St. Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands. He left, paying his own way to London, and enlisted last August. His father, Mr. John Macaulay, is at present in Canada. His mother is a prominent member of the Highland community in London.

In a circular to munitions manufacturers, Mr. Lloyd-George has made a suggestion which is practically a command, that all Sunday labor be abolished in all controlled establishments. The Minister of Munitions points out that, in conjunction with the Home Office, he appointed a committee some time ago to study the question of the effect upon the production of munitions of war by continuous labor, involving Sunday work. The Minister now suggests that all Sunday workers should receive one day's rest per week, preferably Sunday. This applies to all kinds of munition work ers, men and women. Earl Kitchener sus tains the Minister of Munitions in this order.

Premier Asquith announced, March 10, that the number of noncombatants killed by Great Britain's enemies since the beginning of the war aggregates 3,153. Forty-nine men, thirty-nine women and thirty-nine children were killed in coast bombardments. One hundred and twenty-seven men, ninety-two women and fifty-seven children were killed in air raids. Approximately 2,750 non-combatants lost their lives on board British merchant and fishing vessels between August 4, 1914, and March 8, 1916, but the detailed figures are not available.

His Grace the Duke of Sutherland, Commander R. N. R., is on important naval duty in Egypt; Lord Alistair, who was wounded and awarded the Military Cross, is again on active service in France: Her Grace Millicent, together with the Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Rosemary Leveson-Gower is with the "Millicent Sutherland Ambulance," Calais, now recognized officially by the Royal Army Medical Corps. Thus all the members of this noble house are on active service abroad, only another instance of how deeply the war is reaching into the hearts of all British.

General Jan Christian Smuts, commanding the British expeditionary force in German East Africa, announces the defeat on February 16, at Kachumbe, of a force of four whites and two hundred natives. The enemy

were driven off, with the loss of the four Europeans, fifty-three natives, one machine gun complete, forty-five rifles and a quantity of ammunition. March 11-12, General Smuts inflicted a severe defeat on German forces entrenched in the Kitova hills, west of Taveta, occupying Mushi, on March 13, and pushing on to Arusha, abandoned by the Germans in their flight. The German losses in men and guns were very heavy.

Hon. William Morris Hughes, Prime Minister of the Australian Commonwealth. speaking before the Canadian Club, Ottawa, March 18, said that Australia did not enter the war lightly, and would not quit while life Temained. His assertion is borne out by the magnificent contribution of Britain's island continent to the Empire. The heroism of the Australian troops at the Dardanelles never will be forgotten. Up to the first week in February, the Commonwealth had sent 145,000 troops to the front, and had' enlisted 240,000. By the beginning of June they will have 300,000. The greatest enthusiasm is being manifested in connection with the raising of the additional forces. New South Wales was asked to provide 16,000 as its quota, besides 5,400 monthly as reinforcements. In one day Sydney alone supplied 891 men, which means an average of over 12,000 per month for Sydney alone. Three hundred men came in from the country districts of New South Wales in a week. The large number of school teachers enlisting has made the task of keeping an efficient staff in the education department difficult.

Up to the present, 500,000 tons of wheat have been sold in Australia, under the Government scheme, at a net price of 5s a bushel, the total net value being £5,000,000.

The amount contributed by Australia to the various war funds exceeds $20,000,000. It is known that the Victorian share considerably exceeds $5,000,000, and New South Wales has given even a larger amount. Victoria's response is equal to a pound per head of the population, and it may be said that the same standard has been maintained throughout Australia.

as

To New Zealand belongs the credit of managing charitable funds as cheaply any country in the world. A gigantic carnival recently held in Auckland realized £200,000. with several thousands still to come in, and was administered with 4 per cent. expenses.

An Aviation School in Auckland, opened privately. is now officially recognized by the New Zealand Government and the British authorities. Arrangements have recently been made through the Prime Minister in New Zealand, under which pupils of the school are granted a pilot's certificate by the Royal Aero Club of Great Britain. These tests are carried out under the supervision of two officers of the Defence Department, who have been nominated by the Royal Aero Club as its official observers.

The Serb army of 150,000 has been completely reorganized at Corfu. Under the Crown Prince, they have announced their willingness to fight on any front to which the Allies desire to send them.

The word "Cossack" itself is derived from a Turkish prototype meaning "adventurer," a typical description of those roving horse riders. The Cossack population amounts to roughly 2,500,000 men and women, and they collectively own some 146,500,000 acres of Russian territory. Their living is chiefly obtained from agriculture and cattle and horse breeding. The Cossacks enjoy many special privileges from the Government of Russia, in return for which they give military services. The young Cossack spends the three years of his life between eighteen and twenty-one in military training, the next twelve years in active service, and, finally, the following five years are spent in the national reserve.

Glasgow has contributed to war funds during the last eighteen months over one million sterling; many thousands of pounds have been forwarded to London, while many sums have gone into hospitals, etc. Per head of the population, Glasgow will command honorable mention among the cities of the Kingdom for generosity in these days of war. The latest donation by the second city is a hospital ship called the St. Margaret of Scotland, fitted out by the Scottish Branch of the British Red Cross Society, over £20,000 having been collected for this purpose.

The Duke of Argyll is mentioned in the newspapers as at present on a visit to the fighting line in France. He is Honorary Colonel of the 8th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, and it would be interesting to know what is the use of an honorary officer when his services cannot be utilized even in a time of war.

The particular matter of interest at the present time in connection with recruiting is the calling up of the conscripted men; tribunals in all parts of the country are hearing applications for exemption, and very few are being allowed off; the school board of Cathcart, for instance, stating that they would rather close the school than allow their teachers to be exempt.

During the last few weeks, numbers of young Irishmen have left the Clyde for their native country, in order to escape being called up, and Irish laborers at Rosyth are

leaving their work on very slight pretense, so said the representative of the contractor before a munitions tribunal. Ireland is not showing up very well in this war; they have produced about 190,000 men as against at least double that number from Scotland.

The most notable event of last month was the defense of the Clan Mactavish steamship against the German raiders. Captain Oliver, of Glasgow, with his crew-mostly Scotsmen-fought the ship until it was in a sinking condition, and they had only one gun to fight with. This is one of the most memorable events in the history of the sea.

Piper Laidlaw, of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, who received the Victoria Cross for playing his men on to victory at Loos on September 25th, 1915, was presented with a solid gold watch by the London Company of Musicians on the 28th of February. The piper afterwards delighted the Londoners by playing "Blue Bonnets Over the Border," the air he played on the parapet at Loos.

The death of a noted Scot, Mr. George Weddell, took place some time ago at his native town of Kelso; he was particularly noted as being the inventor of Cerebos Salt; he was otherwise a most versatile

man.

Mr. Faithful Begg, a brother of Mr. Walter Bently, the Scottish actor and son of the late Dr. Begg of Edinburgh, at a Chamher of Commerce conference in London,

praised Scottish banking, which had provided the country with its present system; all over the world he had found on going into a bank for a draft that he was certain to be served by men speaking with the broadest doric.

Every now and then little things crop up in Parliament to show how badly Scotland is treated in many things; although we are the equal of England in every way, only the other day Dr. Macnamara stated that "Council for the Crown in Scotland, including the Lord Advocate, are paid an inclusive salary and do not receive fees for extra work, as the English law officers do." If our members of Parliament were of the right sort they would see to it that these things were leveled up more justly.

We are still wrestling with the eternal drink ouestion: the efforts of the local Board of Control have not been so successful as expected, although in Greenock there was a remarkable decrease of crime and offenses for the year 1915, as compared with the previous year. The magistrates of Glasgow. Dundee and other places, also the School Board of Glasgow and many other public bodies are unanimously calling out for total prohibition during the war and nothing else will satisfy the people, but whether the government is strong enough to carry this out is another question. Heavy fines for breaches of the regulations are still being inflicted: three licensed grocers in Dundee have been fined £32 each for supplying liquor after hours, and in Edinburgh police court two shebeeners were fined £50 each or three months' imprisonment.

In Edinburgh the Cockburn Association, which exists for looking after the amenity of the city. have proceeded against the useless King Edward memorial which is being erected at Holyrood House, but their protest has been unnoticed; the memorial will undoubtedly disfigure our grandest historical monument, that is Holyrood Palace, but it seems likely it will not be interfered with for fear of giving offense to Royalty.

A notable Scot and a man whose name will be better known in future years is the Rev. W. M. Christie, who as a foreign missionary to the Jews in Syria has done a vast amount of good among the benighted natives in that part of the world. Since coming home he has been sent abroad to Poland to look after the necessities of the Jews who are suffering very badly through the war, and he writes home that in all the towns he has visited he has met with good Scottish people who have given him a helping hand and a friendly word. Mr. Christie has a knowledge of at least a dozen languages and is therefore a very useful man for this work.

Arising out of the war, we are likely to have a new Scottish industry in glassware; at the British Industries Fair in London, samples were submitted, produced in Scottish glass works equal to the finest Jena glassware. It is expected that it will

be possible to produce this to sell at a profit below the German ante-war prices. This is no doubt only one of many alterations in trade that will come about as a result of this lamentable war. There are many things we could produce in this country perfectly well and just as cheap if we were spurred on by the word necessity, so it is at least a satisfactory reflection that some good may come out of the war after all, in many ways. JOHN WILSON.

83 Jamaica Street, Glasgow, February 8, 1916.

Scottish Country Life furnishes an interesting estimate of the fighting strength of the world, representing twenty per cent. of The population (all men between the ages of eighteen and forty-four years). THE ALLIES: Great Britain (not including India and South Africa), 22,800,000; France, 16,360,000; Russia, 34,600,000; Belgium, 1,500,000; Italy, 7,360,000; Japan, 13,000,000; Servia, 1,000,000; Montenegro, 103,000; San Marino, 1,900; total 96,724,900. GERMANY AND HER ALLIES: Germany, 13,000,000; Austria-Hungary, 10,000,000; Turkey, 4,000,000; Bulgaria, 1,000,000; total 28,000,000. NEUTRAL NATIONS: United States, 20,000,000; Denmark, 560,000; Norway, 480,000; Sweden, 2,750,000; Switzerland, 760,000; Netherlands (proper), 1,200,000; Portugal, 1,100,000 (must now be added to the Allies); Spain, 4,000,000; Roumania, 7,500,000; Greece, 1,000,000; Argentina, 2,000,000; Brazil, 4,600,000; Chile, 800,000; total 46,750,000. Grand total of all countries, 171,474,900.

It must be borne in mind that not all of these men are available under the present requirements of enlistment, under which the average proportion available for actual fighting is one out of five, and gives the figures below. In cases where the enlisted war strength of a country is greater than indicated by the percentage method, the enlisted strength is also given. Men in such numbers could be obtained only by conscription. THE ALLIES: Great Britain, 4,560,000; France, 3,360,000; Russia, 6,920,000; Belgium, 300,000; Italy, 3,220,000: Japan, 2,600,000; Servia, 270,000; Montenegro (enlisted 30,000), 20,000; San Marino (enlisted 1,200), 350; total 21,250,350. GERMANY AND HER ALLIES: Germany (enlisted 4,350,000), 2,600,000; Austria Hungary (enlisted, all classes 3,500,000), 2,000,000; Turkey, 800,000; Bulgaria (enlisted 340,000), 200,000; total 5,600,000. NEUTRAL NATIONS: United States, 4,000,000; Denmark, 112,000; Norway (enlisted 120,000), 96,000; Sweden (enlisted under new plan 600,000), 550,000; Switzerland (enlisted in field 200,000, Landsturm 300,000), 154,000; Netherlands, 240,000; Portugal, 220,000 (now with the ALLIES); Spain (enlisted with reservists and Territorials 973,000), 800,000; Roumania (enlisted 500,000), 300,000; Greece, 200,000; Argentina, 400,000; Brazil, 920,000; Chile, 160,000; total 8,152,000. Grand total, actual fighting strength, of all countries, 35,002,350.

The MacLeod is an old. warlike clan of Norwegian origin, dating back to the twelfth century. Leod was a son of Olave the "black king" of Man and the Isles, and early in the thirteenth century married a daughter of MacRailt, who was an heiress of Dunvegan, and as her dowry it has remained in the possession of her descendants ever since. By her Leod had two sons. Tormod, the ancestor of the MacLeods of Harris, and Torquil, the ancestor of the MacLeods of Lewis, called the Siol (or race of), Tormod and the Siol Torquil, respectively. Their family history is obscure for two hundred years. About 1340 each of them received grants of mainland estates from the Crown-the Harris MacLeods in Glen Elg and the Lewis MacLeods in Assynt, but both were island chieftains, and held their lands in Skye. Harris and Lewis under the Lords of the Isles. They took part in the battles of Harlaw, 1411, and the Bloody Bay, 1480. After the final forfeiture of the Lords of the Isles, in 1493, both families got charters for their estates from the Crown.

In the sixteenth century, the most important events were the extinction of the Lewis branch of the family through dissensions and the marriage of Chief Rory MacLeod to a daughter of Mackenzie of Kintail. Rory believed rightly or wrongly that this Torquil (his heir by her) was not his real son. Documents recently discovered tend to confirm his contention. Acting in this belief, he disinherited Torquil "Conanach," and named as his heir a son by his third wife, a daughter of MacLean of Duart. He was named Torquil

MACLEOD OF MACLEOD

On the Battlements of Dunvegan

1595, Torquil Dubh attacked his brother (Conanach) in Strath Coigeach, and the Mackenzies in Loch Broom "in such barbarous and cruel manner that neither man, wife, bairn, house, cover nor bigging had been sparred, but all barbarously slain, burnt and destroyed." Torquil Dubh was afterwards betrayed into the hands of Conanach, and he and many of his followers were put to death, 1597. His son, Torquil, with the assistance of Neil MacLeod, his illegitimate brother, remained in possession of Lewis.

All the sons of Conanach were dead. His daughter had married a brother of Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, and to Kintail Conanach conveyed his ancient inheritance, to which the Mackenzies later established their claims. When Lord Mackenzie took possession of the estates in Lewis, in 1610, so terrible were the results of fifty years of family strife that Christianity had practically died out on the island. The Rev. Farquhar Macrae, a man of high character, was sent as a missionary, and labored successfully among the inhabitants. Rory MacLeod's descendants in the main line were extinct, and the MacLeods of Raasay first became the representatives of the Lewis family, and when they died out, early in the nineteenth century, MacLeod of Cadboll succeeded to the headship of that part of the family.

Another family dissension was that by which Marie, daughter of William, the ninth Chief of Dunvegan, was deprived of all of her rights as owner of the MacLeod estates, in return for a dowry of $5,000. This was followed by the usurpation of Ian Dubh, who by treachery seized Dunvegan and held it for two years, until ejected by Tormod, son of Alastair "Crottach" (humpback). But the foulest blot on the history of the family was the Eigg massacre of 1577. In the course of warfare with the MacDonalds the tradition runs that a small party of MacLeods had landed on the island and ill-treated some of the women. They were seized, bound hand and foot, and set adrift in their own boat, but managed to reach Dunvegan. Forthwith, to avenge them, the MacLeod chief sailed for Eigg. Seeing his overwhelming force, the inhabitants of the island, some two hundred in number, took shelter in a great cave, which had a single narrow entrance. Their plan seemed successful. MacLeod searched the island, but failed to find them, and at last set sail. Looking back, however, the MacLeods spied a man on the top of the island. Returning immediately, by means of his. footsteps in a sprinkling of snow which had fallen, they traced him to the mouth of the cave. There they demanded that the persons who had set their men adrift should be given up for punishment. This was refused; whereupon MacLeod ordered his men to gather heather and brushwood. This was piled against the mouth of the

cave and set on fire, and the blaze was kept up until all within were suffocated.

By way of retaliation for this massacre, on a Sunday when the MacLeods of Vaternish were at service in the church at Trumpan, a body of MacDonalds from Uist, having landed at Ardmore, set fire to the fane and burnt it with all its worshippers, except one woman, who escaped through a window. The MacDonald galleys, however, and the smoke of the burning church had been seen from Dunvegan, and MacLeod sent out the Fiery Cross. As he came within sight, the MacDonalds rushed to their boats; but the tide had left them high and dry, and as they struggled to launch them the MacLeods dashed to the attack, and every one of the MacDonalds was slain. The bodies of the dead were laid in a long row beside a turf dyke at the spot, and the dyke was overthrown upon them, from which fact the battle is known as Blar Milleadh Garaidh, the Battle of the Spoiling of the Dyke. A few years later the MacDonalds made another raid, and swept off all of MacLeod's cattle; but they were overtaken near the same spot, a terrible fight took place, and nearly everyone of the MacDonalds was killed.

Rory Mor, an extremely able man, Tormod's second son was chief from 1596 till his death in 1626. He was the first of the family who could write. In 1613 he visited England and received the honor of knighthood. He married a daughter of Macdonald of Glengarry, the clan's traditional foe, and from her brave sons descend the MacLeods of Talisker, Bernera, Muiravonside, Hamer and Greshornish, while the daughters became the wives of the most powerful chiefs in the islands. One married Clan Ranald, another MacLean of Duart, a third MacLean of Coll, and the fourth MacLeod of Raasay. Thus the MacLeods became related to most of the Highland clans.

Sir Rory's son, John MacLeod, of Dunvegan, was an ardent supporter of Charles I. After John MacLeod's death his brothers, Sir Rory of Talisker and Sir Norman of Bernera, guardians of the youthful chief, fought bravely in the campaign that culminated in the disaster at Worcester, with heavy losses. After Worcester, 1651, and Loch Garry, 1653, General Middleton found a refuge at Dunvegan. There also Lochiel and many other chiefs met in