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with whom he was lodged, and whose life had been saved in dire extremity by a clansman in the Mackenzie country, who by killing and disembowling his horse and placing her inside during a terrible storm, had preserved her and her new-born child. Upon coming into possession of Eileandonan, John Mackenzie made Gilchrist MacRae constable of the Isle, and before long the MacRaes had an opportunity to show their mettle in this post. In 1539, MacDonald of Sleet laid waste the lands of MacLeod of Dunvegan and his friend, the Mackenzie chief, killing the son of Finlay MacRae, then Governor of Eileandonan. Mackenzie thereupon despatched a force to Skye, which made reprisals in MacDonald's country. MacDonald, hearing that Eileandonan was left ungarrisoned, made a raid upon it with fifty birlinns. The only men in the castle were the governor, the watchman and Duncan MacRae. Presently the governor fell, and MacRae found himself with a single arrow. Watching his chance, however, he shot MacDonald in the foot, severing the main artery and causing him to bleed to death. For the overthrow of the MacDonalds, King James conferred further possessions on Mackenzie. Old as he was, Mackenzie fought for the child-Queen Mary at the Battle of Pinkie, where he was taken prisoner. His clansmen, however, showed their affection by paying his ransom. John Mackenzie added greatly to the family estates in Brae Ross, and many a quaint story is told of his shrewdness and sagacity, before he died at the age of eighty, in 1561.

Like so many of the early chiefs, John had an only son, Kenneth of the Whittle, so named from his dexterity with the skean dhu. He was among the chiefs who helped Queen Mary to get possession of Inverness Castle when refused by the governor, Alexander Gordon; and on the Queen's escape from Loch Leven, his son Colin was sent by the Earl of Huntly to advise her retreat to Stirling till her friends could be gathered. The advice was rejected and Colin fought for the Queen at Langside. In Kenneth's time a tragedy occurred at Eileandonan. John Glassich, son and successor to Hector Roy Mackenzie of Gairloch, fell under suspicion of an intention to renew his father's claim to be chief of the clan. Mackenzie therefore had him

arrested and sent to Eileandonan, and there he was poisoned by the Constable's lady. This chief married a daughter of the Earl of Atholl,and from his third son, Roderick, was descended the family of Redcastle.

The eleventh chief, One Eyed Colin, was a special favorite at Court, and like all his forebears, an able administrator of his own

estate.

The Mackenzies were now strong enough to defy even the Earl of Huntly. This great noble was preparing to destroy Mackintosh of Mackintosh, whose wife was Mackenzie's sister. Mackenzie sent asking that she should be treated with courtesy, and Huntly rudely replied that he would "cut her tail above her houghs." The Mackenzie chief was at Brahan Castle in delicate health, but next day his brother, Roderick of Redcastle, crossed the ferry of Ardersier, with four hundred clansmen, and when Huntly approached the Mackintosh stronghold in the Loch of Moy, he saw this formidable force marching to intercept him. "Yonder," said one of his officers, "is the answer to your threat to Mackenzie." The answer was so effectual that Huntly found it prudent to retire to Inverness.

In One-Eyed Colin's time, about 1580, one of the most desperate feuds in Highland history broke out, between the Mackenzies and the MacDonalds of Glengarry, whose chief owned considerable parts of the neighboring territories of Lochalsh, Loch Carron and Loch Broom. The feud began by Glengarry ill-using Mackenzie's tenants. It came to strife with the killing of a Glengarry gentleman as a poacher, and before it was ended, in the next chief's time, it had brought about some of the most tragic events in Highland history.

The next chief, Kenneth, was a man of singular ability, who managed to turn the MacDonald and other feuds directly to the increase of his house's territory and influence. While Mackenzie was in France. Glengarry's son, Angus MacDonald, and his cousins, committed several outrages, slaying and burning Mackenzie clansmen. and on the Mackenzies retaliating, had the chief summoned at the Pier of Leith to appear before the Council on pain of forfeiture. Through the prompt action of a clansman, however, Mackenzie managed to return in time, turned the tables on his enemy, and had him declared an outlaw,

and ordered to pay him a very large sum by way of damages. He then marched into Morar. routed the MacDonalds, and brought back to Kintail the largest creagh ever heard of in the Highlands. The MacDonalds retaliated with a raid on Kinlochewe, killing women and children, and destroying all the cattle. Angus MacDonald also proceeded to raise his kinsmen in the Isles against MacKenzie, and while the latter was absent in Mull, seeking help from his brother-in-law, MacLean of Duart, he made a great descent, burning and slaying, on Kintail.

Then a notable incident occurred. Lady Mackenzie at Eileandonan had only a single galley at home, but she armed it and sent it out to waylay MacDonald. It was a calm moonlight night in November, with occasional showers of snow, and Mackenzie's galley lay in wait in the shadows below Kylerhea. Presently, as the tide rose, a boat shot through. They let it pass, knowing it to be MacDonald's scout; then they saw a great galley coming through and made straight for it, firing a cannon with which Lady Mackenzie had provided them. In the confusion MacDonald's galley ran on the Cailleach rock, and every one of the sixty men on board, including Angus MacDonald himself, was slain or drowned.

Mackenzie also took and destroyed Glengarry's stronghold, Strome Castle. Then Allan Dubh

MacDonald, Glengarry's cousin, made a raid on Mackenzie's lands of Brae Ross, and on a Sunday morning, while all the people were at divine service in the church of Cilliechroist, set fire to the place and burnt men, women and children to ashes, while his piper marched round the building, drowning their shrieks with a piebroch, which ever since, under the name of "Cillechroist," has remained the family tune of Glengarry. As the MacDonalds returned home, they were pursued by the Mackenzies, who came up with them as morning broke, on the southern ridge of Glenurquhart above Loch Ness. Like Bruce on a famous occasion, Allan Dubh divided his men again and again, but the MacDonalds were not thrown off his track, and presently he found himself alone with Mackenzie of Coul at his heels. In desperation he made for the fearful ravine of the Aultsigh Burn, and sprang across. Mackenzie followed him, but missed his

footing, slipped and hung suspended by a hazel branch. At that MacDonald turned, hewed off the branch, and sent his pursuer to death in the fearful chasm below. He himself then escaped by swimming across Loch Ness. The feud was ended by Mackenzie, in 1007, obtaining a crown charter of the MacDonald lands in Loch Alsh, Loch Carron and elsewhere, for which he paid MacDonald ten thousand merks, while MacDonald agreed to hold his other lands off him as feudal superior.

Another great addition to Mackenzie's territories occurred in the time of the same

and

chief. Torquil MacLeod of the Lews had married as his second wife a daughter of John Mackenzie of Killin, but he disinherited her son, Torquil Cononach, adopted his eldest son by a third wife as his heir. Torquil Cononach was protected by Mackenzie, and recognized as the heir by the Government, and upon his halfbrother raiding Mackenzie's territory, the latter obtained letters of fire and sword

against him. At the same time, Torquil Cononach, his two sons being slain, made over his rights in the island to Mackenzie. Then came the attempt of the Fife Adventurers, who obtained grant of the Lews; and tried to colonize and civilize it. After much disturbance, they were ruined and driven out, and a later effort of the Earl of Huntly fared no better. Mackenzie then, in virtue of Torquil Cononach's resignation, had his possession of the Lews confirmed by charter under the Great Seal, and, proceeding there with seven hundred men, brought the whole island to submission. In recognition of this service to law and order, James VI in 1609 conferred a peerage on the chief, as Lord Mackenzie of Kintail.

Only a small band of MacLeods kept up a resistance in the Lews, and this was brought to an end in a dramatic way. On the death of Lord Mackenzie in 1611, he was succeeded by his son, Colin the Red. During his minority the estates were managed by Sir Roderick Mackenzie of Coigeach, The remnant of the MacLeods had held out on the impregnable rock of Berrissay for three years when the tutor of Kintail gathered all their wives, children and relations, placed them on a tidal rock within sight of MacLeod's stronghold, and declared that he would leave them there to drown unless MacLeod instantly sur

rendered. This MacLeod did, and so the last obstacle to Mackenzie's possession was removed, and "The inhabitants adhered most loyally to the illustrious house, to which they owed such peace and prosperity as was never before experienced in the history of the island."

This latest addition vastly increased the possessions of the Mackenzie chief, who was moreover a great favorite at the court of James VI, and in 1623 he was created Earl of Seaforth and Viscount Fortrose.

The Earl lived in his Castle of Chanonry, in the Black Isle, in great magnificence, making a state voyage with a fleet of vessels round his possessions every two years. He built the castles of Brahan and Chan

onry, while his tutor, Sir Roderick of Coig

each, ancestor of the Earls of Cromartie, built Castle Leod.

part in the siege of Londonderry and the battle of the Boyne, was created a Marquis at the exiled court. But the fortunes of his house had reached their climax, and he died an exile in France.

It was his only son, William Dubh, the fifth Earl, who took part in the Earl of Mar's rebellion in 1715. As a Jacobite he raised three thousand men and fought at the battle of Sheriffmuir. For this his earldom and estates were forfeited. Four Spain, he sailed with the Spanish expediyears later, on the breaking out of war with tion and landed in Kintail, but was wounded and defeated by General Wightman at Glenshiel. During his exile afterwards in France, the Government com

pletely failed to take possession of his estates. These were defended by his faithful factor, Donald Murchison, who had been a colonel at Sheriffmuir, and who now

His brother, George, who succeeded as second Earl and fourteenth chief in 1633, skilfully kept the passes and collected the

played a very undecided and self-seeking part in the civil wars of Charles I, appearing now on the Covenant's side and now on the King's, as appeared most to his advantage. He fought against Montrose at Auldearn, but afterwards joined him. Afterwards he was excommunicated and imprisoned by the Covenanters for a time, and ended his life as secretary to King Charles II, dying in 1651, upon news of the defeat of the King at Worcester.

His eldest son, Kenneth Mor, the third Earl, joined Charles II at Stirling in his attempt for the crown, and after his defeat at Worcester had his estates forfeited by Cromwell, and remained a close prisoner till the Restoration, when he was made Sheriff of Ross. He died in 1678.

His eldest son, Kenneth Og, the fourth Earl was made a member of the Privy Council and a companion of the Order of the Thistle by James VII.

It was the time of the later Covenanters, and two of Seaforth's relatives had the chief direction of affairs in Scotland Sir George Mackenzie of Tarbat, afterwards first Earl of Cromartie, as Lord JusticeGeneral, and Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh as Lord Advocate. Both were in private amiable and learned men, but as officials they showed little mercy to rebels, as they considered the upholders of the Covenant.

At the Revolution the Earl accompanied King James to France, and after taking

rents, which he sent to his master abroad. At last, in 1726, on his clansmen giving up their arms to General Wade, they and Seaforth himself received a pardon. Sad to say, on the chief returning home, he treated Murchison with rude ingratitude, and the factor died of a broken heart.

The Seaforth title remained under attainder, and the Earl's son, Kenneth, the eighteenth chief, who succeeded in 1740, remained known by his courtesy title as Lord Fortrose. The estates were purchased on his behalf for £26,000, and on the outbreak of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 he remained loyal to the Government. His kinsman, the Earl of Gromartie, who had then probably more influence with the clan, took the side of the Prince with a considerable number of men, and in consequence lay under sentence of death for a time. It was one of the name, Roderick Mackenzie, son of a goldsmith in Edinburgh, who, on being cut down in Glen Morriston, called out, "You have slain your Prince!" and from his likeness to Charles, threw the scent off his royal master for a space, and so helped his escape.

Lord Fortrose died in 1761. His only son, Kenneth, known as "the little Lord," was created Earl of Seaforth in the peerage of Ireland, in 1771. Seven years later he raised a regiment of 1,130 men, but on his way with it to India, died near St. Helena, in 1781.

The Earl was without a son, and in 1779, being heavily embarrassed, had sold the Seaforth estates to his cousin and heir male, Colonel Thomas F. Mackenzie Humberston. The father of the latter was a grandson of the third Earl, and had taken the name Humberston on inheriting the estates of his mother's family. Colonel Humberston had been chief for no more than two years when he was killed in an attack by the Mahrattas on the Ranger sloop of war out of Bombay.

He was succeeded by his brother, Francis Humberston Mackenzie, as twenty-first chief. In the war with France this chief raised two battalions of his clansmen, which were known as the Ross-shire Buffs, now the Seaforth Highlanders, and as a reward was made lord-lieutenant of Rossshire, and a peer of the United Kingdom, with the title of Lord Seaforth. As Governor of Barbardoes, he put an end to slavery on that island, and altogether, though very deaf and almost dumb, achieved a great reputation by his abilities. These drew from Sir Walter Scott an eloquent tribute in his Lament for the Last of the Seaforths:

In vain, the bright course of thy talents to wrong,

Fate deadened thine ear and imprisoned thy tongue,

For brighter o'er all her obstructions arose The glow of thy genius they could not oppose;

And who in the land of the Saxon or Gael Could match with Mackenzie, High Chief of Kintail.

It was in the person of this chief that the prediction of the Brahan seer was fulfilled. This prediction, widely known throughout the Highlands for generations before it was accomplished, declared that when a deaf Mackenzie should be chief, and four other heads of families should have certain physical defects, the house of Seaforth should come to an end. So it happened. At this time Sir Hector Mackenzie of Gairloch was buck-toothed; Chisholm of Chisholm was hare-lipped; Grant of Grant was half-witted, and MacLeod of Raasay was a stammerer. So it came about. Lord Seaforth's four sons all died before him, unmarried; from his own indulgence in high play he was forced to sell, first a part of Lochalsh, and afterwards Kintail and other estates, and when he died the remainder passed to his eldest daughter,

Lady Hood, then a widow. This lady afterwards married Stewart of Glasserton, a cadet of the house of Galloway, himself distinguished as a member of Parliament, governor of Ceylon and Lord High Commissioner to the Ionian Islands. He took the name of Mackenzie, and at his lady's death at Brahan Castle in 1862, she was succeeded in possession of the estates by her eldest son, Keith William Stewart Mackenzie, now of Seaforth.

Meanwhile the chiefship of the clan passed to James Fowler Mackenzie of Allangrange, as lineal representative of Simon Mackenzie of Lochslinn, seventh son of Kenneth, first Lord Mackenzie. It is interesting to note that the eldest son of Simon Mackenzie was Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, Lord Advocate, already mentioned, author of the famous Institutes of Scots Law, and well known as the "Bluidy Mackenzie" of Covenanting folklore. Sir George's sons, however, all died without male heirs, and the succession was carried on by his younger brother, Simon. After the death of Allangrange. some years ago, the title to the chiefship was uncertain. It probably remained with a descendant of the Hon. Simon Mackenzie of Lochslinn by his second wife. until recently Mackenzie of Dundonnell; but several of the sons of this family were untraced. Recently, however, by agreement, the chieftainship was settled on Colonel Stewart Mackenzie, of Braham Castle, Ross-shire. Besides the line, there are many cadet branches of the ancient house. In several instances, such as those of the houses of Gairloch and of Tarbat, the latter of whom became Earls of Cromartie, the history is only less romantic than that of the chiefs themselves; but for these the reader must be referred to the work already quoted, The History of the Clan Mackenzie, by Alexander Mackenzie, published in Inverness in 1879.-By Special Permission of the Editor of Scottish Country Life.

A well-to-do Scottish lady one day said to her gardener:

"Tammas, I wonder you don't get married. You've a nice house, and all you want to complete it is a wife. You know the first gardener that ever lived had a wife."

"Quite right, missus, quite right," said Tammas. "but he didna keep his job long after he got his wife."

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A Trip to the City of Rochester, in Mid-Kent, England

BY CHARLES PETTIGREW

PART II

The port of Rochester does not begin to hold the important place to-day that it did in the days long before the advent of the locomotive and steamship, the development of the River Thames and the Harbor of London. Being nearer the sea than London, it was one of the main ports for transchannel travel. Here the Danes landed on their several invasions (830-897); Kings, their Consorts and the great people of England and the Continent came and went from this oldest of English ports. It was here that Henry VIII came to meet his latest bride, Anne of Cleves, in 1540. He had been there before in 1522, with the Emperor Charles V, one of the most powerful monarchs of the sixteenth century. In 1573 Queen Elizabeth paid a five days' visit to Rochester. Charles II landed here on his way to London at the restoration, staying several days at a house still pointed out and known as the restoration house. It was from here that James II sailed for France when he had to flee from London.

In the old town we found some very interesting things, among them the Richard

Watts Hostle for six poor travelers. It was about this institution that Dickens wrote his Christmas story, The Seven Poor Travelers. He stayed at the institution in violation of its rules, and made the seventh inmate for the time being. About the middle of the sixteenth century, when but a lad, Richard Watts came to Rochester, a tramp, looking for work. He hung around the town for days, finding little help or sympathy, sleeping at night wherever he could, in outhouses and in the open. At last he found work at the Royal Dockyards at Chatham.. He applied himself diligently to the work assigned him, and as the years rolled on he rose from one position to another, until at last he became a wealthy merchant, a purveyor of the Royal Navy. Then he was made surveyor and clerk of works for the building of Upnor Castle, that Elizabeth was then having built. Later the Queen made him paymaster to the Wardens of Rochester Bridge. He also became a member of Parliament for Rochester, and finally the Queen came to Rochester and spent several days at his

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