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1. Judgment of Paris - From an ancient bas-relief. Baum.

2. Juno (Ludovisi). Photo.

3. Neptune (of Melos) - From a statue in the National Museum at

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Harper

4. A Triton-From a Roman lamp. Harper

5. Roman clad in the Toga. G. and K..

6. Diana of Versailles- From a statue in the Louvre. Photo.

7. Venus (Kaufmann). Furtw.-U..

8. An Amazon - From a statue in the Vatican. Photo.

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10. Diadem from Mycenae. Baum.

N 42

11. Bronze Hanging Lamp from Pompeii. Mau.

N 46

12. Athena (Farnese)- From a statue in the Naples Museum.

N 49

Furtw. M.

.

Schreiber

13. Head of Bull adorned with Vittae - From a bas-relief. Rich.
14. Diomedes and Ulysses carrying off the Palladium. R..
15. Laocoon and his Children attacked by the Serpents -
Pompeian wall painting. Annali

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16. The Greeks descending from the Wooden Horse - From an ancient

gem. Baum.

17. Achilles dragging Hector's Body about the Walls of Troy - From

an ancient bas-relief. Baum.

18. The Tabula Iliaca.

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21. Gorgon (Medusa Rondanini). Baum.

22. Aeneas fleeing with Anchises and Ascanius - From an ancient coin. Duruy

23. Present View of the Heights upon which Troy was built. Schuch. 24. Ancient Vessel under Sail and Oars- - From an ancient wall

painting. Schreiber .

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25. Offerings at a Tomb- From a vase painting. Baum. 26. Apollo Citharoedus - From a statue in the Vatican. 27. Harpies-From a vase painting. Roscher

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28. Sacrificial Scene, showing use of the Patera - From an ancient bas-relief. Rich.

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32. The Fountain of Arethusa in Modern Times. Photo.

33. Cupid bending his Bow - From a statue in the Capitoline Museum.

Photo.

34. Jupiter Ammon

From a coin. B. M. C.

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35. Phrygian or Trojan Youth - From a vase painting. R. 36. Mercury

37. The Rising of Helios - From a vase painting. Baum. 38. Carchesium. Harper

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39. Painting from a Pompeian Lares Chapel. Photo. . 40. The Suovetaurilia - From an ancient relief.

41. Rostrum. Schneider

42. Plan of an Ancient Roman Circus.
43. The Maeander' Pattern
44. Ganymede carried up to Heaven
Photo.

vase painting. Baum.

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- From a

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48. Neptune attended by Tritons and Nereids- From a bas-relief. Baum.

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49. Ulysses and the Sirens - From an ancient gem. Baum.

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45. The Caestus

46. An Ancient Bowman
47. A Bronze Lar. Roscher

FIG.

53. Charon receiving a Soul to ferry over the River Styx-From a Roman lamp

.

PAGE

N 177

Bartoli N 186

54. Struggle of the Giants - From an ancient bas-relief. Baum. N 184 55. Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus - From a sepulchral relief. 56. The Emperor Augustus - From a statue in the Vatican. 57. Brutus - From a coin. Baum.

58. Fasces.

59. Pluto and Proserpina - From a vase painting. Baum. 60. Erato-From a statue in the Vatican.

61. Janus-From a coin. Roscher

62. Lituus. G. and K.

.

Photo.

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65. Warrior with Spicula Bina - From a vase painting. R. 66. Map of Prehistoric Rome

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67. Vulcan at his Forge - From a gem. R.

68. Bronze Wolf - In the Capitoline Museum.

69. Sistrum.

70. Anubis.

Photo.

71. Personification of the Nile - In the Vatican. Photo.

72. Juno (of Naples). Photo.

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73. The Muse Calliope - From a statue in the Vatican. Photo..
74. Jupiter and the Olympian Gods From an ancient bas-relief.

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75. An Etruscan Warrior. Baum.

76. Cybele and the Corybantes - From an ancient bas-relief. 77. Tropaeum-From a coin. Baum.

78. Phrygian Amazon in Battle - From a vase painting. R.

-

79. Cuirass wrought in the Form of Scales. Rich.

80. Focus. Harper.

81. Victory From a relief on the column of Trajan. Brunn

(XII ED.)

N 262

ABBREVIATIONS

Annali, Annali dell' Istituto di Correspondenza Archeologica, 18291885.

Bartoli, Sepolchri Antichi, Rome, 1768.

Baum., Baumeister, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums, 1885.

B. M. C., British Museum Catalogue of Coins.

Brunn, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur.

Duruy, Duruy, History of Rome. Furtw. M., Furtwängler, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, 1895. Furtw. - U., Furtwängler - Urlichs, Denkmäler griechischer und römischer Sculptur, 1898.

G. and K., Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, 1876. Harper, Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, 1898.

Mau, Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, Its Life and Art, 1899.

Middleton, Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, 1892.

Photo., Reproduced directly from a photograph.

R., Retained from the old edition.
Rich, Rich, Dictionary of Roman and
Greek Antiquities, 1893.
Roscher, Ausführliches Lexicon der
griechischen und römischen
Mythologie, 1884-.

Schlie. I, Schliemann, Ilios, 1880. Schlie. M., Schliemann, Mycenae, 1878.

Schneider, Schneider, Das Alte Rom, 1896.

Schreiber, Schreiber, Atlas of Classi-
cal Antiquities, 1895.
Schuch., Schuchhardt, Schliemann's
Excavations, 1891.

I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF VIRGIL

PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO was born at Andes, a village near Mantua, in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, B.C. 70. Virgil's father possessed a farm at Andes sufficiently valuable to place his family in easy circumstances, and to afford him the means of educating his son under the most eminent teachers then living in Italy. The education of the future poet appears to have been commenced at Cremona, from whence, on assuming the toga virilis, in his sixteenth year, he was transferred to the charge of new teachers at Mediolanum (Milan).

After pursuing his studies, probably for several years, at Mediolanum, he placed himself under the instruction of the Greek poet and grammarian, Parthenius, who was then flourishing at Naples. At the age of twenty-three he left Naples for Rome, where he finished his education under Syro the Epicurean, an accomplished teacher of philosophy, mathematics, and physics.

Virgil's love of literary pursuits, as well as the delicacy of hist physical constitution, led him to choose a life of retirement rather than that public career which was more generally deemed proper for a Roman citizen. Hence, at the age when aspiring young Romans usually entered upon the stirring scenes of political and military life, he withdrew from Rome to his native Andes, with the intention of devoting himself to agriculture, science, and letters. The Sicilian Greek, Theocritus, was at this time his favorite author, and it was from him that the general plan, though not the individual character, of the Eclogues was derived, the first authentic work produced by the poet.

The Eclogues were begun about B.C. 42, at the request of C. Asinius Pollio, who was then acting as the lieutenant of Antony

II

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