613. caput: put for the person.

614. hic terminus haeret: '(and if) this end (destiny) is fixed.'

618. Funera: on his return from Evander, he witnessed the havoc which had been made in his army.

620. -que connects ante diem (taken as an adjective == immaturus) and inhumatus. Cf. 1. 484, and note.

624. populis: i.e. the Carthaginians and Romans, between whom, until the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic war, there was bitter hatred and almost incessant hostilities, broken only by temporary periods of peace for recuperation.

625. Exoriare, etc.: arise, some avenger'; she seems to see and address the future avenger. The allusion is to Hannibal. ex ossibus: not descended from her, but rising up to represent her, to reembody on the earth again all her hatred to the Trojan race, as if he had risen from her very ashes.

626. Qui sequare: 'to pursue.' A relative clause of purpose. See note on I, 20.

627. Nunc, olim: 'now (or) hereafter.'

629. ipsique nepotesque: 'both themselves (those of the two races now living) and their descendants.'

631. lucem: see note on 1. 31.

633. patria: i.e. in Tyre.

634. mihi: join with siste.

635. properet: see note on memoret, II, 75.

636. piacula: offerings of atonement'; meaning the sacrifices which were to aid either in setting her mind free from Aeneas, or in restoring him to her. So Anna understands the object. See 11. 478 sqq.

'directed' by the sorceress.

637. Sic: 'thus'; i.e. after observing these directions.

638. Iovi Stygio: i.e. Pluto.

monstrata:

639. Perficere: she will now execute the rites commenced, 11. 509 sqq.; including the burning of the funeral pyre.

644. genas: see note on I, 228.

645. Interiora domus limina: 'the inner court of the palace.'

647. in usus, etc.: a present not asked for use like this'; implying that in some happy moment she had begged of Aeneas the sword which he had

used in the Trojan war, and which, in 1. 507, is mentioned as having been left by him.

649. mente: 'in thought '; in recalling the past.

651. dum: closely related to dulces.

652. Accipite: it will be upon these mementos of Aeneas that she will fall.

653. Vixi: 'I have lived'; 'my life is closed.' Cf. fuimus, II, 325.

654. magna: 'illustrious.' Her shade will retain the glory which attaches to her character as a successful founder of a state.

656. poenas recepi: I have taken vengeance.'

659. os as in I, 320.

660. Sic: even by this violent death, and even though unavenged. 661. Hauriat oculis: for percipiat oculis. Let him expect the fulfillment of my curses upon him, as the author of my ruin. Cf. ll. 385 sqq. The poet here removes us from the immediate scene of the suicide, and describes it indirectly through the spectators, or attendants of Dido, who witness the act. 663. media inter talia: i.e. when she had scarcely ended her words. See note on 1. 277.

664. comites: her attendants.'

665-692. The news flies through the city, and Anna rushes wild with grief to the side of her dying sister.

666. bacchatur, etc.: 'the rumor flies wildly through the horror-stricken city.'

671. Culmina: = tecta and is governed by per.

675. Hoc illud fuit: was this, then, thy aim in thy commands to me? me: even me, your sister? fraude petebas: 'were you deceiving (even) me?' lit. 'were you attacking me with deceit ?'

676. iste: see ll. 494, 495.

678. vocasses, etc.: 'you should have called me.' See note on tulissem, etc., ll. 604-606; or possibly it is the optative subjunctive. Cf. X, 854. 681. sic posita: when thou wast lying thus.' Cf. II, 644.

682. Exstinxti: see note on I, 201.

683. Date (ut) - Abluam: 'give, that I may wash her wounds with water'; i.e. bring water that I may wash her wounds.

685. Ore legam, etc.: this was the office of the nearest relative present at the bedside of the dying.

686. Semianimem: four syllables: semyanimem.

689. stridit: gurgles.'

692. ingemuit reperta: (the light) perceived, she groaned'; mourning at the last moment to leave the world.

693-705. Iris is sent down from heaven by Juno to release the struggling soul from the body.

The dead are regarded as an offering to Pluto and Proserpina; and thus a lock of hair is cut from the forehead of the dying as a sign of dedication to the gods below, just as hair is cut from the forehead of the victims slain in sacrifice, and cast upon the altar fire. Cf. VI, 245. But as Dido is not taken away in the course of nature (fato), nor by a death justly incurred (merita

morte), but dies through the pressure of overwhelming misfortune and despair, life lingers, reluctant to leave her; Proserpina delays; and thus Iris takes the office of Proserpina in obedience to the command of Juno, whom she serves as messenger.

695. animam-artus: Iris was sent down 'to set free the spirit from the limbs entangled with it.'

701. sole: for ex sole. The rainbow was supposed to be caused by the descent of Iris from heaven to earth.

"The episode of Dido was not told, primarily, to excite our pity and compassion, but to show the effect of a willful resistance to the commands of Heaven. It is the story of ǎ77 [just retribution] in a Roman form' (Nettleship).

BOOK V

Aeneas in Sicily. Funeral games in honor of Anchises, and departure for Italy.

1-41. Aeneas far off at sea sees the light of Dido's funeral pile, and with sad feelings divines the cause. His fleet is soon overtaken by a storm, and forced to steer for the coast of Sicily, where he is again kindly received by Acestes. 1, 2. medium tenebat iter: 'was well on his way.' Any part of the way on the open sea, after the harbor is left, is medium. Cf. I, 505.

2. Certus: 'resolved.' He was sure that he was obeying the behest of Jupiter, and hence unwavering in his resolution to continue the voyage. aquilone for wind in general. The north wind would have been adverse to them, and would have driven them from their course still more than the west wind, which (11. 19 sqq.) compelled them to turn aside and land in Sicily. Some editors join aquilone with secabat (cf. vento petiisse, II, 25); others prefer, perhaps more correctly, to connect it with atros.

3. respiciens: cf. IV, 661.

4. accenderit: for the mood, see note on videat, I, 181.

5. amore Polluto: ablative absolute, expressing cause, containing also an idea of time, 'when love is profaned.'

6. notum agrees with the following interrogative clause. The passage may be freely translated: 'But the knowledge of the bitter pangs caused by violated love, and of what a frenzied woman can do, leads the thoughts of the Trojans through sad foreboding.' The participles noti (understood) and notum are used as ereptae in II, 413; the 'thing known' the 'knowledge.'

7. augurium: their 'conjecture' or 'foreboding' as to the fate of Dido. pectora: for animos.

14. deinde: join with iubet.

15. Colligere arma: 'to reef the sails.'

16. Obliquat sinus: 'turns the canvas obliquely to the wind'; he turns it to such a position that it takes the wind on the side of the ship (not as in IV, 587); i.e. he tacks.' Palinurus was unable to keep to his course (almost directly north) to Italy, but, as the wind shifted, was compelled to turn westward toward Sicily. The ancient ships could not lie as close to the wind as modern sailing vessels.

17. Iuppiter auctor: Jupiter as adviser.'

18. Spondeat sperem : see note on sinat, I, 18. hoc caelo: ablative of attendant circumstance; 'with weather (lit. 'sky') like this.'

19. transversa: 'athwart our course'; the neuter plural accusative used adverbially.

21. tantum: 'so much' as the strength of the wind requires, if we would overcome them: 'We have neither power to struggle against them, nor even to hold our course.'

24. fraterna: Eryx was also the son of Venus.

25. Si-astra: if only remembering well, I retrace (measure again) the stars I observed (before)'; i.e. observed on our former voyage from Sicily to Africa. rite: recte, with memor.

=

28. Flecte viam velis: 'turn your course by (means of) the sails.' sit: see note on I, 565.

28. ulla: sc. tellus.

29. Quove: or (any land) whither.'

30. Acesten: see note on I, 195.

37. Horridus: can properly be said both of the spears pointed and, as it were, bristling, and of the shaggy hide of the bear.

38. Criniso-flumine: 'conceived of the river (god) Crinisus.'

39. Veterum parentum: 'of his early (Trojan) progenitors.'

40. reduces: sc. eos esse; 'he congratulates them on their return'; 'welcomes them.'

42-103. Arrived in Sicily, and entertained by Acestes, Aeneas assembles the Trojans, and proclaims a sacred festival and games in honor of his father, the anniversary of whose death has now come round. He then conducts them to the tomb of Anchises, and there performs a solemn sacrifice.

42. Oriente: see note on III, 588.

43. litore ab omni: 'from the whole shore'; from all along the shore, where the Trojans were near their ships, or on board them.

44. tumuli ex aggere: 'from the summit of a mound'; a tribunal made by throwing up the soil, as was customary in preparing the tribunal from which the Roman general addressed his soldiers in camp.

45. a sanguine divum: because Dardanus was the son of Jupiter.

46. exactis mensibus: ablative absolute.

47. Ex quo (tempore): 'since.'

49. Iamadest: the actual day has returned. nisi fallor: the poet ascribes this uncertainty to Aeneas, perhaps, on account of the known imperfection of the ancient method of reckoning time.

50. honoratum: a day on which honores, or sacrifices, are rendered to the gods.

51. Hunc: sc. diem.

54. struerem-donis: 'I would cover with their appropriate sacrifices.' To make sacrifices to a hero after his death, as to a god, was in accordance with the ancient customs. See note on III, 328.

55. ultro: 'beyond' all expectation, or hope. Besides the motive that I should have to keep the day anywhere, and under the most unfavorable circumstances, I am actually' on the very ground.

59. Poscamus ventos: 'let us pray (i.e. Anchises) for favorable winds.' 59, 60. And that he (Anchises) may suffer me, when my city shall have been built, to offer yearly these sacrifices in temples consecrated to him.' (Ut) velit depends on poscamus.

61, 62. Bina naves: two head of cattle for each of the ships.' numero: qualifies bina.

64. si: equivalent to cum (temporal). Cf. VI, 828. nona: in allusion to the Roman custom of making sacrifices for the deceased on the ninth day after his death; this period was called novemdiale.