ism has lost one of its staunchest advocates. Mr. Wilson was one of the founders of the Scottish Patriotic Association, and for three years he edited and published The Scottish Patriot, a monthly journal of strong national sentiment. He also formed the Scottish National Song Society, which has now branches throughout Scotland. To these and other movements of a kindred character Mr. Wilson devoted himself with much zeal, and by means of writing and lecturing helped to keep aflame the cause of Scottish patriotism. He possessed an interesting collection of old claymores, dirks, and other weapons of warfare. Mr. Wilson, who is survived by his wife and three daughters, was the head of the Wilson Advertising Company, 83 Jamaica street. The Glasgow Herald, December 5, 1916.

The following biography is from material which has appeared in former numbers of THE CALEDONIAN:

Mr. John Wilson, "The Scottish Patriot," was born on Stirling street, Glasgow, October 5th, 1852; his people belonged to Perthshire, and removing when still young from the great city to the beautiful Town of Helensburgh, he was there educated at a school where the fees were one penny weekly, paid every Monday. Even in his early days, Mr. Wilson developed a patriotic interest in the history of his country; he was an ardent Jacobite, and along with the present minister of Iona, wrote many verses on the popu lar heroes of the '45. Later in life, however, Mr. Wilson met in a Glasgow workshop with a very intelligent Cameronian or Reformed Presbyterian, who soon knocked the bottom out of his Jacobite Idylls, and in its place exalted the Covenanters and the martyrs of the second Reformation.

In his twenties he took a situation in Workington, Cumberland, where he remained for several years, and attended a Presbyterian Church and organized the West Cumberland Caledonian Association. On leaving, the members presented him with a set of Highland bagpipes, made by Glen, of Edinburgh. In his perambulations round the world he brought these pipes with him to New York, and had the pleasure of playing before the Caledonian Club, about the time of the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876. Mr. Wilson had a great admiration for America and Americans.

For many years, Mr. Wilson had taken part in every movement tending to benefit his native land, and especially the cause of Scottish Rights against the ever increasing encroachments of the English, so aptly termed by Lord Rosebery, "the predominant partner," the predominance however, being only in numbers. About a dozen years ago he was sponsor and one of the founders, in Glasgow, of the Scottish Patriotic Association; and to help the cause he published and edited for three years, The Scottish Patriot, one of the most popular papers of the kind in Scotland. He was one of the periodical visitors to the historic field of Bannockburn, June 24 of each year, having with many

others the idea that Bannockburn Day might ultimately become a Scottish National holiday.

He was the founder of the Scottish National Song Society, and for nine years Honorable General Secretary until his resignation in 1916, and was successful in getting Dr. Andrew Carnegie to contribute handsomely to its funds. One of the most pleasant times of his life was when with two members of the society he stayed a night The with Dr. Carnegie at Skibo Castle. evening was spent with song and story and Mr. Carnegie declared it was one of the most pleasant evenings he had ever spent. At the time of his resignation, the society adopted the following resolution:

"The originator of the Scottish National Song Society, Mr. John Wilson worked with whole-hearted devotion for its development and success, and spared neither time nor talent in the furtherance of its objects. Enthusiastic, shrewd and energetic, Mr. John Wilson has done a great work for Scottish Song and Scottish Nationality, and in losing an official of his worth and ability the Scottish National Song Society is much the poorer. No adequate computation can be made of the great amount of work Mr. Wilson has done on behalf, and in name, of the society, and his indefatigable zeal and labors have placed the society under deep obligations to him. In accepting his resignation, which it does with keen regret, the society resolves to engross in its minutes its deep and cordial appreciation of his zealous and disinterested services, its profound and grateful thanks therefor, and its high sense of his own personal worth and integ rity."

A dozen or more years ago Mr. Wilson began to give his celebrated Song Lectures on Scottish Song. He visited towns in all parts of Great Britain, and his one regret was that time would not permit of his sing ing the songs of Scotland to the Scot abroad. He was a Burns enthusiast, and as a mem ber of Council of the Burns' Clubs Associations. first drew attention to the fact that the Burns House in Mauchline, where the poet took up house with "Bonnie Jean," was for sale. It was later bought by Mr. Cowie and renovated and restored by the associa tion.

Mr. Wilson was engaged for thirty years in Glasgow as an advertising contractor. and in that period had devoted much of his time to national work. He was for many years a member of the Exchange Ward Committee, and though pressed on many occasions to stand for the Town Council, he preferred to work outside in a quieter, but more effective way. Characteristic of the man, the private room in his office was set round with Highland broadswords and portraits of eminent Scots. He was a member of the St. Andrew's Societies of Glasgow and Edinburgh.

It is an indication of his patriotism that his family, which consists of three daughters, are named, Flora Macdonald, Grace Darling and Caroline Oliphant.

"So live that when thy summons comes to join

The innumerable caravan which moves To that mysterious realm where each shall take

His chamber in the silent halls of death, Thou go not, like the quarry lave at night, Scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed

By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave, Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams."

These lines by Bryant might be truthfully taken as the expression of the men whose life stories we have briefly briefly sketched. For surely they exemplified in their lives the idea he expresses in them, Morton perhaps excepted. So, in the spirit that Scott depicts in Old Mortality, whom he represents as spending thirty years of his life, keeping the gravestones of the old martyrs of the covenant clean and the inscriptions on them clear cut, that the memory of their glorious self-sacrificing deeds might be passed on to future generations. I purpose in this third part of the story of Old Greyfriars to sketch a few more of the lives of the sterling men whose remains lie in that hallowed ground.

Near the graves of Allan Ramsay and Collin MacLaurin is that of the Rev. Hugh Blair, one of Scotland's greatest preachers. Though he lived after the trying days of the Reformation and the Covenant, he nevertheless made his mark on Scotland's theology. Born in 1718 in Edinburgh, the son of a merchant, he was educated at the University of his native city, entering when he was only twelve years old. Immediately he attracted the notice of the professors by his good scholarship, and when twentyone had taken the M. A. degree. He was licensed to preach when he was twentythree, and a few months thereafter was presented to the Parish Church of Collessie, in Fife, by the Earl of Leven. Two years later he was elected assistant of the Cannongate Church in Edinburgh. At the age of thirty-nine he was made

D. D. by the University of St. Andrews, and a year later he was placed as minister of St. Giles, the most important charge in Scotland. Four years later, when he was forty-four, he was appointed to the newly founded chair of rhetoric and belles lettres in the University, at a salary of £70 a year. So popular did he become that his weekly sermons were translated and printed in every language in Europe. They were even praised by the great Dr. Samuel Johnson, who said of them: "His doctrine is the best limited, the best expressed; there is the most warmth without fanaticism, the most rational transport." They pleased the King (George III) so much that he gave the good Doctor a pension of £200 a year. He died in

1801.

Another monument that is worth looking at because of the great name that it bears is that erected to the memory of Dr. Joseph Black, to whom the scientific world accords the honor of being the founder of modern chemistry. He was the first to make quantitative analysis. He discovered carbonic acid gas, which he called fixed air. He also discovered and elucidated the theory or principle of latent heat, that was of invaluable importance to James Watt, clearing the way for his investigation of the dynamic value of steam. And, by the way, it is worthy of note that Watt was instrument maker at the University of Glasgow when Black was professor of chemistry there. They were close friends. Often discussing the problems of steam that Watt was struggling to solve, Black also discovered the laws of specific heat and wrote many books on chemical subjects.

He was born in Bordeaux, France, the son of a Scotch Irishman, a native of Belfast, who was a wine merchant there. Joseph was taken to Belfast when twelve years old and went to school there till he was in his eighteenth year. From the grammar school at Belfast he was taken

to the Glasgow University to study medicine. Dr. Cullen held the chair of chemistry at the time. He was very fond of experimental work and young Black from the first caught his spirit and fell under his spell, eagerly assisting him in his research work. He soon became very expert, acquiring the necessary delicate manipulative skill essential to success in such work. From Glasgow Black went to the University of Edinburgh to complete his medical studies and received his degree there. During the time he was at Edinburgh he became so proficient and expert in the study of chemistry that at the age of twenty-eight he was appointed to the chair of chemistry at Glasgow, it having become vacant by Dr. Cullen being called to the same chair at Edinburgh. It was while a student at Edinburgh that he discovered the properties of carbonic acid gas, and while a professor at Glasgow those of latent and specific heat, each of them laws that lie at the root of problems, the solution of which meant the success and development of our great manufacturing interest of to-day. They also marked the beginning of the chemistry of the air-pneumatic chemistry. On the promotion of Dr. Cullen to a more important chair than that of chemistry at Edinburgh, Dr. Black was called there to succeed him. This accounts for his being in Edinburgh at the time of his death and for his grave being in Old Greyfriars.

The good Doctor was a man of modest and retiring disposition, diffident and unassuming in his manner, beloved by all; his students. his fellow professors, and the people of Glasgow, where in important cases he practised his profession of physician. He is undoubtedly entitled to the credit of raising chemistry, from being considered akin to alchemy to the position of a true science, and to be considered and called the Father of Modern Chemistry.

Another monument that occupies a prominent place in Greyfrairs is that of George Heriot, who died in 1610. He was the father of George Heriot, one of Edinburgh's most illustrious sons, who left behind him a name and a fame that will endure as long as there continues to be a record of human effort and achievement. George, the elder, was a goldsmith and money lender. These two businesses in his time seem to have been linked

was

He

together. George, the younger, born during Mary's reign in 1536. received a good education in his native city. was trained to his father's business, marrying a merchant's daughter with a patrimony. He began business on his own account in a little shop near St. Giles' Church.

When King James married Ann of Denmark, who had very extravagant tastes, was fond of decking her person with jewe'ry, setting the fashion for the ladies of the court, Heriot was engaged to make or furnish these, and shortly he was appointed jeweler to the Queen, this being announced at the Cross by Royal proclamation. His business experienced a very great boom and practically he enjoyed a monopoly of the whole demands of the court for jewels. the Queen's account running up to £50,000 a year. Later, James appointed him jeweler to the King, and when he moved to London at the union of the Crowns he carried Heriot with him, having found him useful in procuring money that he always needed.

Heriot opened a shop in London on Cornhill opposite the Exchange, where his business became so great that a Royal proclamation instructed the Mayors and Justices of the Peace of all the large cities of the country to assist him in finding workmen skilled in the art to work for Heriot: James was very fond of him, and following his habit of giving all who attended him nicknames, he called Heriot "Jingling Giordie" and always addressed him so. Sir Walter Scott made him one of the leading characters in his "Fortunes of Nigel." Heriot also became jeweler to Charles I when he was Prince of Wales. He got so deeply in debt to him that he could not pay the bill and did not for twenty years after Heriot's death, when the Court of Sessions ordered that the sum of £23,625 10s. 31⁄2d. be paid to his trustees in satisfaction of their claims against the King, this money being the proceeds of the sale of Crown lands in the vicinity of Edinburgh.

Heriot was twice married, his second wife being the daughter of James Primrose, a clerk to the Privy Council and an ancestor of the Earls of Rosebery. Neither of his wives bore him children. After the death of his second wife, the question uppermost in his mind was the disposi

tion of the large fortune he had accumulated. He finally decided to found in his native city an institution for the education of orphaned children. The whole of his fortune, with the exception of a few personal legacies, he bequeathed to the civic authorities and clergy as Edinburgh as trustees, "For the erection and maintenance of a hospital for the education, nursing and upbringing of youth, being puir orphans and fatherless children of decayed burgesses and freemen of the said burgh, destitute and left without means."

The buildings known as Heriot's Hospital stand on high ground known as High Rigs, that abuts on Greyfriars Churchyard. They are one of the glories of Edinburgh. It is not known who designed them. The architect's name has been lost. Although the work of erecting the buildings was begun in 1628, four years after Heriot's death, boys were not received into them till 1659, the work being several times obstructed, being entirely stopped in 1639 for a period of five years for lack of funds.

The tenants of the lands and properties in which the funds were invested became so poor on account of the civil war they could not pay their rents. Then when Cromwell came to Scotland and fought the Battle of Dunbar, General Monk used the buildings for his sick and wounded soldiers.

In 1659 the buildings were finally completed and opened for their intended purDose, when on April 11 of that year thirty boys were admitted. The income is something over £24,000 per annum; one hundred and eighty boys, all that the buildings will accommodate, are constantly educated and maintained. The age of admission being from seven to ten years, they must leave the institution at fourteen, unless they pass as "hopeful scholars." They are taught English, French, Latin, Greek and all the usual branches of a liberal education with music and drawing. Those who manifest a desire to pursue the learned professions are sent to the University for four years, being allowed £30 a year. On leaving the Hospital, the "poor

fatherless boys, freemen's sons," as Heriot calls them in his will, are provided with clothes and suitable books, and such of them as become apprentices for five years or more receive £50, divided into equal annual payments during their term of service, besides a gratuity of £5 at its end. Those who are apprenticed for less than five years receive a correspondingly less allowance.

Like Watt's institution that we saw at Rochester, the income has grown from year to year in value so much that the trustees were empowered by act of Parliament to spend it in other directions. They have established many schools in the city built on the peculiar architectural lines of the original building, in which thousands of children are being constantly educated free, many of them going to the University and learning trades as in the Hospital.

One of the handsome tombs in Old Greyfriars is that of Sir George Mackenzie. He was one of the great lawyers of his day, 1636, who founded the Advocates' Library. His grandfather was the first Lord MacKenzie of Kintail, the first and second Lords Seaforths being his uncles. His mother was a daughter of Dr. Andrew Bruce, principal of St. Leanord's College, St. Andrew's. Born at Dundee, he attended the grammar school there, then the Universities of Aberdeen and St. Andrew's, where he graduated at sixteen, after which he took a three years' course in civil law at Bourges. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1656, and at the time of the restoration had established himself in considerable practice. He wrote much of a pure literary nature and on legal subjects as well. The King, Charles II, appointed him a "justice-Dispute" and later King's advocate. In these positions he became the persecutor of the Covenanters and was a most unscrupulous official, earning for himself the title of Bludy MacKenzie and the hatred and detestation of the people of Scotland, so much so that violent demonstrations took place on many occasions after his death at his mausoleum, and for a hundred years or more after he was buried a constant military guard had to be maintained to protect it from destruction. Even to this day he is held in such abomination that his mausoleum is believed to be haunted by his restless spirit, and the Presbyterian boys

of the neighborhood, who know all about his bloody work, dare each other to go up to the gate at dusk, give it a shake and call out, "Bluidy MacKenzie, coom oot if ye daur," and he is considered a brave lad who will do this. He was Lord Advocate for the Crown for thirty-one years, all during the killing time. He wrote the indictments and conducted the trials of nearly all the prominent men who were executed for conscience' sake and buried in the Martyrs' tomb.

To show the fallaciousness of epitaphs, I quote from the long one that is graven on his tomb: "For thirty-one years as King's Advocate he was a most illustrious ornament of justice, a vindicator of religion and of the glory of his country, the strenuous and unwearied asserter of the rights of royalty, a pattern of

affability, beloved by all except a rabble of traitors from whose violence he most boldly defended, alike by tongue and pen, his country and his King, restrained their virulence by law and justice, repelled their ferocity. He is called the guardian genius of the Monarchy, and is held up as an example to all mankind." This epitaph did not serve to blind the minds of the public; they estimated him at his true worth, and I think continue to do so..

Two Alexander Monroes, father and son, have their graves and monuments here. They were members of an illustrious family of medical men. John Monroe, the father of the first Alexander, was a surgeon. The first Alexander was born, 1697, in Edinburgh, where his father was practising his profession. There he studied at the University and was graduated an M. D., going to London for a post graduate course in anatomy, then to Paris and Leyden for the same purpose. Returning to Edinburgh in 1719, he was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery, being the first professor to occupy that chair, which he filled for thirty-nine years. He was a great writer on subjects connected with his profession, having written fifty-three works on as many subjects, that had a wide circulation. He most certainly must have been up-to-date in his time; but one has to marvel at the medical practice of that day when reading that this man, a leader in his profession, and a great teacher of it, had himself systematically