358. tuta tenebam: see H. 525, 4; A. 308, b; B. 304, 3, N.; G. 597, R. 2;

(H. 476, 2).

360. capita— montis: 'the sharp points of a cliff.'

:

361. praedam booty.' In their ignorance they took me to be a shipwrecked voyager loaded with all the valuables I could save.

362. versant: the body is dashed to and fro by the advancing and receding

waves.

363. Quod: see note on II, 141.

365. malis: the 'woes' he suffers in consequence of being unburied.

365, 366. terram Inice: as on the remains of Polydorus, III, 63, and Misenus, above, 1. 232.

366. potes: you can do it by sailing back to Velia.

367. diva creatrix: thy goddess mother.'

374. Tu: the pronoun expressed here denotes surprise.

377. cape dicta memor: i.e. take my words into your memory.

378. finitimi: the inhabitants around'; i.e. the Lucanians. longe lateque join with acti.

379. Prodigiis-caelestibus: there was a tradition that the Lucanians, being visited by a pestilence, made expiatory offerings for the murder of Palinurus.

380. tumulo mittent: will bring to the tomb.'

381. Aeternum: the cape is still called Punta di Palinuro. 382. parumper: 'for a little while'; then to return again.

384-425. On the approach of Aeneas, Charon warns him to keep aloof from the bank, but at length, appeased by the words of the Sibyl, and by the sight of the golden branch, conveys them over the Styx. On landing, they immediately come to the portal where Cerberus keeps watch.

384. Ergo: like igitur, resumes the thread of a narrative.

385. iam inde: perhaps best joined with prospexit; 'even from that moment.' It may also be local. 'Even from that place' where he (Charon) was.

Fig. 53.-Charon receiving a Soul to ferry over the River Styx (from a Roman lamp)

387. ultro: lit. of his own accord'; i.e. 'unprovoked,' without being first spoken to.

388. armatus: Charon is alarmed at the appearance of an armed man, remembering the disturbance formerly occasioned in Hades by the visits of Hercules, Theseus, and Pirithoüs.

389. Fare iam istinc: 'speak even from there' where you are.

392. Nec sum laetatus: when Hercules went into the lower world to bring up Cerberus, Charon, being terrified, carried him at once over the Styx, and, as a punishment, was imprisoned a year by the command of Pluto. euntem: for advenientem.

393. Accepisse lacu: 'that I received him on the water.'

394. Dis geniti: Theseus was a son of Neptune; Pirithoüs, of Jupiter. 395. custodem: the dog, Cerberus.

396. a solio regis: when Hercules appeared, Cerberus fled for refuge to the throne of Pluto.

397. dominam: 'the queen'; Proserpine. Ditis: join with thalamo.

398. Amphrysia: the Sibyl is so called as the servant of Apollo, who had himself received the designation Amphrysius for keeping the oxen of King Admetus near the river Amphrysus.

400. licet it is permitted' so far as we are concerned. Aeneas has no such violent purpose as the heroes you have mentioned.

401. With terreat sc. ut.

402. patrui: ‘of her uncle'; for Proserpine was the daughter of Jupiter, brother of Pluto, her husband. servet limen: 'may keep within the threshold.'

405. imago: the vision'; the representation, view, or exhibition of such piety as that which is seen in Aeneas.

407. Tumida-residunt: his swollen breast subsides from anger.' Ex expresses the transition from one state of feeling to another.

408. Nec plura his: no more than this (she says).'

409. Fatalis virgae: the branch of fate'; because the branch served as the token that he had been called by the fates to Hades.

post tempore: (now) after a long time.'

See 1. 147. longo

411. alias animas: a contracted form of expression for alios, quae ani

mae erant.

412. laxat foros: clears the hatches'; i.e. here, the boat.

413. Ingentem: the form of the hero is great and ponderous, in contrast with the frail structure of the boat, and its ordinary passengers.

414. Sutilis: the boat was made either of reeds sewed together, or of a frame covered over with hides which were sewed together. rimosa: not bearing the weight and strain of a body of flesh and blood, the seams start open in cracks (rimis fatiscunt) like those of the ships strained by the waves, I, 122. paludem: for paludis aquam.

416. in: see note on II, 654.

417. regna: accusative with personat. Cf. l. 171.

418. adverso: opposite to them as they land.

420. Melle soporatam - offam: a cake made stupefying with honey and drugged meal.' Soporatam cannot strictly apply to melle, and must be regarded here as joined with it by a kind of zeugma. In strictness the language would be melle imbutam et frugibus medicatis soporatam.

421. fame: H. 145, 3; A. 59, 2, b ; G. 68, 8; (H. 137, 2).

424. Occupat: 'gains'; seizing the time before the dog shall recover from the opiate. sepulto: i.e. in somno. Cf. II, 265.

425. Evaditque ripam: 'escaping from the bank.' Evadit is used with reference to the threatened hindrance interposed by the watchdog. verb with -que appended, as frequently, may be rendered by a participle.

The

426–439. Aeneas first comes to the abode of those who have died in infancy, and of those who have been put to death under false accusations, or who have been impelled by the hardships of life to commit suicide.

427. in limine primo: at the very threshold.' Having passed by the cave where the watchdog lies, he now enters by a gateway the dwelling place of the shades.

430. mortis: for the case, see note on voti, V, 237.

431. Nec sine sorte, etc.: the customs of the Romans are here alluded to. The description is purposely vague, since here, as in other passages of description, the poet is not bound to definiteness of detail, but such descriptions everywhere must be judged rather from artistic considerations. Minos as quaesitor, praetor, or presiding officer of the court, assigns judges, or jurors (iudices), to decide on the case of each individual. These jurors he appoints by drawing lots from an urn (movet urnam). Conington supposes sedes to refer to the abodes of the shades in general, and not alone to those of the class just mentioned.

432, 433. ille discit: 'he both summons the assembly of the silent (shades) and investigates their lives and their transgressions'; i.e. it is his prerogative to summon them before the court, and to investigate and decide each case according to the method of procedure above explained.

436. aethere in alto: see note on l. 128,

440-476. Aeneas next arrives at the fields of mourning (lugentes campi), where dwell the shades of such as have in any way come to an untimely end on account of love. Here he meets Dido, and in vain tries to obtain her forgiveness.

440. partem fusi in omnem: extending in every direction.' 442. quos: the masculine, because both sexes are included.

443. myrtea: the myrtle is sacred to Venus, the goddess of love.

445. Phaedram: Phaedra, the wife of Theseus, killed herself, because her stepson, Hippolytus, refused to gratify her wicked passion. Procrim: Procris, the wife of Cephalus, concealed herself in the woods to watch her husband, while he was hunting, and was thus accidentally killed by his spear. Eriphylen: Eriphyle, the wife of Amphiaraüs, bribed by Polynices, persuaded her husband to go to the Theban war, and was killed by her son Alcmaeon.

446. nati vulnera: 'wounds inflicted by her son.' Cf. II, 436. 447. Euhadnen: the wife of Capaneus, perished by casting herself, through love and despair, upon his funeral pile. Pasiphaën: see note on 1. 24. his: see note on II, 704. Laodamia: the wife of Protesilaus, the first Greek slain at Troy. She is said to have paid divine honors to an image of her dead husband, and to have perished by casting herself into the fire into which her father, Acastus, had thrown the image.

448. iuvenis, etc.: Caenis was changed by Neptune into an invulnerable youth, under the name of Caeneus. In Hades the youth was again transformed to Caenis, the beautiful girl.

451. quam: is governed by iuxta.

452. per umbras: cf. 1. 340.

453. Obscuram: with quam (1.451). primo mense: in the beginning of the (lunar) month'; when the new moon is easily obscured, and one may be uncertain whether he sees it or not.

454. per nubila: join with videt and vidisse.

456. nuntius: perhaps refers to the light of the funeral pyre (see V, 2–7); or the tidings of Dido's fate could have easily been brought by trading vessels from Carthage to Sicily, while Aeneas was still there. 'then,' when mournful tidings are confirmed.

ergo: like our

extrema death.' See note on I, 219.

'if there is any (binding) pledge in (this) lower He knows not what form of oath may satisfy the

462. senta situ: rough, through neglect.'

464. tantum: such as to cause thy suicide. Cf. IV, 419.

465. aspectu: dative. For the case, see note on capiti, 1. 524.

465. extremum est: this is fated to be the last word I address to thee." Extremum is used substantively. Quod: cognate accusative. fato: fate will not suffer him to see her again, for after death he cannot expect to dwell in the lugentes campi. fato is ablative of cause.

467. ardentem and tuentem agree with animum. Her mind shows itself in her angry look; and thus, as it were, it is her mind which sternly surveys him. torva: adverbial. See note on multa, I, 465.

468. Lenibat: for leniebat. The imperfect tense here expresses an attempted action: 'tried to,' etc. lacrimas: more naturally of Aeneas than Dido. 469. Cf. I, 482. So Tennyson, A Dream of Fair Women, 101: —

With sick and scornful looks averse.'

470. vultum: the Greek accusative of specification.

471. stet: stronger than sit.

illa understood.

See note on incedo, I, 46.

The subject is

473. illi: see note on cui, I, 448.

475. casu - iniquo: 'smitten to the heart by her unhappy fate.'

477-547. Aeneas comes next to the place set apart for the abode of dead warriors. Here he sees the ghosts of many Grecian and Trojan heroes; among these Deiphobus, one of the sons of Priam, who had married Helen after the death of Paris. He relates to Aeneas the story of his own murder by the hands of Menelaus, who was introduced into his chamber by Helen on the night of the sack of Troy.

477. datum: 'permitted'; the way which he was allowed by the fates, or the gods, to pursue through the infernal regions in search of his father. Cf. datum tempus, 1. 537. molitur: 'toils along.' The word implies effort.

477, 478. arva - Ultima: 'they were now arrived at the farthest fields'; the farthest in this division of Hades, which seems to terminate with the wall of Tartarus, and the entrance to Elysium.

479. First are noticed the heroes of the Theban war, anterior to the siege of Troy.

481. ad superos: among those in the upper world'; 'among the living.' See note on 1. 128. Ad is equivalent to apud.

484. Cereri sacrum: 'consecrated to Ceres'; i.e. a 'priest of Ceres.' 488. conferre gradum: 'to walk by his side.'

491, 492. trepidare, etc.: historical infinitives. 495-497. ora, etc.: Greek accusatives.

populata raptis Auribus: 'ravaged of his ears.' H. 462; LM. 601; A. 243, a; B. 214; G. 390; (H. 414). 498. pavitantem: 'trembling'; fearing to address Aeneas, because he felt himself to be miserably deformed and scarcely recognizable. tegentem: for tegere volentem.

499. Supplicia: used here not with the notion of penalty, but to express more forcibly the inhuman cruelty of the mutilations he had suffered. ultro: 'first'; voluntarily, without waiting to be spoken to by Deïphobus. Cf. 1. 387. 501. optavit: seems to denote the deliberate cruelty of the deed.

502. Cui tantum, etc.: 'to whom has so much power over thee been allowed?'

502, 503. suprema Nocte: the night of the sack of Troy.