cated; but is it not the rule to find the only child selfish and spoiled? A century ago my own ancestors were having families of ten, eleven, and twelve children, and I do not think that many were of inferior quality; but times have changed, and I should not want such a big family myself. On the other hand, I believe that the parents who feel that they can give one child advantages that must be denied to two or three run the risk of denying that one far more of real value in the lack of brothers and sisters than they can give him in education or money. short, I believe in middle-sized families for PHILIP H. POPE. middle-class people. Walla Walla, Washington. Organized History Making THE In HE project of the American Historical fund of a million dollars is so important that I trust you will permit me to bring it to the attention of your readers. It is the intention that the income from the fund shall be used in the main to promote and correlate research work in history and to make available the results of such research through publication. The practical value of history is coming more and more to be recognized. History is human experience, and the importance of bringing the experience of the past to bear upon the problems of the present is so obvious as not to need argument. Not many years ago the definiiton of history was so narrow that an eminent man could say that "history is past politics." Those days seem as far away as when there was no such thing as an automobile or a railroad train. The importance of agricultural history (of economic history in general), of social history, of the history of religion and customs-all these have been emphasized by the problems that peoples have faced in the twentieth century. Perhaps the spectacle of the United States having to improvise information for diplomatic purposes by mobilizing historical scholars at the close of the war was as striking an illustra tion as any of the need for the benefits of The Pratt Teachers Agency experience in the solution of current questions. If the experience of the past is to be useful, it must be made coherent. If hundreds of scholars work quite independently of one another, their product will have value, but much of its value will be lost, merely because it is scattered. Many questions will be omitted entirely, and others of no greater importance will have been studied beyond their value. If the experience of the past is to be made available to us, there must be some organized effort to let scholars in one part of our great country know what is being done by those in others. There must be some central organization by which the fields most needing attention may be pointed out. The American Historical Association has already performed a service of great value in just these lines. Its success has been limited only by its lack of funds. The moment has come when it is desirable from every point of view that there should be available money enough to organize its work more effectively. It has always been an association of scholars ready to serve on its committees and in the development of its projects without remuneration. That essential quality is not to be lost. But funds made available through endowment will release competent scholars from mechanical and clerical tasks, and will make the service which historians can render much more effective. Among all the fields where endowment may be put to service in the interests of the Nation, none seems to me to have a more effective appeal. HENRY M. WRISTON. Lawrence College, Appleton, Wisconsin. 70 Fifth Avenue, New York Recommends teachers to colleges, public and private schools. EXPERT SERVICE REAL HARRIS TWEED The aristocrat of all sports wear-direct from makers. Patterns free. Any length cut. $2.00 per yd. Postage paid. NEWALL, 127 Stornoway, Scotland. Camps-Information FREE advice, Catalogs of all camps (or schools) in U. S. SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES ROGERS HALL AN ENDOWED SCHOOL FOR GIRLS New Jersey For High School Graduates College Degree Courses: B.Accts. and B.S.C. Business Admin. Secretarial Science and Commercial Teaching. Highest Standards. Time-Saving Methods. Students from 31 States and Countries. Half Million Dollar Equipment. College Clubs and Activities. In two 50-week Years Earn More Credits than in 4-Year University Course. Master Paying Profession. Special Opportunity for Young Women in Secretarial Science and Commercial Teaching. Write Now for 61st Annual Catalog. Rider College, Box O, Trenton, New Jersey STATE AUTHORIZED DEGREE IN TWO YEARS INSTEAD OF FOUR YEARS The PLUS in Lumber delivered personally to the Industrial Lumber User by the 86 Weyerhaeuser Lumber Representatives MANY purchasing agents for industrial concerns will remember when the Group Selling Plan of the Weyerhaeuser mills first placed at their disposal the combined output of 17 complete manufac turing units through one direct, personal representative. This pioneering move in Lumber Service brought a new breadth of contact between the industrial lumber user and lumber producer. Not merely in the buying and selling of lumber but in the ever growing contribution of scientific lumber knowledge to the industrial worldresulting in many efficiencies and economies. As this industrial service has developed here are the PLUS factors delivered today by the 86 Weyerhaeuser Representatives: 1 Dependable Source of Lumber Supply-includ- 5 Lumber of standard grades and uniform in grade 2 3 4 ing 12 species. Among them are Douglas Fir, Pacific The right wood for each purpose. You might talk The species and grade you order-not some kind of lumber that somebody else thinks is good enough for you so long as you don't know the difference. And at the right price. About this price matter a good deal of confusion still exists in the minds of many buyers as to just what the proper species and grade designation really is for the lumber they are using. If it's actually No. 3 White Fir the buyer naturally penalizes himself when he calls for prices on No. 2 Spruce. The safe thing for him to do is to let the Weyerhaeuser man specify it for him in the recognized Association standard terms of the lumber manufacturer. Then all of his bidders will be bidding on the same basis. time after time. The specification of lumber by obso lete, local or special grade names may get you a cheap price but not the same lumber. 6 Full tally, species, grade and quantity. About this matter of tally, you can buy lumber today on differ. ent units of measurements: board feet, surface feet and lineal feet. Therefore, it is well to specify the unit of measurement you are buying-and then to know that it is actually delivered. 7 Lumber scientifically logged, manufactured, processed and seasoned. 8 Resources of 17 saw mill plants, served by modern logging camps in as fine stands of timber as grow anywhere. 9 Shipment within 24 hours, if necessary, from three fully equipped Distributing Plants at Baltimore, Portsmouth and Minnesota Transfer. 10 The personal interest of Weyerhaeuser Men in each of the customers they serve-an asset that the man who forever shops around for a "cheaper price" never dreams of. Why not let the Weyerhaeuser man tell you personally what he can do for you? Weyerhaeuser Forest Products are distributed through the established trade channels by the Weyerhaeuser Sales Company, Spokane, Washington, with branch offices at 208 So. La Salle St., Chicago; 285 Madison Ave., New York; Lexington Bldg., Baltimore; and 806 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis; and with representatives throughout the country. In writing to the above advertiser please mention The Outlook Volume 143 May 12, 1926 Number 2 Clearing Up the War Debt Tangle standing which should convince France $10,000,000 for a museum and school of U 'NCLE SAM can look forward now to an end of the arguments about the amounts of money that European friends owe him, and also -it is to be hoped-to an end of attacks on him as "Uncle Shylock." The debt agreement with France marks the close of the long-drawn-out and trying period of negotiations for the refunding of our war loans. The United States has dealt with thirteen war-time debts. Besides the two small debts of Armenia and Greece, there remains the small Russian debt; but it is dropped out of consideration for the present, since there is no indication that the Soviet Government is ready to recognize the obligation. On these thirteen national debts, approximating a principal sum of ten billion dollars, the Debt Funding Commission at Washington has arranged for payments over a period of sixty-two years, running to some twenty-two billion dollars. At the same time the United States will have to pay next year in interest on these ten billions, borrowed from its citizens and loaned to the Allies during the war and early reconstruction period, about twice as much as the total amount (about $210,000,000) which it will receive from abroad. This hardly looks like usury. All the debt agreements except those with France and Jugoslavia have been ratified by Congress. The submission of the French agreement apparently will be delayed until the French Parliament has acted on it, in its session beginning May 27. The settlement should be approved without question, in the interest of both parties. Its terms are very nearly the same as those forecast in The Outlook of last week. The total French debt with accumulated interest is now about $4,337,000,000. The agreement provides for payments totaling $6,847,674,104, beginning at $30,000,000 a year and rising to $125,000,000 a year. No "safeguard clause" making the payments contingent upon German reparations to France is included, but it is provided that in the first five years any payment may be delayed three years for due cause. This seems an equitable under of American good will. Pending ratification, the State Department's opposition to further private loans to France has been lifted. In the light of the debt agreement and of the adoption of a balanced Budget by the French Parliament, it is expected that the Wide World Mrs. Florence P. Kahn French Treasury will be able to secure American banking support in meeting the nation's immediate financial difficulties. Few qualified observers expect that the present form of the debt agreements will prove to be final. Already reports from Europe indicate that international financiers have been shaping a plan to pool all the war debts, in the next three or four years, by floating a huge world loan, perhaps based on the bonds of the German railways and other security. It is certain that experience in the working of international payments on these unprecedented debts will lead to improved methods of disposing of them. In this way the dilemma which Mr. Gregg points out on another page may solve itself. More Independent than Sensible THE failure of the Egyptian Govern ment to accept the offer of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to provide archæology in Egypt was in all probability due to two things: first, the oversensitiveness of Egyptian officials to receiving help where they obviously need help in the executive, scientific, and financial management of a splendid treasure-house and exhibit of the raw material of archæology now in evidence; secondly, Eastern lassitude in bringing things to a point. It is not wise or polite to hesitate unduly when such an offer is presented with all care not to offend susceptibilities. Rumor states that Egyptian politicians, scenting offices and salaries, wanted immediate full control by Egypt, but no such demand was made. The withdrawal of the offer in the absence of promised promptness of decision by Egypt, and after all suggestions of the form of endowment made by Egypt had been accepted by the donor, was due to selfrespect and was carried out with courtesy. Congressional Reapportionment R EPRESENTATIVE KAHN, one of the three women who are members of the lower house of Congress, in making her maiden speech on April 29 uttered a reproof that will probably not be heeded. Under the Constitution, the Census has to be taken every ten years, and Representatives are to be apportioned among the States according to their respective inhabitants. It is plain that the Census is mandatory, and the only purpose given in the Constitution for the Census is to supply data for apportioning the Representatives. By inference, therefore, it is the duty of Congress to reapportion the Representatives every ten years. It is now six years since the Census of 1920, and no reapportionment has yet been made. It is this fact that Mrs. Kahn dwelt on in her speech. She wants the lawmakers to obey the law. Even Mrs. Kahn's plain speaking is not likely to prod Congress into action. For the reluctance of Congress to make the needed reapportionment there are several reasons. One is that the chamber is now crowded, and in reapportioning it would be necessary either to force some Representatives out to make room for others or else to add to the numbers of a body already unwieldy. Another reason is that by reapportionment the cities. would gain in numbers and the country districts would lose. Consequently the country members regard reapportionment as undesirable. To the possible gain cities are for the most part indifferent. How many voters in the cities know the names of the men who represent them in Congress? One excuse for not making the reapportionment is that the Constitution does not explicitly require it. It is argued that the language of the third paragraph of Article I, Section 2, is not mandatory but merely permissive. As there seems to be no way of getting any court decision on the subject, the question remains debatable. But the intent of the Constitution seems plain and is thwarted by the inaction of Congress. Do Intelligence Tests Test A CCORDING to the Philadelphia "Pub at Princeton, has issued a report concerning the results of six years' experiment with intelligence tests at Cooper Union. While he finds tests "of the greatest use in locating talent," he does not find that low scores signify dullness or incompetence. "Unless a low score in the test is corroborated by other evidence," says Professor Brigham, "it is very unsafe to attach any weight to a single failure." As a general summary, according to the "Ledger," he draws the conclusion that psychological tests are no more infallible than old-fashioned "written examinations." It is consistent to admit this and at the same time to hold-as some do-that intelligence tests taken in conjunction. with the records of the pupils' scholastic standing may prove a better means for making a proper choice of candidates for college than the College Board Examinations. One of the most serious objections to the regular examinations is that they compel the secondary schools to concentrate their efforts on preparing their boys to pass those examinations instead of giving them the kind of cultural and practical education that they need, varying it according to each -boy's capacities and gifts. The schools are thus kept in a narrow and often misleading rut. Sometimes the examinations seem to be devised, not to serve as a real test, but to avoid the repetition of past tests. Some teachers declare that the geometry examination last year was hardly less than an atrocity. The schools are tempted to employ technicians who have such knowledge of past examinations that they can prepare for those to come; and then the examiners play the game of trying to thwart the technicians. the worst of it is that these examinations are regarded as barriers between the secondary schools and the colleges, where, instead of barriers, there ought to be cooperation. And Results of intelligence tests combined with scholastic records may not be an adequate substitute for examinations; but they ought to be considered as a means for rendering more flexible the present rigid system that condemns so many schools to routine. Of course intelligence tests fail to discover qualities of character that enter into mental achievement. Because of such qualities. a pupil with only a mediocre intelligence quotient may attain a quite satisfactory scholastic standing. But these qualities of character can very well be included in a pupil's school record. chinery, 136; submarines, 93; telegraph, 78; clothes, 70; typewriter, 63; tools, 52; airships, 48; X-ray, 48. Here are some of the other things which these boys and girls want to save for posterity: Models of subways, motion pictures, sporting goods, plumbing, minerals, furniture, fire-engines, dictaphones, fountain pens, educational methods, kodaks, medical appliances, road construction, and jewelry. Boy Scouts SE EVERAL thousand people watched several thousand Boy Scouts give a splendid demonstration of scouting on the Ellipse, just south of the White House, as one feature of the annual meeting of the Boy Scout National Council, held in Washington on April 30 and May 1. Led by "Uncle Dan" Beard, America's venerable and beloved pioneer in scouting, the entire assemblage of Scout leaders joined in making acknowledgment of the debt the Boy Scouts of America owe to Sir Robert S. S. BadenPowell, Chief Scout of the World, to whom the Boy Scouts of America look for that leadership which gave scouting to over fifty countries. In replying briefly to the salutations, Sir Robert, standing on a platform erected before his eyes by a Scout troop, declared that the ideals of the Boy Scout A change in methods of testing candidates for college seems now scarcely avoidable, for dissatisfaction among leaders in secondary education is very great and very general and is probably organization in all parts of the world growing. The Electrical Generation Again HER ERE is the result of a vote in another school on the list of objects to be placed in a museum of modern archæology. This list, prepared by a current events class of about one hundred pupils in the East Orange High School of East Orange, New Jersey, differs somewhat from that prepared in the two schools who reported their findings last week, but electricity and its allied arts still comes out on top. The vote follows, scored in accordance with the system described last week: Radio, 937; automobiles, 917; airplanes, 563; model buildings, 485; electrical appliances, 343; telephone, 309; railroad equipment, 309; musical instruments, 235; printing-press, 233; ship models, 222; current books, 174; ma 1 See editorial in issue of May 5. See also editorials in issues of April 21 and April 28. would lead to a brotherhood of man which would make wars impossible. In response to an invitation to use The Outlook for a brief message, Chief Scout Executive James E. West declared that the Boy Scouts would be greatly aided if the public would acquaint itself with the fundamentals of scouting, and if more qualified men would volunteer as troop leaders. "Sixteen years ago, when the Boy Scout movement started in the United States, The Outlook vigorously supported the plan," said Mr. West. "Officers of the Boy Scouts have never forgotten the debt we owe to The Outlook, and we never shall. To-day we are facing two important problems. First, we need a clearer understanding on the part of the general public of the fundamental principles of scouting, and, second, we need leaders. "Indeed, too many people in America look upon scouting as a purely recreational or play program, without recogniz |