VE

ECELLIO TIZIANO was born in Italy in 1477. When ten years old he was sent to Rome. Here he studied under the Bellinis and Giorgione. On the death of Giovanni Bellini, he completed the work unfinished in the hall of the ducal palace at Venice.

In 1517 at Ferrara he painted his fine "Bacchus and Ariadne" and "The Bacchanal." His portraits also became famous, and he made many trips to do work for princely patrons.

Among his most famous paintings are the "Tribute Money" at Dresden, the "Sacred and Profane Love" in the Borghese gallery, Rome, and the "Assumption of the Virgin" at Venice.

He is one of the world's greatest painters, and the great representative of the Venetian school. As a colorist he was considered unequaled.

THE BEGINNING OF MODERN MEDICINE

THE FIRST ATTEMPTS made in Christian Europe to revive the study of medicine sought to go back to the Greek and Roman school represented by Hippocrates, Galen, and Celsus. Paracelsus (1490? -1541) was the first to hold himself independent of both the GraecoRoman and the Arabian schools. He was an astrologer and an alchemist and sought to find a remedy whose "spirit" was opposed to the "spirit" of the disease. Remedies were supposed to contain the essences of the things from which they were drawn. His familiarity with alchemy led him to introduce chemical remedies such as laudanum and antimony.

About this time Vesalius (1536-1564) began his work of correcting in many details the anatomical ideas of the ancients, and led the leaders of the science to depend somewhat on personal dissection and observation instead of entirely on authority. It is said that the heart of a Spanish noble, supposedly dead, seemed to palpitate under his dissecting knife, and that this brought him before the inquisition where he was at first condemned to death, but the sentence afterward commuted to a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He was shipwrecked when returning, and died of starvation at Zante. His "De Corporis Humani Fabrica" is the first comprehensive study of anatomy in modern times. It adds to and corrects in a number of minor points, the anatomy of the ancients, but his great work was to bring men to see things for themselves.

We now come to the discovery of the circulation of the blood and the beginning of physiology. The Galenic doctrine of the action of the heart and blood was that the blood in the left ventricle of

the heart ebbed and flowed along the arteries, the blood in the right ventricle along the veins, and that part of the blood of the right side of the heart found a mysterious passageway to the left side through invisible pores of the wall of the heart (septum).

Servetus (1511-1553) guessed that there was some sort of circulation through the lungs, but when he was burned at the stake by Calvin, almost all copies of his book, the "Restitutio," were burned with him.

Caesalpinus (1519-1603) also had some glimmering of the truth, but it remained for Harvey to extend and prove the theory and to show its important bearings.

HARVEY

WILLIAM HARVEY was born on the southern coast of England in 1578. He took his degree at Cambridge in 1597, and spent most of the following four years under Fabricus at Pisa. In 1602 he returned to England, and began the practice of his profession. He became physician to St. Bartholomew's hospital in 1609, and in 1615 developed in his lectures on anatomy his view of the circulation of the blood. His ideas were based upon patient observation, the process of thought by which he arrived at them he describes as follows:

"I frequently and seriously bethought me, and long revolved in my mind, what might be the quantity of blood which was transmitted, in how short a time its passage might be effected and the like; and not finding it possible that this could be supplied by the juices of the ingested aliment without the veins on the one hand being drained, and the arteries on the other hand becoming ruptured through the excessive charge of blood, unless the blood should somehow find its way from the arteries into the veins, and so return to the right side of the heart; I began to think whether there might not be a motion, as it were, in a circle. Now this I afterwards found to be true; and I finally saw that the blood, forced by the action of the left ventricle into the arteries, was distributed to the body at large, and its several parts, in the same manner as it is sent through