505. tumulum inanem (cf. III, 304): this was the cenotaph erected by Aeneas at Rhoeteum, while he was preparing his fleet at Antandros.

506. Manes vocavi: see note on vocatos, I, 219.

507. Nomen et arma, etc.:

the place.' shortened.

thy name and arms preserve the memory of

508. patria ponere terra: 'to bury thee in thy native land.'

509. tibi: dative of apparent agent. Cf. I, 326.

510. funeris umbris: 'to the shades of (my) dead body.'

511. Lacaenae: Helen. See II, 601.

513. ut: interrogative, as in I, 466. falsa: because they were occasioned by the false belief that the Greeks had departed.

514. meminisse: sc. te.

515. saltu super venit: 'leaped over.' See note on II, 237.

516. gravis: like Feta armis, II, 238.

517. Illa, etc.: Helen was acting in concert with the Greeks. By leading the Trojan women about the city (circum) in a choral procession (cherum) shouting the praises of Bacchus, she easily obtained the opportunity, without exciting suspicion, of giving the signal with a torch from the Acropolis. This was answered by the torch on board the ship of Agamemnon (cf. II, 256), so that Sinon could at the proper moment release the Greeks from the wooden horse. Chorus is here a religious or festive procession. euhantes orgia : 'celebrating the orgies (of Bacchus).' circum: is adverbial.

519. ex arce: she herself gave the signal from the Acropolis with the torch which she bore in the procession.

520. confectum: not yet recovered from the hardship of the long siege of Troy.

524. subduxerat: the pluperfect is to be taken strictly, implying that the sword, the most important thing, was first secured, and afterward the other capiti: the dative with subduco is analogous to the dative with eripio. See note on mihi, II, 735.

arms.

525. In II, 567 sqq., Helen is represented as seeking refuge in the temple of Vesta, through fear both of the Greeks and Trojans. What is here described by Deiphobus may have occurred in the early part of the attack, and subsequently the fear of punishment may have taken possession of her, as there stated. Or Virgil may have written one passage in forgetfulness of the other. limina: 'the chamber.'

526. amanti: 'to her fond husband.'

528. thalamo: dative for in thalamum,

529. Hortator - Aeolides: 'Ulysses, the instigator of crimes.' There was a story that Ulysses was the illegitimate son of Sisyphus, and hence he is here contemptuously styled Aeolides, from Aeolus, the father of Sisyphus.

530. Instaurate: 'repay'; cause such things to be perpetrated again, but let it be upon the Greeks.

531. qui-Attulerint: what chances have brought you living hither?' Observe the force of vivum. This indirect question depends on fare.

532. Pelagine, etc.: 'do you come in the course of your wanderings on the sea or by the direction of the gods?'

535-627. The Sibyl interrupts the conversation of Aeneas and Deiphobus. The journey is continued, and presently they come in sight of the gate and walls of Tartarus. Aeneas inquires the meaning of the horrible noises arising from within, and the Sibyl describes the punishments inflicted on the wicked.

535. Hac vice sermonum: during this interchange of discourse.'

536. Iam - axem: had already passed the middle of the heavens'; i.e. in the upper world. They are aware of the progress of day in the world above, while they are wandering among the shades. Aeneas and the Sibyl had commenced the descent at dawn (see l. 255), and must return at sunset. More than half the day has already been consumed, and still the interview with Anchises has not yet been secured. cursu: on her journey.'

539. Nox ruit: 'night hastens on'; is rapidly coming up, following Aurora. See note on II, 250.

540. partes in ambas: 'into two parts'; the point where two ways are formed from one. Ambas for duas. The region, then, through which they have just passed from the Styx, to the parting roads which they have now reached, seems to have been set apart for those who in different ways have met with a premature death, whether in infancy or by unjust violence, by suicide, or in war.

541. Dextera: sc. via est.

542. Hac: refers back to Dextera. iter: sc. est. The accusative, Elysium, like Italiam, I, 2.

543. Exercet poenas: the left-hand part or way is figuratively said to exercise or carry on the punishment of the wicked, because it leads to the place where punishment is executed.

545. explebo numerum: 'I will fill up the number' of my companions. I will again return to my comrades. The point where the two ways diverge marks the boundary of the region assigned to those who have failen in battle.

547. in verbo: with the word.'

548. Respicit Aeneas: Aeneas, while still standing at the junction of the two ways, withdraws his eyes from the retiring shade of Deiphobus, and beholds the triple walls of Tartarus rising at the end of the left-hand avenue. sub rupe sinistra: i.e. under the left-hand side of the towering rock which separates the two ways.

N 184

549. Moenia lata: 'wide-extended prison walls'; an immense inclosure formed of three concentric walls.

551. Phlegethon: the river of fire which surrounds the walls of Tartarus as a moat. torquetque: = torquens. The river, like a stream of lava, hurls

rocks along its channel.

552. adversa: see note on 1. 279; 'fronting' the beholder.

554. turris: here a gate tower.

555. See note on 1. 280.

558. The infinitives are historical. For the usage of the participle tractae,

see note on II, 413.

560. facies: 'forms.'

561. ad auras: (rises) on high.'

563. fas: sc. est.

564. me praefecit: cf. 1. 118.

Fig. 54.-Struggle of the Giants against the Olympian Gods (11. 580 sqq.)

565. deum poenas: i.e. punishments inflicted by the decree of the gods. per omnia through all places'; through all parts of Tartarus.

566. Rhadamanthus: deals only with criminals previously tried and convicted by Minos, and hence sits before Tartarus, where his office is like that of the Triumviri Capitales, to mete out punishment (castigare) to those who have been consigned to his charge. In order to do this, he ascertains the greater or less enormity of their crimes by questioning (audit), and in some cases by torture (subigit fateri). regna: with our punctuation in apposition with haec (loca).

567. Castigatque auditque dolos: probably not a hysteron proteron (see II, 259), but Rhadamanthus is an inquisitor who employs the lash to extort confession.' See note on 1. 566. dolos: there is more or less of cunning either in planning or concealing crime.

568. Quae is relative, the antecedent piacula being omitted after fateri. See note on I, 157. quis: aliquis. piacula: implies both crimes and atone

ment for crimes. Trans., 'Whatever atonement for crimes perpetrated in the world above (i.e. among men) any one,' etc. apud superos: with both commissa and Distulit. furto inani: by vain (i.e. unsuccessful) concealment.' 569. seram: 'too late.'

570. Continuo: 'forthwith'; as soon as Rhadamanthus has awarded the punishment. accincta flagello: armed with the scourge.' 571. quatit: 'lashes.'

572. angues: her whip is armed with snakes. sororum: her sisters, Allecto and Megaera, aid her.

573. Tum demum: when the scourging has been performed, the gate of Tartarus opens wide, and the condemned are thrust in by the Furies. sacrae: cf. III, 57. Cf. Milton, Par. Lost, 2, 879:

'On a sudden open fly

With impetuous recoil and jarring sound

The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate

Harsh thunder.'

574. custodia: for custos, refers to Tisiphone; so also facies, below. 577. Saevior: even than the Furies. Tum: while these objects are so terrible, at the same time' Tartarus itself is frightful on account of its vastness. 578, 579. The depth of Tartarus is twice as great as the distance (suspectus, 'upward view') from earth to heaven.

580. genus Terrae: 'progeny of Terra.' Titania pubes: the Titans, sons of Caelus and Terra, who at first with Saturn held sway over the universe, but were at last conquered by Jupiter and hurled down to Tartarus by his thunderbolts.

581. For the construction of deiecti, see note on IV, 406.

586. Dum imitatur: even while imitating the lightning and thunder of Jupiter, he was overtaken with his punishment. With the idea of time is connected also that of cause; for imitating.'

588. Elidis urbem: Olympia, where Jupiter was especially worshiped. 591. Aere: 'with bronze.' He rode in a bronze chariot over plates of bronze or copper, to imitate thunder. simularet: see note on I, 388. Cf. Tennyson's (Teiresias): :'Tramp of the hornfooted horse.'

593. taedis: the cause of fumea.

594. turbine: see note on I, 45.

596. Cernere erat:= cerneres, or cernere licuit.

598. fecunda poenis: fruitful in punishments.' His liver daily grows afresh for renewed tortures.

599. epulis: dative for ad epulas.

602. cadenti: sc. silici. The line is hypermetric. See note on IV, 558.

604. toris: for the case, see note on foribus, I, 449. 605. Furiarum maxima: either Allecto or Megaera. 608. Hic: sc. sunt ei, or erat cernere eos.

609. Pulsatus parens, etc.: one of the Laws of the XII Tables read: Qui patrem pulsaverit, manus ei praecidantur; another: Patronus, si clienti

fraudem fecerit, sacer

esto. It was natural to infer that what was regarded as so criminal on earth should be severely punished also in Tartarus. clienti: the claim of the client to the protection of his patron was as sacred as that of a child on a parent.

610. qui soli, etc.: 'who brooded alone over their accumulated wealth'; imparting none even to their relatives (suis). 613. Impia: the

Roman civil wars are thus designated. dominorum-dextras: 'to violate their pledges to their masters'; the right hand is clasped when a promise is made.

615. poenam sc. exspectant. quae forma, etc.: what kind (of torture) or what doom have plunged them (into woe).' For the indicative in dependent questions, see note on 1. 779.

618. Theseus: was chained to a rock in Tartarus on account of the attempt mentioned above in 1. 397. Phlegyas: the father of Ixion had set fire to the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and in Tartarus was condemned to a punishment similar to that of Tantalus.

622. fixit, refixit: 'put up and took down'; i.e. established and annulled. Roman laws were engraved on bronze tables and fastened up in some public place.

625. For use of the present subjunctive in a condition contrary to fact, see note on 1. 292 and I, 58.

628-683. Aeneas deposits the golden bough in the vestibule of Pluto's palace, and passes on to the right into the Elysian fields. Here he sees the