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10. Aeacus, Minos, and Rhadamanthus were the judges of the dead.
Alius, Jason, who went in search of the golden fleece. Cf. Ov. Met. VII, 1 ff.
11. Monychus, in the contest between the Centaurs and the Lapithae.

Cf. Ov. Met. XII, 510 ff.

12. Frontonis, some rich patron of literature; perhaps Ti. Catius Fronto, who defended Marius Priscus. Cf. line 49.

Marmora convulsa, a strong expression of the effect produced by the vigorous reading. Cf. VII, 86, fregit subsellia versu.

13. Adsiduo lectore, almost the assiduity of the reader; the ablative of the agent properly requires the preposition ab; in such cases as this the stress is laid on the quality expressed by the adjective, not on the person.

14. Cf. Hor. Ep. II, 1, 117. Scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim. 15. Et nos, etc. I, too, have flinched from the rod, and written compositions, i. e.—in these times a common-school education seems to be the only requisite for a poet; that I have had: why should not I write poems as well as others?

16. Consilium, etc.. School themes were often on subjects drawn from history. This was an address to Sulla advising his abdication.

Altum, used as an adverb. Cf. Pope's "Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring."

18. Vatibus, used contemptuously, "bards." The dative is indirect object. "Verbs compounded with certain prepositions take the dative" only because the combination modifies the original meaning in such a way that the resulting verbal phrase (verb + preposition) requires an indirect object.

Periturae-i. e., sure to be spoiled by some one.

19. Having justified his writing, Juvenal proceeds to justify his writing satire.

20. Auruncae alumnus. Lucilius, the early Roman satirist, was born at Suessa Aurunca in Campania, 148 B. C. Cf. Hor. Sat. I, 10, 56-74; II, 1,

30 ff.

21. Si vacat-i. e., si vacui estis, if you are at leisure.

25. Quo tondente, ablative absolute, translate, under whose shears. Gravis, his beard was gravis because it brought a certain amount of gravitas, dignity.

Mihi iuveni, a sort of dative of reference. This line occurs again X, 226. 26. Pars refers to Crispinus.

Verna Canopi, born and bred at Canopus, not necessarily a house slave. Canopus was a city of Egypt, near Alexandria, noted for its profligacy.

27. Crispinus is said to have come to Rome as a fish-peddler, and to have been made an eques by Domitian.

Umero revocante, he gave a lazy shrug of the shoulder to prevent his cloak from slipping off.

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28. Aestivum aurum. The ultra-fashionable Romans had lighter fingerrings for summer.

30. Saturam. Juvenal seems to use the word with something of the idea of our satire; originally it meant medley, and was derived from lanx satura, a basket of first fruit-offerings.

32. Causidici, pettifogger.

Matho seems to have been well known. Juvenal mentions him in two other places, and Martial often. Lectica. Cf. Fig. 2.

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33. Delator. The trade of informer was very profitable as well as very disreputable. Cf. Tac. Hist. IV, 42.

35. Massa. Baebius Massa was procurator of Africa in 70 A. D. He was accused of extortion (repetundarum), after his proconsulate in Baetica, by Herennius Senecio and the younger Pliny.

informer; he secured Cf. Plin. Ep. I, 5, 3;

36. Carus. Mettius Carus was another infamous the condemnation of Herennius Senecio in 73 A. D. VII, 19, 5. .Thymele was an actress, Latinus an actor.

45. Iecur. The ancients localized various passions in different organs of the body, for which physiological justification is not wanting. Translate heart. Cf. Hor. Odes I, 13, 4.

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"gangs."

46. Gregibus. An intentionally undignified word, almost 48. Infamia. Either general = disgrace, or special = áriμía, loss of civil rights.

49. Ab octava-i. e., he began his feasting at the unseemly hour of two o'clock in the afternoon.

Marius (Priscus) was accused for his extortion in Africa, by Pliny and Tacitus, in 100 A. D. He was condemned, but had stolen enough to pay his fine and live in luxury besides. The province gained its case, but very little else. 51. Venusina lucerna. Horace was born at Venusia, 65 B. C. Cf. Hor.

Sat. II, 1, 34.

Lucerna, perhaps, as most editors think, means "midnight oil"; it may, however, as the Scholiast suggests, refer to the light shed by the lamp of genius.

52. Agitem, drive at, pursue.

Heracleas (fabulas). The plural makes it general.

53. Labyrinthi mugitum-i. e., the Minotaur.

54. Puero, Icarus. The preposition is not used, because the unfortunate

boy was not an active agent in the matter.

Fabrum, Daedalus.

58. Curam, charge, control.

59. Caret follows the perfect donavit naturally, since it denotes a present state resulting from past action.

60. Pervolat, flies along.

61. Flaminiam (viam). The great north road leading from Rome over the pons Mulvius to Ariminum.

Automedon, the charioteer of Achilles. The young man drives his own chariot. So in the modern tally-ho.

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to brag, boast, show off.

63. Ceras. The Romans often took notes for temporary use on wax-coated tablets, writing with a pointed ivory stylus. Cf. Figs. 3 and 4.

64. Iam sexta cervice. He already has six slaves to bear his

litter, soon he may have eight.

65. Hinc atque inde = hinc atque hinc, on this side and that. Nuda, open.

66. Referens, recalling.

FIG. 3.

Stylus.

Maecenate supino. Maecenas, the friend and patron of Horace, had a reputation for effeminacy, which is referred to in the adjective supino.

67. Falso. Signator retains sufficient verbal force to admit the use of

the adverb.

68. Uda, to prevent it from clinging to the wax.
69. Calenum (vinum), wine from Cales in Campania.

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70. Sitiente is probably ablative absolute with eo understood, while viro is dative. The explanation seems harsh but unavoidable. Note that the quantity of the i in viro prevents it from being mistaken for a form of virus.

71. Lucusta was a famous professional poisoner who killed Claudius to please Agrippina, and Britannicus to please Nero.

Propinquas, neighbors.

72. Per famam et populum, through (and so in defiance of) the talk of the people.

Nigros, from the effect of the poison.

Efferre has the special sense, to carry out the bodies of the dead. Cf. Nepos. Arist. 3, 2.

73. Gyaris, a small desolate island near Andros, one of the Cyclades, to which criminals were transported.

75. Criminibus, usually accusations, here probably crimes.

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poor poet of the time, with whom Juvenal, with assumed modesty, com

pares himselt.

81. Deucalion.

For an account of the flood from which Deucalion and

Pyrrha alone were saved, cf. Ov. Met. I, 260.

Nimbis-i. e., the rains.

83. The legend was that, after the destruction of the inhabitants of the earth by the flood, a new race was created from the stones upon the mountain-side.

86. Discursus, restless running to and fro.

Farrago, medley, literally mixed fodder given to cattle. Cf. far and farina. 88. Sinus. The fold of the toga, used as a pocket, was called sinus. Cf. Fig. 6. This is probably what is meant here. Others take sinus to mean sail, others gulf; of these the former seems less well suited to the meaning of patuit; the latter is inapplicable; avarice does not throw things into an abyss, but draws them into its own keeping.

Alea, supply habuit. Such omissions are common in conversational style. Translate when was gambling so bold?

89. Neque, nec is much more usual in post-Augustan poets. Juvenal has it 160 times, neque only 7.

Itur,
66 on va, they go."

91. Dispensatore. In the battles of the gaming-table the steward took charge of the sinews of war-i. e., furnished the money.

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