was of old according to the King of Scot land his gift of chieftainrie of the said Clan Chattan granted thereupon, in the which they are, and is astricted to serve Mackintosh as their captain and chief." But such bonds were common instruments of the feudal centuries for temporary purposes, and did not necessarily mean the admission of a hereditary right. On the opposite side, in 1665, when the Mackintosh chief was preparing an expedition to assert his rights to the lands of Glenlui and Loch Arkaig against the Camerons, he asked the help of the Macphersons, and to prevent their action being construed into an admission that he was their chief, he executed a notarial deed declaring that they did so merely of their own good will and pleasure, and added on his own part, "I bind and oblige myself and friends and followers to assist, fortify, and join with the said Andrew, Lachlan and John Macpherson, all their lawful and necessary adoes, being thereunto required." The trouble with the Camerons having, however, been settled, Mackintosh proceeded again to assert his chiefship of Clan Chat tan, including the Macphersons. Once already the dispute between the rival chiefs had been on the point of an appeal to arms. In 1660 Mackintosh had begun to erect a mill, which was likely to injure one belonging to Macpherson of Cluny lower on the same stream. The fiery cross was sent through the Macpherson country, and Clan Vurich rushed to arms, stimulated by a traditional prophecy that at this time a great battle should be fought between the rival clans. The Mackin

toshes and Macphersons faced each other at the site of the proposed mill, when Mackintosh, finding himself inferior in numbers, sent for help, first to the chief of the Grants and afterwards to the chief of the Farquharsons, but both of these chiefs refused to take arms against their neighbor, Macpherson. In the end Mackintosh drew off his men, the Macphersons demolished the half-built mill, and its erection was finally abandoned.

In 1672, to end the dispute, Duncan Macpherson of Cluny applied for and obtained from the Lord Lyon a matricula tion of arms as "the laird of Cluny Macpherson and the only and true representer of the ancient and honourable family of

of

Clan Chattan." He proceeded, however, to carry the assertion of his rights too far. The Lyon Office had admitted him to be Chief of Clan Chattan. He now undertook, under an order of the Privy Council, to be responsible for the good behavior of all the holders of his name; then, to protect himself, issued a requisition to landowners of his name in Badenoch to give him letters of relief, undertaking to answer to him for the good behavior of themselves and their own people. These gentlemen, not being his feudal vassals, naturally resented the assumption feudal authority, and appealed against it to the Privy Council, and that body thereupon released him from his bond of cautionry and required him only to become responsible for his own tenants and servants and the persons of his name descended from his family, while the Laird of Mackintosh was required to become responsible, among others, for such of the name of Macpherson as might be his feudal vassals. Further, at the instance of the Laird of Mackintosh, the Lord Lyon withdrew Cluny's previous matriculation of arms, and granted him a coat as a cadet of the Mackintoshes. The right to use sup. porters, the heraldic sign of chiefship, was also denied him, and it was not till 1873 that this right was conceded by the Lyon Office, the person to whom it was conceded being the late Ewen Macpherson of Cluny, who succeeded in 1817 and died in 1885

Meanwhile the Macpherson chiefs paid little attention to the ruling of the Lord Lyon. In 1673 Cluny signed a contract of friendship with Macdonald of Glengarry "for himself and taken burden upon him for the haell name of Macpherson and some others called Old Clanchatten as cheefe and principall man thereof." It is true that in 1724, on consideration of receiving from the Mackintosh chief certain lands about Loch Laggan, the chief of the Macphersons signed an agreement renouncing in favor of Mackintosh all claim to be chief of Clan Chattan; but this deed is open to the suggestion that it refers only to the more modern Clan Chattan confederacy, which originated with the heiress Eva and Angus Mackintosh in 1291. There can be little doubt that if the descent from Muirich, parson of Kin

gussie, is authentic, Macpherson of Cluny is the actual heir-male of the older Clan Chattan chiefs, and since the battle of Invernahavon the existence of a chiefship of the Macphersons can never really have been in doubt.

It was the chief, Duncan Macpherson,

who had the transactions with the Lord Lyon, who in 1680 at last procured from the Marquis of Huntly the permanent ownership of Cluny, which had been possessed by his ancestors only as removable tenants. At the revolution in 1689, when Viscount Dundee opened his campaign in Scotland for King James, Cluny Macpherson was commissioned by the Estates to call together all the friends, kinsmen, vassals, and tenants under his command or influence, and reduce them into troops, companies, or a regiment, with power to name his inferior officers. Upon his death without male descendants in 1722, the representation passed to Lachlan Macpherson of Nuid, and it was he who signed the

deed of 1724 above mentioned. In 1704 he married Jean, daughter of the famous Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, and from this pair the later Cluny Macphersons have descended.

Lachlan Macpherson of Cluny lived till 1746, but it was his eldest son, Ewen, who figured so conspicuously as the Cluny Macpherson of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. Only a short time previously had occurred the tragic incident of the Black Watch, which is one of the most pathetic in Scottish military history. The regiment, which had been enrolled to keep order in the Highlands, was marched to London, and a rumor spread that, contrary to its terms of enlistment, it was to be sent abroad. Suddenly and secretly the whole body set off for the north, but they were intercepted in Northamptonshire and marched back to the Tower. After trial many of them were banished to the Colonies, and three were shot, of whom two were Macphersons. This event had produced among the clansmen a strong feeling against the Government of King George. Before the landing of Prince Charles Edward, Cluny Macpherson had been granted a commission in Lord Loudon's regiment, but at the outbreak of the rebellion in 1745 he was captured by the Jacobites, and, shortly after the battle of

Prestonpans, threw in his lot on the side of the Stewarts. With a hundred and twenty Macphersons he took part in the march to Derby, and at Clifton, during the retreat, it was he and his men who bore the chief brunt of the Hanoverian attack.

During the winter Macpherson and his clan

were allowed by the Prince to remain at home, and they were only on their way to rejoin the Prince's army when at Dalmaggery, near Moy, they were met by news of the defeat at Culloden. Had

Cluny with his six hundred men reached the field in time, it may well be believed they might have changed the fortunes of that day. As it was, the issue meant ruin for the chief. In the months which ensued his seat at Cluny was burned and his estate was forfeited. For some time he lived with his cousin, the younger Lochiel, in the famous hiding place known as "the Cage" on Ben Alder, where for a time he afforded shelter to the hunted Prince him

self; and when Charles finally left for France he confided his military chest to the chief, and gave him a letter acknowledging his services and promising reward. For nine years Macpherson lived in caves and other hiding-places among his own people, whose affection for him may be judged by the fact that none was ever tempted by the Government reward to betray him. During these years, in 1750, his wife, a daughter of the notorious Simon, Lord Lovat, gave birth to his son and heir in a kiln for drying corn. When at last Macpherson escaped to France in 1755, he carried with him the Prince's military chest containing a considerable sum of money, which he had preserved intact, and his name remains among the in the unfortunate Jacobite cause. most highly honored of those who took part

Duncan Macpherson, the chief born in the corn kiln, became Colonel of the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards, and the forfeited estates were restored to him in 1784. He married Catherine. daughter of Sir Ewen Cameron of Fassifern, another famous Jacobite, and died in 1817. His son, Ewen, was made a Companion of the Bath in 1881. He died in 1885, having heen chief of the Macphersons for sixtyeight years, and the representation of the family has since been held in succession by his three sons, Duncan, Ewen and

Albert, the last of whom is the present chief.

Cluny Castle, Macpherson's seat, is a handsome modern building a few miles southwest of Kingussie. Its chief treasures are several highly interesting relics of the clan and of Prince Charles Edward Stewart. Among these last is the Prince's target, lined with leopard skin and richly and beautifully mounted with silver trophies and ornaments. There are also the Prince's gold inlaid pistols, and silvermounted sealskin sporran, as well as his lace ruffles given to Cameron of Fassifern, the farewell autograph letter already mentioned, and a plate from which it was intended to print notes for the use of the Jacobite army. Another relic is the Bratach uaine, or green banner of the clan, regarding which an old woman is

said to have told the Duke of Cumberland that if he awaited its arrival he would certainly meet defeat. The Crios Breac, again, is a leathern belt of red morocco with silver studs representing the Agnus Dei and head of St. John alternately, and believed to have been brought from the Holy Land by one of the early chiefs. But perhaps the chief treasure of the house is the Feadun Dhu or Black Chanter of Clan Chattan, which is said to have fallen from heaven to supply the loss of the chanter used by the piper who played in the famous battle of the Threttie against Threttie on the North Inch in 1396, and on the preservation of which the prosperity of the house of Cluny is believed by every true clansman to depend.

(Continued on page 372)

There was an incident in a historic church in Ayr last Sunday that I think you would like to be told. The war lies very near to the heart of the present time, and, whether the heart is the seat of the emotions or not, the wellsprings of the emotions are very sympathetic with it. The congregation had already sung that beautiful little Psalm, the cxxi, "I to the hills will lift mine eyes"sung it, too, to the tune of "French." The Psalm and the tune go together. They always do. The one is simple and the other is simple, and the flowing measure of the tune suffices to bring out the beauties of the Psalm. Nearly every Scottish child knows "I to the hills." It takes rank with "The Lord's my Shepherd," and "All people that on earth do dwell"; and, besides its immediate personality, its direct bearing on the individual, it is a beautiful family Psalm, if one only thinks as he sings it of the family scattered far and wide, and severed, it may be, by mount and stream and sea.

The Lord thee keeps; the Lord thy shade On thy right hand doth stay;

The moon by night thee shall not smite
Nor yet the sun by day.

The Lord shall keep thy soul; he shall
Preserve thee from all ill.
Henceforth thy going out and in
God keep forever will.

As I have said, the congregation had sung it. The minister had proceeded with his sermon. Sermons are not always sermons in what has come to be the authorized version of the word, and this one went warwards to a young Highlander who had been

wounded in recent battle and who lay stretched on the field.

Somewhere in the north of Scotland he had learned "I to the hills" in Gaelic, and of course the Gaelic version of it was as sweet to him as ours is to us. He began to sing the old Psalm, and out over the field his singing reached as far as his voice would carry. One can imagine the effect upon the wounded Scots lying around. For one thing it was childhood and the days of youth over again. It was the enshrinement of many memories and associations. It was a present help as well in the day of trouble. There came by a Scottish regiment marching, and the men heard it, and felt it; and one of them, on his way back from the conflict, noted the spot whereabouts the sound proceeded from. At night he went back to look for the singer. All was quiet. The stars were shining down. The rage of battle had ceased from the spot. The Highlander wandered backwards and forwards looking for the singer. But he had ceased to sing and lay quiet. So the searcher raised his own voice. "Sing it again, laddie," he called out; "sing it again!" And the laddie, hearing, responded, and sang on till the searcher found him and carried him back to the base. And now he is once more at home, wounded, and in the North Countrie. He had not slumbered Who kept him. The congregation was touched by the recital of the incident. "Let us sing the Psalm again," said the minister. The organ rolled out the old tune, its very name, "French," rich in deeper significance. But when the time came for the voice to join in, there were very few voices that were able to do it. You know why.-Kilmarnock Standard.

"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,

Await alike the inevitable hour;
The paths of glory lead but to the grave."
-Gray's Elegy.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Greyfriars' Kirkyaird was the aristocratic burial place of Edinburgh. It contains many expensive and imposing mausoleums, besides humbler monuments in great number, that bear the names of many of Scotland's greatest sons. It is a matter of record that here were interred the remains of thirty-seven Provosts of the City of Edinburgh, twenty-three principals and professors of its University, many of them of world-wide celebrity; twentythree of the most distinguished lawyers of their day, one a Vice-Chancellor of Great Britain and Master of the Rolls; another who was Accountant General of the Court of Chancery; six Lord's Presidents of the Superior Court of Scotland; twenty-two Senators of the College of Justice, and a host of men distinguished for the splendor of their genius, piety and worth. Here, too, lie in unnumbered thousands citizens of more humble position, dust piled on dust, till the soil of the place is now high above the street (the Candlemakers' Row) that runs past it. For some years back interments have ceased to be made in this very old Kirkyaird. Many stories could be written, drawn from the lives of the illustrious men whose dust is here. It thrills one to wander among their graves, and read their names and epitaphs.

It would seem that we should not leave this place made sacred by the dust of so many really great men without recalling in a very brief way the life story of some of them, more especially since, in this flippant, pleasure-seeking age, the thoughts of the younger generation are not likely to be turned to memories such as these, and even we older folks are, in the hurry, bustle and crowding interests of these stirring

times, very likely to have forgotten, or think lightly of them.

It may be true that it is not well to live too much in the past, to the extent that we might become Chinafied. But it seems to me that so long as the memories we seek to recall are those of men who did and dared, men who started the world on the pathway that led to freedom and progress, only good can come from looking into the past.

We found it interesting, for instance, to linger at the family plot of Sir Walter Scott's father, and read the inscription on his grave-stone, together with the markers at each of the graves of the members of his family that lie here.

When Lockhart was writing the life of Sir Walter, he corresponded with an old gentleman who had been Sir Walter's tutor, seeking for detailed information about the family life. He wrote as follows: "Walter from early youth to manhood was a sitter in Old Greyfriars, and his parents every Sabbath, when well and at home, attended with their fine family of children and their domestic servants."

An honored spot, marked by a very handsome monument, is that where was laid the remains of the Rev. William Carstairs, an eminent Scotch minister, born in Cathcart, near Glasgow, in 1649. His father was the Rev. John Carstairs, who was one of the extreme covenanting leaders. The son was educated at the University of Edinburgh and at Utrecht, where he established a very friendly relationship with William, Prince of Orange, and soon began to take an active interest in the politics of his native country. James II was then on the thrones of England and Scotland, the very worst of the Stuarts. The Prince of Orange was married to Mary, the daughter of Charles I. She was heir-apparent to the two thrones. The Prince being a staunch Protestant and champion of the cause in Europe, the people looked to him to relieve them from the brutal tyranny

of James. Carstairs became one of the messengers passing frequently between Scotland and Holland. Returning to London in 1674 from one of his visits to Holland, he was arrested and committed to the Tower; confined there for about a year, he was transferred to the Castle at

GEORGE BUCHANAN

Edinburgh, where he was held for four years. All the time he was writing pamphlets on the burning questions of the day. On his liberation he again went to Holland, but soon returned to London, where he became engaged in the Rye House plot, was arrested, and subjected to the thumbscrew torture, the object being to make him disclose the names of his fellow-conspirators. He stood the test bravely, however, and was soon set at liberty, when he immediately returned to Holland, where the Prince made him Court Chaplain, an office that he continued to hold during the rest of his life as Royal Chaplain to William and Mary, Queen Anne and George I.

On the accession of William and Mary, Carstairs took residence in Edinburgh, became Scot's Adviser to the Crown, Minister of Greyfriars, and later of St. Giles. He was also elected Principal of the University, and was four times chosen Moderator of the General Assembly. During Anne's reign, he took an active part in

the negotiations that brought about the Union of the Crowns. On the accession of George I, he was chosen chairman of the delegation of six ministers appointed by the Church of Scotland to welcome the new King in its name. He thus did valiant and vital work for Scotland under four sovereigns. He died December, 1715.

Another grave in this Auld Kirkyaird that attracted our attention because it is marked by a very handsome monument, was that of another of the great ministers of the old time. He came six years after Carstairs had passed on, but his work and his monument are none the less imposing. I refer to Dr. William Robertson, born 1721, died 1783, who was, like Carstairs, a son of the Manse, who rose to be next to Gibbon the greatest historian of their day, for they both lived and wrote at the same time. His history of Scotland is a delightful book to read, and every lover of Scotch history should have it on his bookshelves, so well is it written.

All his life he lived in the Lothians, being born in Brothwick, in Midlothian. He was placed minister of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian. His father and mother died shortly thereafter, and on the meagre stipend of $480.00 a year he supported and educated his six sisters and a brother, they living with him till they were all respectably settled in homes of their own. He early became a leader in church affairs, was a great power in the General Assembly, and was chosen Principal of the University in 1762, when he was forty-one years old. Besides writing the History of Scotland that is considered his greatest work, and that ran into fourteen editions in his own lifetime, he wrote the history of the reign of Emperor Charles the Fifth, a History of America, also of Ancient India. Walpole, the great statesman, described him as a Scotch country parson writing like a minister of state. His father and he were both ministers of Old Greyfriars, and both were Doctors of Divinity.

Not very far from Dr. Robertson's resting place, is the grave of Allan Ramsay, the well known Scotch poet, who was born at the little village of Crawford Moor, in the Lead Hills of Lanarkshire, in 1686. His father was manager of Lord Hopiton's lead mines, and died when Allan was a mere lad. The boy went to the parish school, and when fifteen was apprenticed