XIII. 1. By what methods has it been sought to arrive at the 'fundamental meaning' of the several cases? 2. State and exemplify the chief rules of euphony which relate to the aspirates (daσeîaɩ) in Greek. Are there any ' aspirates,' in the Greek sense, in Latin ? 3. Trace the connexion between the different meanings of the following words, with illustrative quotations :-váρxe, ὑποβάλλειν, πρόφασις, ἀξίωμα, μετέωρος, ἀμήχανος, premere, miscere, imago, spatium, moles, cæcus, ambages. 4. What are the geographical limits of the chief Greek dialects? What is known of the dialect of Megara, Heraclea, Argos, Delphi, Cyrene, Thessaly Assign to their dialects, with reasons, (1.) Μοῦσα, Μοῖσα, Μῶσα, Μῶα. (2.) ὑμεῖς, ἔμμες, οὐμές, ὑμές. (3.) τούς, τοίς, τόνς, τώς, τός. (4.) ναῦος (for νεώς). (5.) ἔλεγον. 5. Examine the attempts made by the Latin poets to naturalize the lyrical versification of Greece. 6. What is Anacoluthon? To what extent is it a sign of imperfection in the language or the writer? 7. Analyse the formation, from the several roots, ofτεθναίην, πίπτω, πείσομαι (fut. of πάσχω), ώρτο, τηλεθόωσα, χαρίεσσα, ἴσασι, πολλοῦ, ναῦς (acc. plur.), velle, fuero, novi, illius, terreo, brevis, cerebrum. 8. Explain the use of the particles—καὶ μὴν, ἀλλὰ γὰρ, μὲν οὖν, μὲν οὖν γε, ἀλλ' ἢ, μέντοι. 9. Quote or refer to passages illustrating the state of literary opinion at Rome in the age of Julius and Augustus Cæsar. 10. In what classes of verbs is the perfect used with a present signification? 11. How far is the existence of a Definite Article indispen sable to a language? Does the use of it tend to become excessive? 12. Poetry is more conservative of ancient forms than prose.' Examine this. 13. Rectius Iliacum carmen deducis in actus Quam si proferres ignota indictaque primus.1 Within what limits did the classical dramatists usually choose their subjects? Discuss the influence exercised by limitations. of this kind on the character of ancient art. [Dean Ireland's Scholarship, 1869.] XIV. CRITICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL QUESTIONS. 1. (1.) In what sense is age ascribed to languages, and by what criteria fixed? (2.) In what sense can there, and in what sense can there not, be a mixed language? (3.) Dr. Johnson wrote, 'I make no doubt but the Teutonick is more ancient than the Latin; and it is no less certain that the Latin, which borrowed a great number of words, not only from the Greek, especially the Æolick, but from other neighbouring languages, as the Oscan and others, which have long become obsolete, received not a few from the Teutonick.' Criticise these remarks. 2. What facts in the archæology of the Latin language are illustrated by the several forms following?-[pater-] familias, animai, filiabus, domi, altod, ambobus, divum (gen. pl.), hominibu', classim, parti (abl.). 3. (1.) From what two different roots are the parts of the Verb Substantive supplied? 1 Hor. A. P. 129. (2.) How do the same roots reappear in the inflexions of other verbs? 4. (1) What is the general idea expressed by the Genitive Case? (2.) Account for the name it bears. (3.) Under what Syntactical heads would you class the several Genitives following? a. Sternitur et toto projectus corpore terræ.1 b. Spes salutis. c. Notus in fratres animi paterni. d. Trepidi rerum suarum. e. Homines insueti laboris. f. Moris est Græcorum. g. Patiens pulveris atque solis. h. Serum erat diei. i. Naves quas sui quisque commodi fecerat. k. Capitis damnare. 5. The infinitive may be regarded as a substantive of the neuter gender, with two cases, nominative and accusative.' (1.) Explain, and by quotations illustrate this. (2.) Can you explain upon this principle the infinitives following? a. Dederatque comam diffundere ventis. b. Hæc ludibria religionum non pudere in lucem proferre !2 c. Ferre jugum pariter dolosi. 6. What was the origin of the Gerunds, and what deficiency in the language did they supply? Explain the following constructions of Gerunds. a. Ante domandum Ingentes tollent animos. b. Pueros extra urbem lusus exercendique causa produ cere. 1 Virg. Æn. xi. 87. 2 See Madvig, Lat. Gr., § 399 c. In castra venerunt sui purgandi causa.1 d. Novarum [comœdiarum] qui spectandi faciunt copiam.” e. Agitur, utrum M. Antonio facultas detur opprimendæ reipublicæ, cædis faciendæ bonorum, diripiendæ urbis, agrorum suis latronibus condonandi, populum Romanum servitute opprimendi.3 7. Explain the principle of the following constructions severally; adding quotations illustrative of them, and translating-a. Indicative after nescio quis.* b. Jam fames quam pestilentia tristior erat, ni...... annonæ foret subventum.5 c. In tanta paupertate decessit, ut qui efferretur vix reliquerit." d. Plebes... indignatione exarsit, quod auspicari... negarentur posse.7 e. [Mille pedes in fronte, trecentos cippus in agrum hic dabat ;] heredes monumentum ne sequeretur.8 8. Explain, and illustrate by quotations, the uses of the Prepositions in the following passages, and translate them. a. Cohortes quæ intritæ ab labore erant. b. Vinci se per suum dedecus patiebantur. c. De nobis facile est. d. Non possum loqui præ lacrimis. e. Aries in cornua tortus.9 J. Quantus In clipeum assurgat.10 g. Spumantem undam sub vortice torsit.11 i. Una de multis. 13 k. Decemviri ex parte de plebe creantur. 1 Cæs. B. G. iv. 13. See Zumpt, Lat. Gr. § 660. 2 Ter. Haut. Prol. 29. 3 Cic. Phil. v. 3. See Madvig, Lat. Gr. § 413, Obs. 2. 4 See Zumpt, § 553. Virg. Ecl. iii. 103. 5 Liv. iv. 52. 6 Corn. Nep. Vit. Aristid. 3. 7 Liv. iv. 6. Cf. Ov. Fast. iv. 321. Virg. Æn. x. 725. 11 Ib. Georg. iv. 529. 12 Virg. Æn. v. 853. 13 Hor. C. iii. 11. 33. See Conington on 9. Give (1.) the historical origin, and (2.) the etymological meaning of the following words :-consul, prætor, provincia, salarium, amanuensis, basilica, nomenclator, bissextus, mathematicus, megalesia. 10. Translate the following passages, with notes on the words in italics : a. Multo majoris alapa mecum veneunt.1 Non unquam pretio pluris licuisse, notante c. —Fallitque [Euryalum] timor regione viarum.3 Exitium magnum atque Alpes immittat apertas.* Et pastoralem præfixa cuspide myrtum. g. -Tunc adversis urgentibus illuc Decidit ut malum ferro submitteret, ac se i. Naves quibus consuli usus non esset.' k. Nemo id auctoritatis aderat.1o II. (1.) What changes did Horace introduce in the Sapphic and Alcaic metres ? (2.) Describe the metres of the following lines 1 Phædrus, ii. 5. 25. 2 Hor. S. i. 6. 12. Virg. Æn. ix. 385. 4 lb. x. 13. 5 Virg. Æn. vii. ult. 6 Juv. xi. 30. 7 Ib. xii. 53. 8 Pers. vi. ult. 9 Liv. [See Zumpt, Lat. Gr. § 464] 10 Tac. Ann. xii. 18. [H. § 459.] |