er misled by one particular passion; (sc.) lust, or lechery. Deluded, ignorant, illiterate; wicked, lustful, lecherous. Zuf bituene tuele lewede men were eni striuing, Ya blessed be alway a lewed man, Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 3450. Swich olde lewed wordes used he. Id. The Marchantes Tale, v. 10,022. Id. The Man of Lawes Prologue, v. 4467. So weary of thy veray lewednesse, Id. Prologue to Melibeus. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. vi. For oft their lewdnes blotteth good deserts with blame. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 3. Howbeit, and notwithstanding all these his manifold lewdnesses, such was the follie of his Egyptians (where he first reigned and taught) that whilst he liued they alone had him in great estimation.-Holinshed. Desc. of Britaine, c. 9. Mist. Ford. Against such lewdsters and their lechery Those that betray them, do no treachery. Shakespeare. Merry Wives of Windsor, Act v. sc. 3. Whatsoever is light and frothy, and much more whatever is lewd and filthy, ought to be banished from the conversation of Christians.-Tillotson, vol. iii. Ser. 160. The last offence which I shall mention, more immediately against religion and morality, and cognizable by the temporal courts. is that of open and notorious lewdness; either by frequenting houses of ill-fame, which is an indictable offence, or by some grossly scandalous and public indecency for which the punishment is by fine and imprisonment. LEXICON. Blackstone. Commentaries, b. iv. c. 4. Gr. Aeğikov, a book in which words (λetes) are explained. The lexicons of ancient tongues, now immutably fixed, and comprised in a few volumes, [are] yet, after the toil of successive Ages, inadequate and delusive. Johnson. Preface to the English Dictionary. Whether it be decreed by the authority of reason, or the tyranny of ignorance, that of all the candidates for literary praise, the unhappy lexicographer holds the lowest place, aeither vanity nor interest incited me to enquire. Id. Plan of an English Dictionary. Such is the fate of hapless lexicography, that not only Carkness, but light impedes and distresses it: things may te not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illustrated.-Id. Preface to the English Dictionary. Upon which general state of men (so implicated in guilt, Now let it be considered what this brings the noble prin- He alyghte anon of lyarde. and ledde hym in hus hondes. That now, who pares his nails, or libs his swine, What's this but libelling against the senate, Shakespeare. Titus Andronicus, Act iv. sc. 4. Which laws have ever pronounced these two sorts of men; the one, conspirators against the persons of princes; the other, libellers against their good fame; to be such enemies of common society as are not to be cherished, no not by enemies. Id. Ib. It is strange what a number of libellous and defamatory books and writings, and in what variety, with what art and cunning handled, have been allowed to pass through the world in all languages against her majesty and her government.-Id. Ib. Could I raise up From fields Elysian, fabling Æsop, For libelling the four-foot race. Swift. The Beast's Confession to the Priest. Dryden. Absalom & Achitophel. It was a full assembly of rational beings, convened for the Bp. Hall, b. ii. Sat. 7. enjoyment of a rational entertainment, where the ears were not in danger of being insulted by ribaldry, nor the under standing libelled by the spectacle of folly.-Observer, No. 43. Car. Say but you doubt me, Massinger. The Renegado, Act ii. sc. 1. The pouring, and the liquid so poured. May every joy be yours! nor this the least, LIBBARD, Pope. Homer. Odyssey, b. xiii. a stick or staff. It is probably (from lib, to cut,)—restraint of moral or religious order or discipline,) A cutting or piece cut; a slice, a slip, a strip. A beesome of byrche, for babes very feete, A long lasting lybbet, for loubbers most meete. Caveat for Common Cursitors, Act iv. sc. 6. But commonly it fares with men in this case, as with one who lookes onely vpon some libbet, or end of a peece of Arras, he happily conceives an hand or head which he sees, to be very vnartificially made.-Hakewill. Apologie, Pref. LIBEL, n. LIBELLOUS. Skinner says,-Old Fr. Liable, from lier; Lat. Lig-are, to bind; q. d. ligabilis, obligabilis, that may be bound or obliged. That may be bound or obliged, compelled, subject, subservient, or exposed to. Yet if my name were lyable to feare, I do not know the man I should auoyd So soone as that spare Cassius. Shakespeare. Julius Cæsar, Act i. sc. 2. Whatever man possesses, God hath lent And to his audit liable is ever, To reckon how, and where, and when he spent. P. Fletcher. Against a Rich Man despising Poverty. Yet even there [in Heaven itself ] is an inlet for ambition, though not for lust, a liableness to the filthiness of the spirite, though not of the flesh. Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p 511. immoral, irreligious. Liberty,-freedom; power or ability to act as we wish, to act unrestrainedly or unconfinedly. And see the quotations from Locke. For thilke creature schal be delyuerid fro seruage of corupcioun into liberle of the glorie of the sones of God. Wiclif. Romaynes, c. 8 Fr. Libelle; It. Libello; Sp. For the very creatures shal be deliuered fro the bondage Libelo; Lat. Libellus, a little of corrupcion into the glorious libertye of the sonnes of God.-Bible, 1551. Ib. book, from liber, a book. As the Fr. Libelle, A libel or defamatory book, & esste [asked] ek articles. May I not axe a libel, sire sompnour, Chaucer. The Sompnoures Tale, v. 7177. But summe risen of the synagoge that was clepid of libertyns and cirensis.—Wiclif. Dedis, c. 6. For wel we knowen, that youre liberal grace and mercie Sewerly it is a gift, and favour of the Lorde, In them [Cambridge and Oxford] the vse of the toongs, philosophie, and the liberall sciencies, besides the profound studies of the ciuill law, physicke, and theologie, are dailye taught and had.—Holinshed. Desc. of England, b. ii. c. 3. The King of England vsed great liberalilie in bestowing his treasure freelie amongst knights and other men of warre Id. Historie. Rich. I. an. 1191 The rest, that made either additions or corrections, [to the laws,] were commended to all posterity for inen of no less virtue, and no less liberally beneficial to their countries, than the greatest and most prosperous conquerors that ever governed them.-Ralegh. Hist. of the World, b. ii. c. 4. s. 3. ii. So from the liberty, we descend to the prerogative: Christ's literation. Here is the glorious prerogative of the Son of God, to be the deliverer or redeemer of his people. Bp. Hall. Ser. Christian Liberty laid forth. When complaints are freely heard, deeply consider'd, and speedily reform'd, then is the utmost bound of civil liberty attain'd, that wise men look for. Milton. Of Unlicens'd Printing. By vertue of an act granted out of the senat, the libertines (i. the sonnes of freed-men) were enrolled into the foure tribes of the citie.-Holland. Livivs, p. 1210. What is this, but to baffle and affront that sacred power, which is entrusted to government; and to profess oureselves, not liberlines, but licentiates of disorder? Bp. Hall. Ser. Christian Liberty laid forth. If his private condition represented him a kind of libertine, he assumed, together with the publick person, a more grave and circumspect behaviour.-Buker. Charles II. an. 1659. [He would] have continued a slave in Aegypt, rather than thus be circumcised in Canaan, have been bored through the ear by his old master, rather than thus dignified with the title of freeman, and denied the libertinism that belongs to it.-Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 486. Yea, what speak I of divinity? Even modest Heathens would hiss this libertinisme off the stage. LIBIDINOUS. Fr. Libidineur; It. and Lustful, lecherous. This may well seeme to be brought vpon the king as a But ah this fertile glebe, this fair domain, Fr. Librairie; It. Libreria; Sp. King Stephan licenced each of them to build so manie [castles] as they listed vpon their owne demeasnes, hoping thereby that they would haue imploied their vse to his aduantage and commoditie.-Holinshed. Desc. of Eng. b.ii.c.14. At length he got licence of the maior and citizans to passe through the citie into Southwarke.-Id. Hen. III. an. 1267. For a licenser is not contented now to give his single imprimatur, but brings his chair into the title-leaf; there sits and judges up, or judges down what book he pleases. Milton. Consterion. What is this but to baffle and affront that sacred power, which is entrusted to government; and to profess ourselves not libertines, but licentiates of disorder? Bp. Hall. Ser. Christian Liberty laid forth. That then all rule and reason they withstand Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 5. So strange diuersitie there was in that armie, both licentiously to commit all enormities, and patiently to abide all corrections.-Savile. Tacitus. Historie, p. 153. And one error is so fruitful, as it begetteth a thousand children, if the licentiousness thereof be not timely re apartment, or store-house for books, (Libri.) strained.-Ralegh. History of the World, b. i. c. 3. s. 1. Is this the librarie that thou haddest chosen for a right Bp. Hall. Cases of Conscience, Dec. 4. c. 2. leaders of reformation may not now come to be sued in a Milton. Judgement of Martin Bucer concerning Divorce. Let them find by experience, that the most liberal has always most plenty, with esteem and commendation to boot, and they will quickly learn to practise it. Locke. Of Education, s. 110. The decency then that is to be observed in liberality, seems to consist in its being performed with such cheerfulness, as may express the godlike pleasure that is to be met with in obliging one's fellow-creatures.-Spectator, No. 292. Neither am I ignorant, but I may justly be condemned for many of those faults of which I have too liberally arraigned them.-Dryden. Virgil. Eneis, b. xii. So that the idea of liberty is the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other. Locke. Of Humane Understanding, b. ii. c. 21. s. 8. The natural liberty of man, is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of Nature for his rule... The liberty of man in society, is to be under no other legislative power, but that established by consent, in the commonwealth; nor under the dominion of any will or restraint of any law, but what that legislative shall enact according to the trust put in it. Id. Of Government, b. ii. c. 4. s. 22. After the same manner of speaking, Saint Paul styles the liberality of the Macedonian Churches to the poor, "the grace of God bestowed upon them;" and to persuade the Corinthians to do the like, he says, "Therefore as ye abound in every thing, in faith, in utterance, and knowledge, and in all diligence, see that ye abound in this grace also;" the grace of liberality and charity. Jortin. On the Christian Religion, Dis. 1. Grand swelling sentiments of liberty, I am sure I do not despise. They warm the heart; they enlarge and liberalize our minds; they animate our courage in a time of conflict. Burke. On the French Revolution. That the public revenue of Great Britain can never be completely liberated, or even that any considerable progress can ever be made towards that liberation, while the surplus of that revenue, or what is over and above defraying the annual expense of the peace establishment, is so very small, it seems altogether in vain to expect. Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. v. c. 3. Faber was very learned and very ingenious: but I know not how, he often affected to write like a debauchè and a libertine. Jortin. On the Christian Religion, Dis. 6. Erasmus observed the growth of this folly with the greater concern, as he thought he saw, under all their fondness for the language of old Rome, a growing libertinnge, which disposed them to think lightly of the Christian faith. Warburton, vol. ix. Ser. 13. Habits of libertinism incapacitate and indispose the mind for all intellectual, moral, and religious pleasures, which is great loss to any man's happiness. Paley. Philosophy, pt. iii. b. iii. c. 2. This invention of erecting libraries, especially here at Kome, came from Asinius Pollio, who by dedicating his bibliotheque, containing all the books that ever were written, was the first that made the wits and works of learned men a publicke matter and a benefit to a commonwealth. Holland. Plinie, b. xxxv. c. 2. 13. A library-keeper, who is likewise to be an apothecary, druggist, and keeper of instruments, engines, &c. Cowley. The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy. Bale, the antiquary, makes mention of a merchant that bought two noble libraries about these times for forty shillings: the books whereof served him for no other use but for waste paper.-Strype. Mem. Hen. VIII. an. 1545. It would be a great curiosity if we could recover a list of some illuminated MSS., as the librarian had the keeping of LIBRATION. It. Libramento; Sp. Libracion; For the libration or reciprocation of the spirits in the H. More. Immortality of the Soul, b. ii. c. 10. The libration of the moon, and the motion of the sun, about their centres, and consequently their obverting several parts of their bodies to us, may have an operation upon our atmosphere.-Boyle. Works, vol. iv. p. 98. LICENSE, v. Fr. Licencier, licence; It. The noun-grant of a right; and, consequen- Dissolute, uncontrolled, unrestrained. To haue licens & leve in Londone to dwelle. I am licensed boldly, In divinitie for to read, Piers Plouhman, p. 5. And to confessen out of dread.-Chaucer. Rom. of the R. Id. The Shipmannes Tale, v. 1293. A wit, that no licentious pertness knows; Savage. The Gentleman. My lords, from the precedent now before us, we shall be Induced, nay we can find no reason for refusing, to lay the press under a general licence, and then we may bid adieu to the liberties of Great Britain. Chesterfield. Speech on the Licensing Bill. By good luck he was not the licenser, otherwise the kingdom of France had never had the pleasure, the happiness I may say, of seeing that play acted. [Taringe.}-Id. ib. Courtiers, my lords, are too polite to reprove one another; the only place where they can meet with any just reproof, is a free though not a licentious stage.-Id. Ib. The College of Physicians, in July, 1687, published an edict, requiring all the fellows, candidates, and licentiates, to give gratuitous advice to the neighbouring poor. Johnson. Life of Garth. A theef of venison that hath forlaft. Chaucer. The Doctaures Tale, v. 1217. His turret crest, and sleek enamel'd neck, Whose grain doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded, Shakespeare. Timon of Athens, Act iv. sc. 3. And if some nice and liquorous appetite See Vossius, in v. Elixum. See the quotation But ofte for defaute of bondes A tunne, when his lie arest Whiche els shulde nought gone out.-Gower. Con.A. Prol. I have heard that, in other princes' palaces, they us'd to LIE, v. Goth. Liugn, mendacium; A. S. Leg-an, leogan; Dut. Liegen; Ger. Lüg-en, lug-en; Sw. Liug-a; which Wachter thinks Casaubon is right in deriving from the Gr. Aey-ew, in malam partem accepto. It is perhaps no other than the A. S. Lecg-an, to lie, to lie in wait, in ambush, Pope. Essay on Man, Epist. 1. (insidiari,) with intent treacherously to surprise; and thus, to delude or deceive, first by deed, and then, by word; and thus, consequentially, mentiri. They scald the stored crab.-Bp. Hall, b. iii. Sat. 1. He came galloping home at midnight to have a lick at the honey-pot.-Dryden. Amphitryon, Act ii. sc. 1. Or if to gingerbread thou shalt descend, Tickell. The Horn-Book. He like a thorough true-bred spaniel licks The hand which cuffs him, and the foot which kicks. Churchill. Independence. LICK, v. Sw. Lagga is to lay, and also LICK, n. to strike, i. e. to lay on (blows); "To lay it into him" is a common expression. And this appears to be the same word as the preceding; and both founded upon the Goth. Laig-yan; A. S. Lic-gan or lec-gan, ponere, jacere. To lick, a lick, a licking—are common words in speech, though not in writing. See Jamieson, who produces an example of the verb from Burns and of the noun from Forbes. The noun is also used by Dryden, "He gave me a lick across the face." LICTOR. Lat. Lictor, from lig-are, to bind. See the quotation from Holland's Livy. Lictors, in Livie, are ministers or sergeants attending upon the magistrates of Rome; namely, Dictatours, Consuls, Pretours.-Holland. Livivs. The Second Index. Go, lietor, goe bind those hands fast, which armed a little before, wan the people of Rome their dominion: Go, I say, and hoodwinke his head, who saved and delivered this cittie from bondage, hang him by the necke, and strangle him upon a cursed tree.-Id. 16. p. 19. The Prætor bids his lictors mend their pace But in vain would I retire, whilst I preserve the title with which I am at present distinguished, and continue to be attended with this embarrassing parade of lictors. Melmoth. Cicero, b. vii. Let. 14. LID. A. S. Hlid, the past part. of Hlid-an, tegere, operire, to cover, (dropping the aspirate h,) (Tooke.) That by which any thing (vessel, box, &c.) is covered. This kyng was but of mene stature his other eye lede hangyd so myche a doun, that it helid half the blacke of his eye.-R. Gloucester, p. 521. Note Al the vessels that be open which haue no lyd nor couer- Drayton. The Black Prince to the Countess of Salisbury. Bowes toward her, and would vnder-peepe her lids, To do or say, deceitfully or falsely; to tell a Bot alle it was a lie, that thing was neuer thought. Ananias, how is it that Sathan hath fylled thyne heart he is a lyar, and the father therof.-Bible, 1551. Ib. When he speaketh a lye, the speaketh he of his owne. For Kepe you fro alle straunge folk, and fro lieres, and have Thou liest fals chorle iwis In hindringe of an other wight.-Id. Ib. b. ii. He which hath promised that he will pay money by a day, or promised any thing else, wherein he faileth, hath directly lied to him to whom the promise hath been made. Ralegh. History of the World, b. v. c. 3. s. 2. But after such time as Francis the French King, upon Nay, how few are there among them that are not liars by The credit and soueraignty of trueth being never so little crackt, or the practice of lying never so little countenanced. another by signifying that to him as true, which we ourselves A lie is a breach of promise: for whoever seriously ad- Paley. Moral Philosophy, b. ii. c. 15. LIE, v. Anciently, and now provincially, to LIER. lig. See To LAY, which differs from to lie, only by grammatical usage: lay down, (sc.) that load, or lay that load down; lie down, (sc.) yourself, or lie (sub. yourself) down. We tell a man to lay down his load, to put or place it down; we tell a dog to lie down himself, to put or place himself down; the same distinction is observed in other words originally one; (e.g.) to rise or But it is still better protected by its lid. Of the super-raise, to set or sit, (qv.) ficial parts of the animal frame, I know none which, in its To lie in (sc.) bed, or child-bed. offie and structure, is more deserving of attention than the eye-tid. It defends the eye; it wipes it; it closes it in sleep. And other liggeth hye aboue. Puley. Natural Theology, c. 3. LIE, n. A. S. Leah, lag; Ger. Lauge; Dut. Loog; Sw. Lat; in Fr. Lessive, lexive, or lixive; It. Lisciva, liscia; Sp. Lexia; Lat. Lixivium. Dryden. Ovid. Metam. b. i. R. Gloucester, p. 7. And sawe his wiues mother lyinge sycke of a feuer. I have no joy thus here to ly, He wondreth, what it might bee. Gower. Con. A. b. ii. And he put the people, euen al the hoste, on the north syde of the citye, and the lyers awayt on the west. Bible, 1551. Joshua, c. 8. Of ravenous fowl, though many a league remote, Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x. Dryden. Annus Mirabilis. Pope. Epitaph on the Son of Lord Harcourt. Gray. The Progress of Poetry. Anciently written lefe, leve: A. S. Leof, dilectus, (for leof-ed, or luf-ad, or luf-od, or luf,) past part. of luf-ian, to love; and means LIEF, adj. One loved or beloved;-As lief, as lovingly, with as much good will, as willingly. "Myn heye Godes," quoth this mayde, "to wytnesse I take echon, That y loue more in myn herte thi leue bodi one." R. Gloucester, p. 29. God saith, As verely as I lyve I wilnot ye death of a sinner but had leifer hem to be conuerted and lyve. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, sig. C. iii. So forth I goe apace to see that leefesome sight, The Earth shall sooner leave her kindly skill Whereto that single knight did answere frame; But for my single selfe, I had as liefe not be, as liue to be Id. Ib. b. ii. c. 1. Shakespeare. Julius Cæsar, Act i. sc. 2. Alwaies with this consideration, that the léefer fréend shall haue the better prouision. Holinshed. Description of England, b. ii. c. 6. LIEGE, adj. Fr. Lige; It. Ligio, from the LIEGE, n. Lat. Lig-are, to bind. Liegance, LIEGANCE. in Low Lat. Ligantia, the bond, says Spelman, (in v.) reciprocally connecting subject and chief, binding the one to LIEGEMAN. protection and just government, the other to tribute and due subjection. The prince, or chief, is called ligius dominus, or liege lord; the subjects ligius populus, or homines ligii, liege people or liege men. In meaning, the words are equivalent to bound lord, and bound people; bound in the manner explained by Spelman. (And see Blackstone, i. 367.) The word is now applied as if the liegance or bond were only to attach the people to the prince; and in this usage, liege is Sovereign, or supreme head or chief. And whan our lyge louerd, that yheled ys. R. Gloucester, p. 457. Eilred ther lege lord him thei alle forsoke. R. Brunne, p. 15. That thre by longeth to on lorde. that lygaunce cleymeth. Piers Plouhman, p. 315. Ful many an hethen wroughtest thou ful wo, Of which thin owen lieges had envie. Chaucer. The Monkes Tale, v. 14,704. Thou lovest me, that wot I wel certain, Id. The Clerkes Tale, v. 8136. And thervpon he hath hym prayde, He [ye lorde Neuyll] knewe right well the liage and alyace that was made bytwene the kynge of Englande, and of Nauer. Berners. Froissart. Cronycie, vol. i. c. 338. It suffised in a riche man for a pretext of treson, to haue. ben of kinred or alliaŭce neare familiaritie or leger ac quaintaunce with any of those that were at any time the king's enemies.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 62. My thrice-puissant leige Is in the very May-morne of his youth, Shakespeare. Hen. V. Act i. sc. 2. Yet if thou wilt renounce thy miscreaunce, Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 8. He [Monk] resolv'd what before he had perform'd out of bounden duty to his leige lord, should be for ever continued with the same observing, out of the loyal affections to his gracious Soveraign.-Baker. Charles II. an. 1660. In this voluntary suomission the Bolognese did not mean so much to acknowledge the Pope as their direct Sovereign, as to put their city under his protection as liege lord. Eustace. Italy, vol. i. c. 7. Fr. En lieu; It. In luogo; Sp. En lugar; Lat. In loco. In lieu is LIEU. LIEUTENANCY. LIEUTENANTRY. LIEUTENANTSHIP. nant; It. Luogotenente; tenens, In the place or stead. Lieutenant,-Fr. LieuteSp. Lugartenante, locum One who holds the place, or (command or authority) in the place or stead of another. In yeu of true knowledge, all was possessed with ignoraunce and erroure.-Udal. Paraphrase, Pref. But I his grace haue se pursued That I was made his leutenant.-Gower. Con. A. b. i. The kyng [Edwarde the fyrst of England] was made vycare generall, and lieftenaunt, for the emperour, and had power gyuen hym to make lawes, and to mynistre justyce to euery person, in themperours name, and to make money of golde and syluer.-Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 34. And this taxinge was ye first, and executed whe Syrenius was leftenaut in Siria.-Bible, 1551. Luke, c. 2. He [Augustus] would needes make an exchang with the State of Naples, and in liev of that Iland geve them Enaria. Holland. Suetonius, p. 79. Three great ones of the cittie (In personall suite to make me his lieutenant) Off capt to him and by the faith of men I know my price, I am worth no worse a place. Shakespeare. Othello, Act i. sc. 1. If such tricks as these strip you of your lieutenantrie, it had beene better you had not kiss'd your three fingers so oft. Id. Ib. Act ii. sc. 1. Unless we should think that he had been a traitor to his natural prince, and so rewarded by the conqueror with lieutenantship [of] the country. Ralegh. History of the World, b. iii. c. 1. s. 9. To this purpose were several other congratulations or addresses to the King, (some before, some after this of Middlesex,) viz. from Norwich, from Hereford, from the Lieutenancy of London.-Baker. Charles II. an. 1682. Not being content to part with his large possessions, in lieu of the treasure by Christ offered in heaven, [he] was reputed deficient; could find no acceptance with God, nor admission into his kingdom.-Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 15. Thus also princes govern and magistrates execute justice in God's name: whence they are stiled God's, as being his lieutenants, administering that judgment, which belongs originally and principally to him.-Id. vol. iii. Ser. 1. One prize, a collection of limnings, he valued so highly, This ligation of senses proceeds from an inhibition of spirits, the way being stopped by which they should come. Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 24. He deluded us by philters, ligatures, charmes, ungrounded amulets, characters, and many superstitious waies in the cure of common diseases.-Brown. Vulgar Err. b. i. c. 11. Both from the goal together start, Scarce ran a step before they part, No common ligament that binds The various textures of their minds. that the person to whom it should fall might, in lieu of it, receive 20007.-Walpole. Anec. of Painting, vol. iii. c. 1. As it was impossible that he [Augustus] could personally already described, there is in some important joints, as an command the legions of so many distant frontiers, he was indulged by the Senate, as Pompey had already been, in the permission of devolving the execution of his great office on a sufficient number of lieutenants. See LIVE. Gibbon. Roman Empire, c. 3. A. S. Hlif-ian; Ger. Liften, to raise, to elevate. LIFE, LIFT, v. LIFT, n. LIFTER. To raise, to elevate, to heave, LIFTING, n. to exalt, to put or place on high; to take up, bear off, (sc.) that which belongs to another; to carry off, to steal; the Goth. Hlif-an was so used, (tollere, auferre,) furari. Shop-lifter is still a common word. Mr. Steevens produces an instance of this usage of lifting from Ben Jonson, and instances of lifter from other writers. Note on Troilus and Cressida. Lift, the noun; Ger. Luft; A. S. Lyft, applied to the air or sky, is of common occurrence in G. Douglas. See LOFT. And see Tooke and Jamieson. In the luft he hurde anhey, as he alone was. R. Gloucester, p. 289. Whan the kyng Kynwolf had don his endyng, Brittrik his kosyn thei lift him to kyng.-R.Brunne, p. 10. It chaunced the said carcasse, by mishap, and overboisterous lifting, to fall to the ground.-Id. p. 560, Note. I wole that men preie in alle place, liftynge up cleene hondis withouten wraththe and stryf.-Wiclif. Tymothy, c.2. I wyll therfore that the men praye euery where, lifting vp pure handes wythout wrathe, or dowtynge.-Bible, 1551. Ib. But thou, O Lord, art my defender, my worshyppe, and the lyfter vp of my heade.-Id. Psalme 3. The exercyse of the spirite and lyftunge vp of the mynde to God, are called meditations.-Id. Genesis, c. 24. Note. Galba, yeelding to an vntruth so generally soothed, puts on a brestplate, and being not able for body nor age to sustaine the presse which came in vpon him, was lifted vp in a chayre. Savile. Tacitus. Historie, p. 21. There the capitol thou seest And as in races, it is not the large stride or high lift that makes the speed: so in businesse the keeping close to the matter, and not taking of it too much at once procureth dispatch.-Bacon. Ess. Of Dispatch. As for the casting up of the eyes, and lifting up of the hands, it is a kind of appeal to the Deity. Id. Naturall Historie, § 720. And threat'ning France plac'd like a painted Jove, Kept idle thunder in his lifted hand. Dryden. Annus Mirabilis. The appearance of unknown vessels on their coast brought immense crouds around the stranger, who no sooner entered hither and thither by the concourse. into Calicut, then he was lifted from his feet and carried Mickle. History of the Discovery of India. LIG. LIGAMENTAL. LIGA'TION. LIGATURE. Fr. Ligament; It. and Sp. Ligamento, Lat. Ligamentum, from lig-are, to bind; Gr. Λυγ-ειν. A band or bond. Cotgrave further says,-" A string, especially the insensible string that's seated either within or near unto a joynt; and is tearmed by our anatomists a ligament.' A ligament, or sinew, is of a nature between grisles and nerves, framed of a tough and clammy portion of the seed, for nitting and holding the bones together, and fitting them for motion.-P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 2. Note 4. [By] the urachos or ligamental passage derived from the bottom of the bladder it [the infant] dischargeth the watry and urinary part of its aliment. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 5. Swift. The Progress of Marriage. For the ball and socket joint, besides the membrane additional security, a short, strong, yet flexible ligament, inserted by one end into the head of the ball, by the other into the bottom of the cup.-Paley. Nat. Theology, c. 8. They [the executioners] had given him one severe stretch by ligatures fixed to the extremities and passed over the axle, which was turned by a windlas.-Observer, No. 19. LIGHT, v. See To ALIght. A. S. AlihtLIGHTEN, v. San, liht-an, to descend from a horse or carriage, (says Junius; and Skinner is to the same purpose,) perhaps, because this is no other than to lighten a horse or carriage of its burden; and then used generally,— To come down, to dismount, to descend, to drop or fall upon. Whan thei had wele riden, that tham thought right lang, Chaucer. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,413. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii, c. 7. On mee, mee only, as the source and spring Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x. At ease he seem'd, and, prancing o'er the plains, Dryden. Palamon & Arcite. One noon of day descending from a height, Light, adj.-relieved, disburdened; free from weight or heaviness, hinderance or impediment; active or free, or able to act easily; free from pressure, difficulty, trouble, pain; easy to move or be moved; easy to be borne or supported, to be done or performed; easy to be acted upon; and, thus, inconstant, instable, or unsteady, fickle, trifling, or trivial, frivolous. See LEVITY. The expression, a lightening before death, is not uncommon in our early writers. See Steevens, Note on Romeo & Juliet, Act v. sc. 3; and Nares. His letter gan rebuk, sette it at light prise. R. Brunne, p. 246. ·His lif was lightly sold.-Id. p. 74. So mykelle was that barge, it myght not lightly saile. Id. p. 169. For my yok is softe: and my charge light. Wiclif. Matthew, c. 11. For my yocke is easy, and my burdē is lyght. Bible, 1551. Ib.. And to be maad riche in goode workis, lightli to ghyue. Wielif. 2 Tymothy, c. 5. But natheles, it was so faire a sight Chaucer. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,710. "My lord," quod she, "as to your first reason, it may lightly ben answerd."-Id. The Tale of Melibeus. With ladies and with bacheleres, Full lightsome and glad of cheres.-Chaucer. R. of the R. Whan that his wittes ben so weiued, He maie full lightly be deceiued.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv. The nexte daye when we were tossed we an exceadynge tempest, they lightened the ship.-Bibie, 1551. Acts, c. 27. Shall the shadowe go forward ten degrees, or go back agayne ten degrees? And Hezekiah sayde it is a lighte thinge for the shadowe to go downe ten degrees. Therfore I wyl not that: but let the shadowe go backeward ten degrees.—Id. 4 Kinges, c. 20. Syth they fall into your handes take theym, for alwayes Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 12. Of each his faction, in their severa! elanns, Of Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil, Levied to side with warring winds, and poise Thir lighter wings. Millon. Paradise Lost, b. ii. Then first of all his minde was at ease, and free to rejoice, lightened of all maner burden and care. Savile. Tacitus. Historie, p. 24. But strive Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x. Springs on the tops of high hills are the best: for both they seem to have a lightness, and appetite of mounting; and besides they are most pure and untningled. Bacon. Naturali Historie, § 396. Ne lesse was she in secret hart affected, Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 12. Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xv. [The wooers] extend their cheare To th' vtmost lightning, that still vshers death. Id. Odyssey, b. xviii. A good man is first and formost affable and lightsome of language, of easie accesse, and ready to be spoken withal whosoever comes.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 311. No one can be said to enjoy health, who is only not sick, without he feel within himself a lightsome and invigorating principle, which will not suffer him to remain idle, but still spurs him on to action.-Spectator, No. 292. Let me, chaste Queen of Woods, thy aid obtain, Walpole. Anecdotes of Painting, vol. ii. c. 1. If we look at the quill, we find properties not easily brought together, strength and lightness. Paley. Natural Theology, c. 12. Here garrulous old age winds up his tale; LIGHT, v. LIGHTFUL. Blair. The Grave. Light, (Lat. Lux, i. e. Light is opposed (lit.) to darkness; (met.) to darkness of mind or ignorance; and is equivalent to, Means or power to see or perceive, to know or understand; knowledge, information, understanding. As thondre that soun was the lygt as lygtynge, So that ech dunt thogte leygt as yt were & thondrynge. In tentis R. rested alle that ilk nyght, & to hem whiche sat in the region & shadow of death, No man lightnith a lanterne: and hilith it with a vessel or puttith it under a bed, but on a candlesticke that men that entren seen light.-Wiclif. Luke, c. 8. No man lyghteth a candle & couereth it vnder a vessel, Bible, 1551. Ib. His thoughts kindle up his devotions; and devotion never burns so bright, or so warm, as when it is lighted up from within.-Paley, Ser. 8. From that æra [William the Conqueror] the sun of science beginning to re-ascend, threw out many gleams of light, which preceded the full morning when letters were revived in the fifteenth century. Hume. History of England. Rich. III. an. 1485. Scott. Lay of the Last Minstrel, c. 2. LIGHTER, n. Dut. Lichter. A small vessel, which attends upon ships of burthen, and lightens them of their lading, (Kilian.) And Skinnerto the same purport. He said, and climb'd a stranded lighter's height, Pope. The Dunciad, b. ii. For window on the wall ne was ther none, If I say, yet the darkenesse shall hide me, euen the night shall be light about me. Yea the darkenes hideth not from thee: but ye night shineth as the day: the darkenes and light are both alike.-Bible, 1583. Ps. 139. Through Panthus words, and lightning of the gods. Borne by the trustless wings of false desire, Shakespeare. Rape of Lucrece. Drayton. Queen Isabel to King Richard. O, lightsome day, the lampe of highest love, A massy caldron of stupendous frame There being nothing which partakes more of the light Light, true light, in the mind is, or can be nothing else covered with snow, though the night would not otherwise It is to our atmosphere that the lightsomeness of our air, Vnder the heart lie the lights, which is the very seat of breathing: whereby we draw and deliver our wind. LIGNEOUS. Holland. Plinie, c. 25. b. xi. Fr. Ligneux; It. Ligneo; Lat. Ligneus, from lignum, which Varro derives-ab legendo, quod ea (ligna) caduca legebantur in agro quibus in focum uterentur, (lib. v.) Woody, or wooden; having the substance of wood. For it may be they [shoots of vines and roots of red roses] being of a more ligneous nature, will incorporate with the tree itself.-Bacon. Naturall Historie, § 504. Their lignous fibres with continuous length, Equivalent, compact, a bony strength. LIKE, adj. Brooke. Universal Beauty, b. iil. Similar, resembling; similar, or having similar That water of Bathhe ys that on, that euer ys yliche hot. snow, And sothly God self, in suche a colvere lyknesse, And yf I shoulde saye, I knowe hym note I should be a lyar lyke vnto you.-B.ble, 1551. Ib. Therefore the kyngdom of hevenes is likned to a kyng that wolde rikene with servantis.-Wiclif. Matthew, c. 18. Therefore is the kyngdome of heauen lykened vnto a certaine kyng, whiche woulde take a countes of hys seruauntes.-Bible, 1551. Ib. And he was turned into an other liknesse bifore hem. Chaucer. The Clerkes Tale, v. 8272. Men maie well make a likelyhede |