No. 145 (Washington, D. C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963. Pp. viii+160. $3.00). The interpretation of Eph. 5:32 has differed over the centuries. The earlier writers who stressed the sign aspect of Matrimony found the sacramental sign expressed in the text. It was not until the thirteenth century that certain authors began to insist that Matrimony confers sanctifying grace. Some writers still considered the text an adequate scriptural expression of the sacrament. Others, as Father Lawrence shows, "could not see the causality of grace expressed there... they followed the tradition of interpreting this text as having the sign aspect of Matrimony." The Council of Trent, in Father Law

rence's opinion, produced a formula which set forth Catholic teaching "without prejudicing the differing opinions of Catholic theologians."

Other dissertations from Catholic University are available in microfilm or Xerox from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. The following are microfilmed: Rev. Joseph Henri Biltz: The Obligation to Preserve Life; Rev. Richard Joseph Sneed, O.S.B.: The Kingdom's Coming: Luke 17, 20-21; Rev. M. John Farrelly, O.S.B.: The Problem of Predestination and Grace: A Re-Examination in the Light of Modern Biblical and Philosophical Developments; and Rev. Hilarion Henry Kistner, O.F.M.: The Meaning of Cor. 8:9, A Historico-Exegetical Study.

Two extremely important, modern moral problems are discussed in dissertations from the Gregorian University and the University of Ottawa. Rev. Adam Exner, O.M.I., has written on The Amplexus Reservatus-Seen in the History of Catholic Doctrine on the Use of Marriage (Ottawa: The University of Ottawa Press, 1962. Pp. xxiv + 271). Father Exner traces the problem from the sexual ethics of St. Augustine to the controversy in the 1950's. Rev. Roger Couture, O.M.I., presents the historical background of a widely discussed problem. L'Imputabilié Morale des Premiers Mouvements de Sensualité de Saint Thomas

aux Salmanticenses (Roma: Presses de L'Université Gregorienne, 1962. Pp. xviii+ 331. $5.00).

The history of the Church in Africa has taken on an added relevance these days. Well worth reading is the story of the Uganda Martyrs. Between 1885 and 1887 twenty-two Catholics and twelve Protestants were brutally murdered because of their Christian faith. Mill Hill Father J. F. Faupel skillfully tells this story in African Holocaust (New York: P. J. Kenedy and Sons, 1962. Pp. xii+242. $4.95).

Elizabeth Mary Matheson in her book African Apostles (Staten Island, N. Y.: Alba House, 1963. Pp. 224, $3.95) gives the history of the first White Fathers in East Africa. These missionaries came to Africa in 1878 and faced terrible obstacles and dangers. They attempted to enter fully into African life and absorb its culture. Other missionaries, unfortunately, did not always imitate this policy.

The revised edition of the English translation of The Roman Martyrology has been edited by Canon J. B. O'Connell (Westminster, Maryland: The Newman Press, 1962. Pp. xx + 412, $7.95). This new edition has been brought up to date according to the revised calendar of 1960 of the Roman rite with the addition of several saints recently canonized. P. G.