further implies a belief, taught not only in the creeds of Christendom, but found set forth with more or less prominence in all systems of religion, in a fall of man from an original condition of harmony with the divine ruling power of the world. The Romans were an Aryan race, and we might reasonably expect to find in their religious ideas, as well as in their language, links of thought connecting with those of the Hindu people; and we meet in the late Dean Hardwick's "Christ and other Masters," (Lond., 1875,) with a remarkable statement touching this very point. In the section (pp. 229232) headed "The Hindu hope of Restoration," he says: “This dim and elementary idea," [viz., that a Saviour would come from heaven to deliver man from his deadliest foes, and reinstate him in his lost inheritance,] "pointing to a future religatio of the human and divine, and so pervading all systems of religions, was especially manifest in the traditions of Hindus respecting the descent of God to earth in various forms of creaturely existence." We take it, then, that religio primarily means the act of reuniting, of refastening, so to speak, the human to the divine, of man to God. Whether in subjective adoration or prostration of spirit, in the silent language of the heart, man offered praise or prayer, or, objectively, in ceremonial forms, worshiped his god, he did so in the hope that these acts would help to restore him to the divine favor, and renew the bonds of confidence and love.

Without entering upon any discussion of the proper aim, extent, and functions of a general dictionary of a language, we may adopt the sentiment of Grimm, that such a dictionary ought to be a sanctuary of its language, wherein all its treasures are gathered and held open to the use of all—a memorial of the people whose past and present meet therein. The composition of an ideally complete dictionary of any language is an achievement hardly within the compass of human ability. But the preparation of dictionaries for special authors and special objects and branches of knowledge is an easier task, because of their more limited scope; and as such multiply and are brought nearer to standards of completeness, the work of the general lexicographer will be facilitated. The useful work of Anthony Rich, "The Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary and Greek Lexicon," suggests a future improvement

in general dictionaries of the ancient languages by the incorporation therein of like illustrations. Harpers' New Latin Dictionary furnishes for English and American students the fullest, and, taken in all respects, the completest exhibit of the words of the Latin tongue in their origin, forins, grammatical and historical development, and uses, as expressions of the thoughts and feelings of the Roman people throughout the ebb and flow of historical and social movements in their natural life. It is a production creditable alike to the scholarship, skill, and patient industry of the editors, and to the enterprise of the publishers, who have in it given to the public the best dictionary of the Latin language for general use among English-speaking people which has yet appeared.

ART. VII.-SYNOPSIS OF THE QUARTERLIES AND OTHERS OF THE HIGHER PERIODICALS.

American Reviews.

BAPTIST REVIEW, April, May, June, 1880. (Cincinnati.)-1. A Study of Elijah; by Rev. G. F. Genung. 2. The Fragment of Muratori, and the Origin of a Collection of Apostolic Catholic Scriptures; by Adolf Harnack. 3. Paul's Doctrine of Sin; by Professor E. P. Gould. 4. Increasing Harmony on Essential Doctrines Among Evangelical Christians; by Rev. J. L. Burrows, D.D. 5. The Design of the Ordinances; by Rev. Thomas S. Barbour. 6. The Rock that Followed Them; by Rev. H. A. Sawtelle, D.D.

BIBLIOTHECA SACRA, April, 1880. (Andover.)-1. A Study in Biblical Biography; by Rev. George F. Herrick, D.D. 2. The Duration of Future Punishment; by Rev. Ezra P. Gould. 3. Music, A Language; by Rev. Thomas Hill, D.D., LL.D. 4. Pascal, The Thinker; by Prof. Jacob Cooper, LL. D. 5. Do the Scriptures Prohibit the Use of Alcoholic Beverages? by Rev. A. B. Rich, D.D. 6. Hartmann's Philosophy of the Unconscious; by Rev. Charles F. Thwing. 7. Bernard of Clairvaux as a Preacher, from the German of Dr. A. Brömel; by Prof. H. E. Jacobs, D.D. 8. The Sabbath: The Change of Observance from the Seventh to the Lord's Day; by Rev. William De Loss Love.

CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN QUARTERLY, April, 1880. (Lebanon, Tenn.)—1. The Mosaic Jurisprudence; by Hon. R. C. Ewing. 2. Baptismal Regeneration.Part 2; by S. G. Burney, D.D. 3. The Ethics of St. Paul; by William Campbell, D.D. 4. Sanctification; by J. W. Poindexter, D.D.

NEW ENGLANDER, January, 1880. (New Haven.)-1. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew; by Prof. George P. Fisher. 2. A Chinese Historical Novel; by Prof.

S. Wells Williams, M. D. 3. Spelling Reform; by J. G. Pyle. 4. A Scholar of the Twelfth Century; by Prof. Thomas R. Lounsbury. 5. Thoughts on Congregationalism-Its Past and Its Future; by President Noah Porter. 6. Some Contributions which the West may be expected to make to the Congregationalism of the Future; by Rev. Henry A. Stimson.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL REGISTER, January, 1880. (Boston.) -1. Sketch of the Life of Amos Lawrence; by Rev. Solon W. Bush. 2. Record of the Boston Committee of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety; printed by permission of Samuel F. M'Clery, Esq., City Clerk. 3. Nicholas Upsall; by

Augustine Jones, Esq. 4. Longmeadow Families; communicated by Willard S. Allen, A.M. 5. Wittingham Genealogy; by Mrs. Caroline H. Dall. 6. Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Lyme, Conn.; communicated by the late Rev. Frederick W. Chapman, A.M. 7. King's Arms Tavern, Boston; with Suggestions for Indexing Public Records; by John T. Hassam, A.M. 8. Tappan Genealogy; by Herbert Tappan, Esq. 9. Letter of Rev. Thomas Prince, of Boston, 1738; communicated by John J. Loud, A.M. 10. William Johnson and his Descendants; by G. W. Johnson. 11. Genealogical Letter of John Quincy Adams; communicated by Rev. Horace E. Hayden. 12. Genealogy of Thomas Williams, of New Hartford, N. Y.; by George H. Williams, Esq. 13. Letters of Charles Lidget and Francis Foxcroft, 1692; communicated by John S. H. Fogg, M.D. 14. Marriages by the Rev. Benjamin Colman, 1715; communicated by Henry F. Waters, A.B. 15. Records of the Rev. Samuel Danforth, of Roxbury; communicated by William B. Trask, Esq. 16. Mission of Penhallow and Atkinson to the Penobscot Indians; communicated by the late Capt. William F. Goodwin, U. S. A. 17. Marriages in Boston by Several Clergymen, 1701-1743. 18. Account Books of the First Church in Charleston; communicated by James F. Hunnewell, Esq.

April.-1. Sketch of the Life of Rev. John A. Vinton, A. M.; by Rev. Increase N. Tarbox, D.D. 2. Bristol Church Records, 1687-1710; communicated by Geo. T. Paine. 3. Annual Address before the N. E. Historic Genealogical Society; by the President, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Ph.D. 4. Who is a Gentleman? by John D. Champlin, Jun., A. M. 5. How to Write Town Histories; by Hon Charles Hudson, A. M. 6. Records of the Rev. Samuel Danforth, of Roxbury; communicated by William B. Trask, Esq. 7. Record of the Boston Committee of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety. 8. Genealogy of the Family of Mulford; communicated by William R. Mulford, Esq. 9. Portraits of New Hampshire Governors and Others; by Hon. Benjamin F. Prescott. 10. Seals in the Collection of Mellen Chamberlin; by the Committee on Heraldry N. E. H. G. S. 11. Letter from the Earl of Bellomont; communicated by William B. Trask, Esq. 12. Early Records of New Hampshire Families; communicated by Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, D.D. 13. Longmeadow Families; communicated by Willard S. Allen, A. M. 14. Marriages in Boston by Several Clergymen, 1702-1719; communicated by William S. Appleton, A. M. 15. A Sketch of the Howlands; by L. M. Howland. 16. Letter of Walter Barnesley, of London, 1667, to William Pitkin, of Hartford; communicated by Edwin Hubbard, Esq. 17. Descendants of Benedict Arnold. 18. Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Dartmouth; communicated by J. B. Congdon, Esq.

ORIENTAL AND BIBLICAL JOURNAL. Issued Quarterly. Volume I., No. I. (Chicago.) PRINCETON REVIEW, May, 1880. (New York.)-1. The Human and the Brute Mind; by Professor Francis Bowen. 2. Reform of Women's Education; by Sir Alex. Grant, Bt., D.C.L. 3. The Newest Atheism; by Noah Porter. 4. Organization of Labor; by Simon Newcomb, LL.D. 5. The Resurrection of Christ;

by Rev. Phillip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. 6. Political Economy a Science-Of What; by Professor Lyman II. Atwater, D.D., LL.D. 7. Haeckel on the "Evolution of Man; " Principal J. W. Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S.

QUARTERLY REVIEW OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH, April, 1880. (Nashville, Tenn.)-1. One of the Grand Old Fathers. 2. Development of Monotheism Among the Greeks. 3. Lovick Pierce. 4. Beyond the Grave. 5. The Light of Asia. 6. Conformity to Law in the Divine Economy. 7. Van Oosterzee's Practical Theology. 8. The Three Creeds. 9. Terminism.

English Reviews.

BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, April, 1880. (London.) — 1. Planets, Moons, and Meteorites. 2. Winckelmann. 3. The Profession of an Architect." 4. The

English System of Penal Servitude. 5. The Revolutionary Movement in Russia.

6. Circumstantial Evidence. 7. The Political Situation.

BRITISH AND FOREIGN EVANGELICAL REVIEW, April, 1880. (London.)-1. Nature of the Divine Inspiration of Scripture; by Rev. Professor M'Gregor, D.D. 2. Strictures on the Article "Bible," in the Recent Edition of the. "Encyclopædia Britannica; " by Rev. Professor Watts, D.D. 3. The Latest Phase of the Pentateuch Question; by Rev. Alfred Cave, B. A. 4. Methodism in Ireland; Life of Gideon Ouseley; by Rev. W. Irwin. 5. Jabez; by Professor John Campbell. 6. The Conservation of Energy; by Borden P. Bowne. 7. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew; by Professor George P. Fisher, D.D. 8. Rationalism in the Church versus Rationalism Without; by Rev. Samuel M. Smith. EDINBURGH REVIEW, April, 1880. (New York.)-1. Ritualistic Literature. 2. Bigelow's Life of Benjamin Franklin. 3. Mohammedanism in China. 4. The Schools of Charles the Great. 5. Modern Horse-racing. 6. Catholic Rule in Ireland, 1641-48. 7. The late Professor Clifford's Essays. 8. Burton's Reign of Queen Anne. 9. The New Parliament..

LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW, April, 1880. (London.)-1. The Authorship of Nature. 2. The Approaching Perihelia of the Larger Planets. 3. Religious Liberty in Europe. 4. Kafirland: The Native Policy of the Cape Colony. 5. Two Indian Missionaries. 6. Mind and Brain. 7. Is Life Worth Living? 8. M. Berger on the Bible in the Sixteenth Century.

LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW, April, 1880. (New York.)-1. David Hume. 2. The English Flower Garden. 3. The Marquess Wellesley. 4. The Book of Common Prayer. 5. Memoirs of Madame de Rémusat. 6. The Chinese in Central Asia. 7. The Taxation of India. 8. The Slavonic Menace to Europe. 9. The Conservative Defeat. WESTMINSTER REVIEW, April, 1880. (New York.)-1. The Marquess Wellesley. 2. Artistic Copyright. 3. Masson's Life of Milton. 4. Greek Humanists: Nature and Law. 5. The Letters of Charles Dickens. 6. Animal Intelligence. 7. The Issues of the Election.

German Reviews.

ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KIRCHENGESCHICHTE. (Journal for Church History.) Edited by Dr. Brieger. Volume IV. Number 1. Essays: 1. REUTER, Augustinian Studies, (First Article.) 2. UHLHORN, Preparatory Studies for a History of Christian Charity in the Middle Ages. 3. SCHULTZ, Luther's View of the Method and the Limits of the Doctrinal Statements concerning God. Critical Reviews: BUDDENSIEG, English Works on the History of the Reformation, published from 1876 to 1878. Analecta : 1. SCHULTZE, The Christian Inscription in Pompeii. 2. MULLER, Fragments of Homilies of Photius. 3. LENZ, The Correspondence of Land

grave Philipp with Luther and Melanchthon.

The history of Christian charity, says Dr. Uhlhorn in this second article, has yet been but rarely treated of, and least by Protestants and in Germany. A well-known French work by Chastel, which has also been translated into German, (Etudes historiques sur l'influence de la charité durant les premiers siècles chrétiens, Paris, 1853,) embraces only the first centuries. From a Catholic point of view Dr. Ratzinger has written a work on the history of the Church charities in regard to the poor, (Geschichte der kirchlichen Armenpflege, Freiburg, 1868.) He ignores the evangelical Church altogether, is unacquainted FOURTH SERIES, VOL. XXXII.—37

with what the Protestant Churches have done for the poor, and does not even try to explain the causes which brought about the great changes in the character of the Church charities of the Middle Ages as compared with those of the early age of the Christian Church. These causes, Dr. Uhlhorn insists, must be looked for in the change of ethical views. The practical charities of an age will always be conditioned by the ethical point of view from which riches and poverty are judged, by the value attached to labor and to the earthly vocation of man, and by the conception of a Christian's duty in regard to charity. The history of the changes of these ethical views has been hitherto too much ignored. Dr. Uhlhorn's essay is intended to trace the peculiar manifestations of Christian charity in the Church of the Middle Ages to the ethical views prevailing in those times. He mentions two characteristic points of the Church charities of the Middle Ages: first, the absence of any regulated care of the poor; the absolute control of all acts of charity by the Church authorities. There was no lack of acts of charity; perhaps they were more frequent than at other times; numerous religious orders and societies devoted themselves to the care of the sick and the poor, and frequently showed a spirit of selfsacrifice which calls forth our admiration, but every thing was isolated, disconnected, and without regulation. We meet with no provision to adopt preventive measures to ward off threatening poverty, and with no systematic efforts to remove existing poverty. The donors do not give directly to, and do not directly exert themselves in behalf of, the poor, but the poor receive every thing as a gift from the Church authorities. It was not so in the Church preceding that of the Middle Ages. Then there was a regulated system of caring for the poor, conducted by deacons under the supervision of the bishop. When the emperors became Christians State and Church co-operated in the dispensation of charities. The State government left the care of the poor in the hands of the Church, but supported the Church, and in exchange obtained some kind of control. In the legislation of Charlemagne for the poor we still find an example of regulations for the support of the poor of a mixed ecclesiastical and secular character. After Charlemagne legislation of this class begins to disappear, and in the eleventh century no trace of it is found. About one century before the