awaited with interest not only by upstairs and downstairs jewelers throughout the country, but by upstairs and downstairs traders of all descriptions. Passenger Airplane Service

THE

HE Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company is preparing to operate a line of air travel between Philadelphia and Washington during the Sesqui-Centennial period, and, perhaps afterwards, if it succeeds. Fokker planes will be used, carrying ten passengers each. These are represented to be of an improved design and superior to those which in the aggregate are now giving ten thousand miles a day of regular service in Europe. The flying field at the Philadelphia Navy Yard will be used as a terminal. It is interesting to learn that the LondonParis service transported twenty thousand passengers during 1925. President Thomas E. Mitten, in making his announcement, observes that he found the European planes "used very generally by business men, and that elderly ladies, who years ago would have been found knitting by the fireside, now gleefully and confidently use the air service."

Cleveland H. Dodge

A

CAREER of notable philanthropy closed on June 24, when Cleveland H. Dodge died at Riverdale, a suburb of his native city, New York. He was sixty-six years old, and came of a family that for a hundred years has been doing things for human welfare with a liberal hand. Chairman of the Board of the Phelps-Dodge Metals Corporation, he gave the greater share of his time to matters outside of making money, though much came to his purse. Fourth in line of his family continuously to show an interest in human welfare, he became a rather notable exception to the rule that riches demoralize. Vice-President of the American Museum of Natural History, he was also President of the Board of Trustees of Robert College, in Constantinople, and one of the chief supporters through this interest of the Near East Relief-the largest benefaction ever carried on by Americans. His son, Bayard Dodge, is President of the American University in Beirût, an inheritance of the share the family has taken in the Near East for more than half a century. A graduate of Princeton, Cleveland H. Dodge was a classmate of Woodrow Wilson, and contributed liberally toward Wilson's two contests for the Presidency.

He got the "Cleveland" in his name from his great-grandfather, the Rev. Aaron Cleveland, also grandfather to Grover Cleveland, twice President of the United States.

During the war he directed the United War Relief, which raised $170,000,000 for the use of the Y. M. C. A., the

Courtesy of the Near East Relief Committee
Cleveland H. Dodge

Knights of Columbus, the Salvation Army, the Y. W. C. A., and the work of the Red Cross.

Mr. Dodge's contributions to charity and education, if totaled up, would amount to a great sum. He handed $1,000,000 to the Red Cross in one check, and his minor benefactions were numberless. Last year he presented $500,000 to the Near East colleges. News about Ancient Art

wo recent announcements bid fair to bring this century closer visually to the splendor and art of the Roman Empire.

Lake Nemi, one of the most beautiful spots in the world, is less than twenty miles from Rome. Its bed was originally the crater of a volcano. In ancient times it had a temple and grove to Diana; the head priest held office under the singular tenure that he must have killed his predecessor or rival for the office. The place as a result was a resort of two classesambitious cutthroats and pious nobles who came to reverence Diana.

The ruins at Nemi have long been productive in coins, statuettes, and other relics of the past. Now it is proposed to relics of the past. Now it is proposed to bring to light two "golden vessels" over

200 feet each in length, with decks of porphyry and gold or gilded rails. They have long ago been explored in part by divers and many interesting articles have been recovered. The best theory seems to be that these were sacred floating temples used in the worship of Diana. They probably date from the time of Caligula that is, about the first half of the first century of our era.

Not long ago Mussolini, who loves to associate his directorate with ancient Rome in every way, proposed to have these boats raised. There have been attempts in the past; but, although the ships can be seen from the surface on a clear day, they are so deep in the mud as to make it a hard and expensive task to get them up. Now an apparently better scheme has been proposed by Senator Ricci, one of Mussolini's experts. It is simply, by boring a conduit, to drain off the water from Lake Nemi to Lake Albano, which is on a lower level. The chance of success seems good and the possibility of finding art treasure strong.

The other announcement is that of the finding of what is believed to be the only contemporaneous copy of Phidias's marble head of Olympian Jove. The find was neither in Greece nor in Rome, but in Africa, at the ruins of Cyrene, once capital of a Roman colony. Professor Guidi, who found it, says that it formed part of an enormous statue of Jove, Jupiter, or Zeus, as you choose to call him. The general appearance of this head by Phidias is well known, because it was copied, from the original or some replica, on many Roman coins and gems; but this is the first time that it has been found in marble and of more than life size. It will, in all likelihood, prove a splendid addition to the world's art and archæological treasure.

Building a
New Super-Telescope

TELESCOPE several times as large as the world's present largest is the probable promise of some remarkably interesting research in which Professor G. W. Ritchey, of the University of Chicago, has been quietly engaged in Paris for the past two years, and which is still going on. If his new method of making the large concave mirrors which are the essential part of the reflecting type of telescope turns out as successful on very large mirrors as it already has on those of medium size, Professor Ritchey says

he believes mirrors fifteen or twenty feet in diameter, and possibly twice as large as that, may be used with success.

At present the largest telescope mirror in use is the one-perfected by Professor Ritchey-at the famous Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California. It has a diameter of eight feet five inches, a thickness of thirteen inches, and a weight of four and one-half tons. Professor Ritchey is regarded by astronomers as the greatest living expert at refining those beautiful optical surfaces"paraboloids," they are called-that must be brought to such minute geometrical precision that they pass optical tests whose criterion of exactness is almost a single millionth of an inch. These mirrors have heretofore been made by hollowing the front surface of a solid, heavy, thick disk of glass. Instead of this, Professor Ritchey has found it feasible to build up a light but equally rigid skeleton structure on which a comparatively thin piece of glass is supported. It is this lightening of the mirror which gives promise of making possible a telescope far larger than any we now have.

Extending Our

Vision Still Farther

IN

N the ordinary telescope very thick disks of glass have been essential in order to avoid distortion. In a measure this has been self-defeating, for it has been found that changes in the temperature of the atmosphere around the mirror expand or contract its outside more rapidly than its inside, because the heat is conducted more rapidly through the outside. This, in turn, alters the perfect paraboloidal curve of the mirror and impairs the images of the stars. A thin disk of glass, could it be supported rigidly-absolutely so-yet be reached on both sides by the air, would, on the contrary, scarcely be affected by changes in temperature. Here is the very crux of the question of making telescopes of indefinitely large size.

What Professor Ritchey is now doing is to build an open framework of thin strips of glass cemented together edgewise, and to cement a disk of glass less than one inch thick to this framework. Such a built-up mirror weighs only onefifth as much as the ordinary solid disk of equal diameter, and it has already been proved to hold its shape rigidly under working conditions. Starting with a small mirror built on this new

A photograph of the first cellular mirror constructed by Professor Ritchey

The supporting structure shows plainly through the thin, slightly concave disk-later to become a mirror-to which it is cemented

constructed one about five feet in diameter. Larger ones are to follow as this genius, whose art in its more expert form is known only to a handful of men in the whole world, patiently tests out each increasing size.

Such a telescope would be used for exploring still farther the vast universe of stars and nebula of which our planet, solar system, and it recently appears our very galaxy, are but an infinitesimal fraction. Turned on Mars, however, such a great telescope would be of little more use than those we already have. In fact, it has been shown that amateur astronomers using inexpensive telescopes only a few inches in diameter can see as much of the elusive detail on that planet's surface as professionals can see through the largest telescopes now in existence. In the main, modern astronomers are far more interested in solving the problems of the universes than of the planets.

Varsity event that Washington took by fifteen feet on the Hudson, the battle was between only two eights all the way; these two the richest in experience and most powerful. The only surprise in the result at Poughkeepsie, so far as the two leaders were concerned, was the confidence with which the Navy allowed an admittedly great organization like Washington to get as far out in front as two lengths of open water at the twomile mark. It was not until then that the sailors really began to row. They cut down the lead, but were still dangerously far back at the bridge. Then came one of the greatest bids for victory ever seen on the Hudson course. It was too short of results by fifteen feet. Washington, deliberately adopting the "front race" generalship, just managed to hold out for victory. Undoubtedly the front position had something to do with it. There is just a little psychological advantage in that position, all other things being about equal.

The Thames saw another bit of superbly gauged "front rowing" when Yale defeated Harvard's reorganized eight by two and one-half lengths. But in this case the generalship was altered under fire and perforce. Ed Leader, the coach, had planned the same waiting race that his Elis rowed last year, but Laughlin,

beautiful start that in the very first minute he decided not to let it go to waste, but to put the burden of proof on the Crimson and keep it there. Harvard, one of the most powerful eights ever sent down from Cambridge, made a gorgeous bid for victory in the fourth mile, and managed to cut down Yale's lead a length, but the Eli shell had too much in reserve. It was another triumph for Leader's coaching finesse, but credit must go to a thinking crew, able to change its battle plan under fire.

West vs. East

HERE were two especially bright

THE

spots in the performances of crews other than the Navy and Washington at Poughkeepsie, performances that in a way marked a resuscitation of Eastern prestige. These were the impressive victory of Columbia's freshmen, under the recently installed system of coaching under the Glendons, père et fils, and the taking of third place in the Varsity event by the Syracuse pupils of Jim Ten Eyck, dean of America's rowing coaches and the wisest old waterman of them all.

Since the avalanche of Western coaches had reached the peak of the slide it had become the fashion to maintain that the Eastern coaches were out of date. Yet here was a man seventy-eight years old getting, out of material at Syracuse not to be compared with that either of the Navy or of the "huskies,"

results that upset many of the pet theories of the Washingtonians. The coaches who have come East from Washington have been practically unanimous in condemnation of Ten Eyck's style. The "Old Man” has smiled grimly, said nothing, and hoped to get a boat-load together that would show the Westerners something. He could not match the material, and he was handicapped by an unusually hard winter, but he did restore something of the waning prestige of the Eastern ice-locked crews.

The Glendons, too, scored handsomely, and the showing even of their Varsity, which had to try to forget two different styles of rowing taught before the advent of the former Navy instructors, was promising for the future. In another two years, perhaps even next year, there will be another Eastern eight up there battling with the men from the Northwest and from Annapolis.

Not all of our instructors from the West have been able to get instant results. sults. Fred Spuhn, advance agent for Russell Callow, and one of the finest personalities in the coaching game, was unable in a single season to bring Pennsylvania closer to the front in a four-mile race than Joe Wright and Jim Rice, his predecessors. The Westerners have had to learn that in many cases there is neither the material nor the proper courses for the development of four-mile crews. And there is a steadily growing belief

that if the Far West and the East were to exchange coaches there would be no vast difference in the present order at the finish.

Bobby Jones, Amateur

R

OBERT TYRE JONES, as he is named in the Harvard Quinquennial Catalogue, stands to-day as the best golf player in the world. His victory in the British Open Championship tournament is one of the most popular in the history of athletic sports. He won not only the cup by his golf but the heart of Britishers by his demeanor and character. He is that strange creature among the topnotchers in sports to-day-a true amateur. How he manages to play golf that is practically flawless and at the same time enjoy life and engage in business is not the least mysterious element in the mystery of his astonishing skill. He has now for four years in succession won major prizes in the field of golf. In 1923 he won the American Open Championship, 1924 and 1925 the American Amateur Championship, and now he has won the British Open Championship. man in the world, amateur or professional, is his equal in the game of golf.

No

Not only did Bobby Jones, by his score of 291 in 72 holes, outplay the rest in the tournament itself, but by his score of 66 and 68 for a total of 134 in the qualifying round set a new standard in British golf. In four of those thirty-six

holes he had only one five, all the other holes being in four or less. It is said that his use of iron clubs where other players use the wooden has appreciably stimulated the sale of iron clubs in this

country. Though hopeful players will be disappointed in what iron clubs of themselves will do, they are wise in taking such a player as Bobby Jones for a pattern.

Unfortunately, while Bobby Jones was earning his laurels Walter Hagen was proving that he had well already earned his unpopularity. This American professional who trailed Bobby Jones at the finish by two strokes reviled British golfers because, as he alleged, they lacked spirit. His braggadocio was couched in the language of the prize ring. Hagen's conduct and language have had

at least the one good effect of heightening Americans' gratification in Bobby Jones's victory.

Fascist Big Sticks in Geneva

M

USSOLINI has attempted to use the League of Nations as a weapon against anti-Fascist agitation in Switzerland. According to an announcement by Foreign Minister Motta in the Swiss Federal Council, the Italian Government has informed the Swiss Government that it would cease active participation in the League if anti-Fascist meetings were permitted in Geneva. Italy appears to have established by this action a startling diplomatic precedent.

The trouble arose over a Socialist mass-meeting in Geneva in honor of the memory of Matteotti, the Italian Socialist Deputy who was kidnapped and killed by Fascist "strong-arm men" because of his charges of corruption against Fascist leaders. The Italian Minister to Switzerland asked Foreign Minister Motta to prevent the meeting, on the ground that it was irritating to Fascists in Geneva as well as to certain Italian delegates to the League. M. Motta requested the Geneva authorities to forbid the meeting, but the City Council refused, declaring that this would cause more trouble than the meeting itself. A band of about twenty Fascist sympathizers entered the meeting in a body, and tried to break it up by cheering Mussolini and beating their canes on the floor when a speaker denounced the Italian dictator as a murderer. Fighting began, and the police arrested twelve Fascists to save them from violence. When the excitement was over, it was

Minister that the Swiss Government regarded the intervention of the Fascists as "regrettably open to criticism because it furnished a pretext for trouble." He also stated before the Federal Council that the Government recognized the necessity of forbidding meetings that attack Governments represented at Geneva, but that action by employees of the International Labor Bureau and the League in common with other Fascist sympathizers had aggravated the situation.

The whole incident is an unparalleled example of Fascist arrogance in international relations. Whether or not Mussolini desires to co-operate in the work of the League, he has no excuse for trying to utilize it as a means of exerting pressure upon Switzerland in a manner amounting to interference in her domes

Dictators and Democracy
THE military reaction against parlia-

mentary government continues to spread in Europe. In the northeastern

storm area of that troubled Continent

Marshal Pilsudski has strengthened his position as dictator in Poland. In the extreme southwest General Gomes da Costa has set himself up as supreme ruler in Portugal. Both developments have followed periods of disturbance ending in army revolts that overthrew the established Governments.

The Polish Parliament has given way, to the threat of Pilsudski's power, after a vain attempt to assert its constitutional rights. In a tumultuous session, it is reported to have agreed to pass out of existence until a legislative body in harmony with the will of the dictator can be brought into being. Pilsudski has declared a practical state of martial law throughout the country, with severe penalties for any one agitating against his administration. So ends an experiment in representative government which had lasted only for the few years since the

war.

The events in Poland and Portugal have one common significance. They seem to reflect tendencies in the Slavic, Latin, and Hellenic parts of Europe. Russia-where Bolshevism began the revolt against majority rule-Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Greece, and now Poland and Portugal, all have submitted to the sway of organized minorities. France is having her difficulties with parliamentary control, although for the moment Briand has succeeded in forming a new Cabinet and carrying on with Caillaux as Finance Minister.

The Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic and Gaelic nations-Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, and the Scandinavian states continue to stand for the principle of government by debate and majority vote. The line-up in Europe suggests inevitably the question whether the strain of the post-war years is revealing a fundamental difference between two groups of peoples with contrasting cultures and mentality.