ing no power to legislate so as to throw the duty of this training upon school-teachers, it was provided that training by them should be accepted as a sufficient compliance with the laws of the Commonwealth, subject to a federal system of inspection. Grants were made to all schools complying with this requirement. If such a system of military training as has been installed in the public schools of Wyoming should be adopted throughout the United States, perhaps it might be made the basis of a federal and universal service somewhat after this Australian plan.

On July 1 of his thirteenth year every Australian boy who has been officially declared physically, mentally, and morally fit starts his training as a junior cadet. He is furnished with hat, shirt, breeches, puttees,. and shoes, and is given a minimum of ninety hours' elementary military training for each of the two years. To this training must be given not less than fifteen minutes per day. This training includes infantry squad drill and any two of the following subjects: miniature rifle shooting, swimming, running exercises in organized sports, and first aid to the injured.

When the Australian boy is fourteen years of age he becomes a senior cadet, and it is during his service as a senior cadet that he receives his fundamental military training. This training consists of an annual minimum of four four-hour drills, twelve two-hour drills, and twenty-four one-hour drills, in marching, discipline, handling of arms, physical drills, and carrying out of minor military tactics. A cadet rifle and belt are added to the boy's junior uniform, and ten per cent of the best shots are given target practice with the regular service rifle.

As a senior cadet the Australian boy is part of a definite military organization. Senior cadets are formed into companies, one hundred and twenty strong, and all the companies in each of the training areas into which Australia is divided are formed into a battalion. Since, however, this battalion seldom assembles as a whole, the battalion staff is limited to a commanding officer and an adjutant. Towards the end of his period as a senior cadet-that is, the year in which he reaches the age of eighteen-each senior cadet is brought before a medical officer of his training area and, upon examination, is classed either as fit or unfit for active military service. Thus in many cases students who ultimately prove unfit for active military service in time of war nevertheless are not precluded from

a large amount of the invaluable training and discipline which is given from the ages of twelve to eighteen.

Having passed his physical and moral examination, the senior cadet is assigned to that arm of the citizen forces to which he seems best fitted and in which he is most interested. The Australian recruit having had a more extended military training than his Swiss brother before the latter's entrance into the élite, it has so far not been thought necessary to require of the Australian soldier an extended period of training in a recruit school. For the first seven years of his service in the citizen forces he receives not less than sixteen whole days' training a year (of which not less than eight whole days must be counted in annual camps or maneuvers), and must obtain a real classification of "efficient" at an annual test or suffer the penalty of longer service. In his twenty-sixth year the Australian is required to attend one muster parade only, and is then discharged from active service. He remains subject to recall to the colors in time of war until he becomes sixty years of age. All promotions are made from the ranks and based on merit.

Naturally enough, such a system of training depends on something more than the spontaneous combustion of patriotism for its organization and effectiveness. Australia has, first of all, a Minister of State for Defense, who is responsible to Parliament for both the navy and the army of the Commonwealth. He is advised on matters connected with naval and military policy and expenditure by a Council of Defense, consisting of himself as president, the Treasurer of the Commonwealth, two naval officers, two military officers, and the Consulting Military Engineer. Of this board the permanent head of the Defense Department is secretary. It will be seen at once how closely this resembles the plan for a Council of National Defense which has been so often recommended for the United States. The purely military forces of Australia are controlled and administered by a Military Board consisting of the Minister of State for Defense, the Chief of the General Staff, the Adjutant-General, the Quartermaster-General, the Chief of Ordnance, the Finance Member, and a secretary from the office of the permanent head of the Defense Department. There is also an Inspector-General of the military forces, whose business it is to review and to report to the (Continued on page following illustrations)