Dunadd. This font was obviously for the holy water. Against the upper wall of the cave and resting on the ledge of rock there still stands the ancient stone-built altar with a recess at one end of it for the sacred vessels. Above the altar a rudely incised cross is to be seen. Near the roof of the cave holes are to be seen made in the rock to receive the ends of beams from which probably rude screens of branches would be hung. As the cave runs nearly north and south this would make the place of worship itself lie east and west with the altar in the east. THE SAINT'S FIRST LIVING APARTMENTS

The innermost part of the cave has been cobbled with the water-worn stones of the river bed. These stones have been set in mortar, bits of the motar still adhering to the stones. That chamber was probably Saint Columba's first living apartment or cell, until he migrated further north to Iona. On the open ground near the mouth of the cave stands the ruin of an old chapel. It is early Gothic in architecture and probably dates from the late eleventh or early twelfth century, five or six hundred years after Saint Columba's time. I think that Dunadd was more of a fortification than a royal residence. We have seen that King Connal lived at Loch Killisport. There was probably a royal residence on Eilean Righ in Loch Craignish, and King Murdoch probably resided at Dun a Mhurich on Linne Mhuirich, a branch of Loch Sween.

THE OLD KINGS OF SCOTLAND

I have often pictured to my mind's eye the funeral of one of these old Kings of the Scots. Take the case of King Murdoch. The procession of high prowed galleys, one of them bearing the royal remains, would start from Kiels and cross the gurgling waters of the Sound of Jura to Tarbert (Jura), and you might hear the mournful music of the pipes mingling with the solemn sound of the harp. On the arrival of the procession at Tarbert the boats would be dragged across to West Loch Tarbert and then launched on the western side. Then down the western loch the mournful procession would wend its way till Corpach was reached, and there the King's remains would rest in the cave appropriated to the royal dead until suitable weather permitted the crossing of the open sea to Iona, at the south-west corner of Mull, there to be laid to rest in the Tumulus regum Scotorum. One might speak at great length on these antiquities of Argyllshire, but I will not detain you longer from the interesting program of music that is before us.-Oban Times.

The Journal of the Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, published at Annapolis by the officers of the United States Navy, gives the German Zeppelin losses from the beginning of the war to November 28th, as thirty-eight. Of these, seven fell in England and four in the North Sea.

Clan Macpherson

The following interesting communication from one of our readers, throws more light upon the Macpherson's chiefs.-Ed. Editor CALEDONIAN:

Dear Sir:

I received a copy of the CALEDONIAN for December and read with interest the history of Clan Macpherson. The author of the article says, referring to "Old Cluny", who died in 1885, that he "was made a Companion of the Bath in 1881. He died in 1885, having been Chief of the Macphersons for sixty-eight years, and the representation of the family has since been held in succession by his three sons, Duncan, Ewen and Albert, the last of whom is the present Chief." Albert Cameron Macpherson, to whom you refer as the "present Chief," was Cluny Macpherson's fourth son, and not his third one. The third son was George Gordon Macpherson, born April 4, 1842, and died June 30, 1891. He was a captain in the Coldstream Guards, and had been a Page of Honor to Queen Victoria, and in compliance with custom had the option of going into the Guards or an appointment in the diplomatic service. He chose the former, and October 23, 1869, married Bertha Maria, second daughter of Matthew Henry Marsh of Ramridge, Hampshire. She died October 31, 1888, leaving a daughter, Georgiana Elizabeth Leny, who married a Scotch advocate.

After the death of his first wife, Captain George Gordon Macpherson married, May 1, 1889, Barbara Kerr, by whom he had two sons-Gordon Duncan Macpherson, born

June 8, 1890, died August 23, 1897; and Ewen George Macpherson, born July 5, 1891. The surviving son, Ewen George Macpherson, was alive two years ago, and unless he entered the army and has been killed during the present war, is probably still alive, and is the actual chief of the Macphersons. which nothing could deprive him of. The author of the article is right in saying that Mr. Albert Cameron Macpherson is the owner of such parts of the Cluny estates as still remain in the family; but he is not the Chief, unless Ewen George Macpherson has died during the last year or two.

"Old Cluny," who died in 1885, was compelled to sell more than half his estates by reason of financial trouble. They were purchased by Sir John Ramsden, an English Baronet of great wealth, who was the ground landlord of a great part of the manufacturing city of Huddersfield, in Yorkshire. I presume Sir John is dead by this time, as the purchase was made about forty years ago. The part of the Cluny estate sold was the great deer forest of Benalder, the mansion house of which was Ardverikie, referred to in the article, and comprised about 50,000 acres. The celebrated "Cage," where Cluny of the '45 lived with his cousin, Lochiel, in hiding, after the defeat at Culloden, was in this forest and I believe overlooked Loch Ericht.

"Old Cluny" lived to see his eldest son, Duncan, in command of the 42nd Royal Highlanders, or Black Watch, and the second son

in command of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders. Duncan died, October 3, 1886, having outlived his father less than two years. He was succeeded by his brother, Ewen Henry Davidson Macpherson, who died August 18, 1900. As neither Duncan nor Ewen left any sons, the chiefship and representation of the family passed to Ewen George Macpherson; but the estates, by some family arrangement, went to the fourth son, Albert Cameron Macpherson. So, by this arrangement, the chiefship and the ownership of the estates became separate.

I have understood that George Gordon Macpherson was at odds with his family, which probably accounts for the unusual disposition of the family's landed property.

"Old Cluny" was a fine character, and about the last of the old school of Highland Chiefs. I have a fine photograph he sent me, as well as a number of letters from him. It seems too bad that the chiefship and estate are not held by the same person. I beg to remain, Very truly yours,

"BADENOCH."

Lord Provost of Edinburgh

Mr. John Lorne MacLeod was recently elected to the high office of Lord Provost of the City of Edinburgh. Mr. MacLeod was born in 1873 at Inverary, Argyllshire, and is the youngest Lord Provost of the Scottish Capital within living memory.

In 1905, Mr. MacLeod entered the School Board of Edinburgh, and did much useful work on that body for six years. He was elected to the Town Council of the City in 1905 for the Canongate Ward, which he still represents, and became City Treasurer in 1912.

Among other public duties, he has taken a special interest in the work of the Territorial Force Association of Edinburgh, and has given his services freely since the outbreak of war in recruiting and in other departments of special war work. He is an elder of St. John's Parish Church.

Mr. MacLeod is a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for the County of the City of Edinburgh. At the Corporation luncheon following his election, Friday, November 19, the Lord Provost was accompanied by his sisters, Mrs. Whigham and Mrs. Wilson.

Messages of congratulation have been received by Lord Provost MacLeod from among others the Earl of Rosebery, Lord Dewar, the Lord Advocate, Archbishop Smith, Sheriff Guy, Sir Robert Wright, Dr. Blaikie.

The new Lord Provost was entertained at a complimentary dinner in the North British Station Hotel, Edinburgh, November 27, by a large and representative company of his fellow citizens. Lord Strathclyde presided and paid a glowing tribute to the Lord Provost's services and personality and his self-sacrificing devotion to public duty.

Lord Provost MacLeod is a keen High

lander, as befits one who on his father's side comes from the MacLeods of Raasay, and on his mother's side from the old Argyllshire family of the MacTavishes of Dunardy. He assumes the heavy responsibilities of his office in the midst of the great European War. He carries with him the heartiest good wishes of hosts of friends.-Exchange.

President Wilson's Peace Note

(Continued from page 395)

(The Duke of Devonshire, December 22) "It is abundantly clear from what has happened in the last few days that there can be no peace until the full fruits in this great struggle in which we are engaged have been won," declared the Duke of Devonshire, Governor General of Canada, at a Christmas banquet to returned soldiers to-night.

"By the work of the men who fight and those in authority in the Empire," he continued, "we shall be able to demand such terms of peace as will give us ample security and full reparation. It may be a long time before we obtain this, but no matter how long we will carry it through."

(Gustave Herve, the French Editor,
December 24)

"The American note is the greatest blow we have received in our chest since Charleroi, the most dangerous for the morale of our nation. To understand the soul of the allied peoples the President of the American Republic would have to have lost a father, son, or brother in this horrible butchery; he would have to have seen several hundred thousand of his fellow-citizens massacred, he would have to have seen them, their women and children dragged into slavery hundreds of leagues from home and obliged to manufacture arms to slay their own kindred." (Arthur Henderson, British Cabinet Member, Addressing the National Congress of French Socialists, Dec. 26)

"If we enter into negotiations now we do so when Germany is not repentant for her wrongdoing and is glorifying in the success of her military efforts-in fact, in the victory of Germain imperialism.

"In my opinion, if France and ourselves were to enter into negotiations under existing conditions, with such a spirit, we should be nations in bondage. Nothing less than that is the price which our enemy would exact for peace to-day.

"We hate war. It is brutal; therefore we must prevent its recurrence so far as is in our power. We desire to see the democracies of the world free to progress to their highest ideals. To accomplish this we must stand together for the destruction of militarism, the vindication of national right and liberty, the punishment of national wrong. Be the nations large or small, they must be free."

PHAR, D., HISTORIAN

(For The Caledonian)

The St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia was organized in 1749 for the charitable relief of fellow creatures in distress, more especially those from Scotland or of Scottish parentage.

From the beginning until the present day the membership has been largely composed of notable men. In the list of charter members are the names of some of Philadelphia's most distinguished citizens living in those times, including Dr. Thomas Graeme, the first president of the society, a descendent of illustrous Scottish ancestors, who occupied the position of Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 1731-1750.

Alexander Hamilton, whose name and fame are indissoluably woven into the history of the United States, was also a charter member. He was the son of a Scotch merchant. Another name standing high in the estimation of his fellowmen is that of James Wilson, member of the Supreme Court of the United States (1789-1798), who was closely associated with Robert Morris in organizing the Bank of North America of which he was appointed a director by Congress, December 31, 1781.

Two Lieutenant Governors of the Province of Pennsylvania, Robert Hunter Morris and James Hamilton, were members of the St. Andrew's Society. During the years of their official service they were presidents of the society. Seven Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, were also members, namely, Alexander Stedman, Thomas Smith, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, John Ross, Thomas S. Bell, Ellis Lewis and Thomas Graeme. Thomas McKean, another member of the society, served as chief justice.

We find in the list the name of one standing high among those engaged in educational work in earlier times, namely, Rev. William Smith, D.D., the first provost of the College of Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania. Four members of the society, James Wilson, Dr. John Witherspoon, John Ross, and Philip Livingston (honorary member) were on the rolls of the society prior to their becoming signers of the Declaration of Independence, and another signer, Thomas McKean, joined the society subsequently.

In the War of the Revolution the society was represented by Major General Hugh Mercer, who was killed in the battle of Princeton. His sword which was presented

to General Jacob Morgan by General Mercer after he had received his fatal wound was afterwards presented to the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia by Mrs. George W. Morgan, daughter-in-law of General Morgan. Major General Arthur St. Clair, member 1792, was one of the central figures of the Revolutionary War, and the first governor of the Northwest Territory. The first soldier of prominence killed in the War of the Revolution was the young and gallant John Macpherson, member of 1773, who was killed in the assault on Quebec; and an honorary member, Major John Pitcairn was among the first to fall in the British service at Bunker Hill.

In addition to those referred to above there were many who were foremost in educational, religious and benevolent work, and others who were leading professional and business men in the community. Among the presidents of the society occur the names of Dr. John Kearsley Mitchell, who was associated with his preceptor, the famous Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, as physician of the society. He was born in Virginia in 1796, the son of Dr. Alexander Mitchell, a native of Ayrshire, Scotland, who, coming to Virginia, had speedily made himself a position in the medical world of that State. Dr. Mitchell was elected to the chair of practice of medicine in the Jefferson Medical College in 1841. His illustrous son, Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, became a member of the St. Andrew's Society in 1853; and in 1906, the annual dinner of the society, the entry upon the fiftieth year of his membership was celebrated and the gold badge of the society presented to him. In 1908 to 1911 he was president of the society, his presidency thus extending over a period sixty years later than the presidency of his father. At the time of his death, January 4, 1914, at the ripe age of 84 years and 11 months, he had become the most eminent medical figure in America, and his fame at home and abroad was recognized by degrees from the University of Bologna, from Harvard, Edinburgh University, Princeton, Toronto, Jefferson Medical College, and the University of Pennsylvania. A grandson of Weir Mitchell. Dr. John K. Mitchell, is a member of the society at the present time.

It is not surprising that a society composed of such a notable membership could celebrate its 167th birthday, and judging from the membership roll of the present organization it is destined to continue for many years to come as one of the most important organizations of the city of Philadelphia.

The 167th annual banquet held at the Bellevue-Stratford, Saturday evening, December 2, 1916, was a brilliant affair. The members and guests marched into the banquet room led by the official piper, officers, and standard bearers of the society. The sword of Mercer was carried by the treasurer of the society, Mr. Frederick S. Giger, and the ramshead and snuff box presented by Dr. Nathaniel Chapman and John K. Mitchell in 1849, by the historian, Dr. F. E. Stewart. Then followed the standard bearers with the flag of St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia, the official flag of the city of Philadelphia, and the flags of Scotland and the United States.

The procession marched from the reception room into the banquet room and after having marched completely around the room, the standard bearers and officers halted until the guests were seated before taking their respective positions at the table. The president, Mr. Caleb J. Milne, Jr., then called the meeting to order and the exercises were opened by singing the St. Andrew's hymn, "Jesus Calls Us O'er the Tumult." The remainder of the musical program, which was given during the banquet, consisted of the following selections: (2) "Annie Laurie"; (3) "Blue Bells of Scotland"; Solo, Leroy Foote-March of the Piper; (4) "America," after toast to the President of the United States; (5) "Scots Wha Hae Wi' Wallace Bled"; (6) "Oft In the Stilly Night", after toast, "Our Departed Brethren"; (7) "God Save the King", after toast to the King of Great Britain and Ireland; Solo, Nelson A. Chestnutt; (8) "Auld Lang Syne."

The speakers of the evening were: Captain J. C. W. Reith of the British Army, who is at present detailed by the British Government to inspect the rifles now being manufactured by the Remington Arms Company for the Allies. He is recently from the trenches where he received a wound, leaving a scar on his cheek. The subject of his speech was "Scotland: In friendship sincere and in loyalty unwavering. Seeming sternness evidences only latent virtues." His earnest, sincere and almost passionate address, in which he related the wonderful achievements of Scotland during the past and present, aroused enthusiasm which vented itself in frequent applause. Then followed the stirring address of the Rev. Robert Watson, D.D., whose subject was "The Strife with Nature for existence is fully reflected in the intellectual and moral strength of the people." Dr. Watson is the chaplain of the New York St. Andrew's Society and a forcible speaker. His address was listened to with rapt attention and much appreciated by the members and guests. William A. Glasgow, Jr., one of the leading members of the Philadelphia bar spoke on the "Characteristics of Scots past and present." His beautiful description of the gathering of the Scottish clans as described in Sir Walter Scot's Lady of the Lake was used to illustrate the spirit now

animating Scotland in the mobilization of the Scottish troops and was most appropriate.

Rev. Alexander MacColl, pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, who is always listened to by the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia with the greatest of pleasure on account of his wit, apt illustrations and telling points, spoke on the subject, "The deep affection for the land of our birth and ancestry nowhere limits or restricts devotion to the land of our adoption." Dr. MacColl brought out very strongly the fact that there are no "hyphens" among the Scotch people living in America. They are all loyal Americans. not only because they believe in loyalty to the country of their adoption, but because America represents the spirit of freedom which the Scotch people brought over here from Scotland in early times and continue to advocate until the present day. The Scotch American therefore is naturally loyal to America because the American Government represents the prin ciples which characterize the Scotch people.

Before adjourning the entire audience rose, and standing hand to hand, sang "Auld Lang Syne."

"And there's a hand my trusty frien', And gie's a hand o' thine;

And we'll tak' a right gude willy-waught For Auld lang syne."

Chicago, Ill.

The Scottish Old People's Home cheerfully celebrated Thanksgiving, the residents being for the sixth time the guests of their good friend, John Williamson. Thirty-nine assembled at the dinner which consisted of turkey and many other good things. The home is indebted to Mr. Walter Scott, New York, for a $25 check and a box of woolen hoods and scarfs: to Mrs. Kenworth for fifteen glasses of jelly; to Vaughn's Seed store for several hundred bulbs, and to John Moonev, of Mooney & Buetter, engravers, Glasgow, for a set of beautiful views of Scotland, together with a handsome magnifying glass.

The Englewood Scottish Club held its three hundred and fifty-sixth semi-monthly meeting, December 1st, President McMillan in the chair. The interesting program, with an interesting debate on the present aspect of the war, in which several of the members participated with a variety of opinion on the subject, made clear that Scotsmen enjov debate and that irony is plentiful in Caledonian blood. Also that "Auld Lang Syne." with which the club adjourned, makes all odds even and has power to soothe the sav age breast of the most disputatious Scot.

"For, though thae Scots ilk ither swat,
They ken fu' brawly whaur they're at;
Your Scotsman's aye a democrat
And, while he's free

O' speech, he gi'es the ither's bat
Like liberty.