country school-children all the factors needed for their general well-being.

Especially in matters relating to health and welfare of the pupils should the teacher in the country be unusually efficient. She is farther away from the help of superintendent, physician, nurse, and all health and other social agencies. It is therefore most important that effective school health courses should be introduced in normal schools and teachers' institutes.

"With rural teachers properly prepared for their task, we may then begin that most necessary thing-effective health training and instruction of rural pupils. This should aim decisively at the practical training of the children in personal health habits and in individual and group efforts for the health work of the school, the home, and the community. The modern idea of pupil organization and government may be used to good advantage in pupils' boards of health, health militia, and other forms of pupils' organizations. The Boy Scout idea, which gives such prominence to the health programme, may be utilized to good advantage.

66

Every growing child needs a warm, nourishing midday lunch. Every school building should have a simple kitchen equipment in a small room built for this purpose, or, lacking this, in the school-room. A simple equipment, outside of the stove, can be purchased for from $4 to $10. Parents can club together either a fixed rate in money or food materials. The teacher, with the aid of pupils working in groups periodically, can prepare the lunches. This is now done in many of the schools having lunch service. The preparation of the school lunch makes the best possible demonstration for a lesson in domestic science and cookery. The instruction in the selection and preparation of foods in many cases extends through the pupils to the parents; and this is, in the country particularly, the most effective way of influencing beneficially the standards and methods of the homes.

"The teachers should be qualified to inspire and direct wholesome play and recreation. Rural children have all outdoors to play in, and yet, on the whole, they know very little about how and what to play. An adequate playground is not a luxury but

a necessity for the welfare of the children. Facilities and skilled guidance for play and recreation should be provided, not only for the pupils in the schools, but for the young people in the community. Such provision should include not only athletic games and sports, but also social and folk dances and dramatic training and expression.

"There are certain simple indications of health disorders in children which the properly trained teacher can observe and use as a basis for excluding a pupil from school for the day or until such indications have disappeared. Children may be taught to notice these indications in themselves or in their companions, and thus may help to protect the school from contagious disease. There is no more arrant nonsense than the old-fashioned belief, still prevalent with many, that children must have the usual assortment of 'children's diseases' and 'the sooner they get through with them the better.' No child should ever knowingly be exposed to a contagious disease. The older a child is before being exposed to a contagious disease, the less apt he is to catch it. The older a child is before having a contagious disease of childhood, the less severe it is likely to be. The early detection of signs of children's diseases and the early exclusion from school of children showing such signs are the best means of minimizing the communication of diseases in schools and of removing the possibility that the school may act as a disease center. Every school-child should have a health examination once a year-more frequently for individual pupils who need special attention-by a regularly appointed school physician. But a properly trained teacher can do much toward the discovery of physical defects. As a matter of fact, the routine tests of vision and hearing can best be made by the teachers, as these tests involve mental and educational as well as health factors. Defective teeth and indications of adenoids, enlarged and diseased tonsils, and heart disturbances can also be discovered by the watchful, informed teacher. Physical defects should be reported to the homes, and all possible effort made to persuade the parents to have the necessary care given to remedial defects.

66

"The problem of securing satisfactory means for the removal of physical defects in rural school-children is especially difficult,

as hospitals, clinics, surgeons, nurses, and dentists are usually so far distant. The county unit of organization and administration for health, as well as for other rural interests, has already proved successful and promises the best results. Every county should have one full-time health officer, who should, of course, be a doctor qualified to make examinations and maintain gen. eral supervision; one or more school or district nurses; and a practical rural equivalent of the medical and dental clinics that are available in so many of the cities. This last should be so organized that it provides self-supporting health (dental, medical, and surgical) service for all the people.

"The school nurse has already demonstrated the extraordinary value of her services. Statistics prove that she bridges the gap between efficiency and inefficiency in a vital part of the health programme. Without the services of the nurse only fif teen to twenty-five per cent of the pupils have physical defects corrected following the notice and recommendation sent by the school doctor to the parents; on the other hand, with the aid of the school nurse, from seventy-five to ninety per cent of the pupils reported receive remedial attention. The duties of the rural school nurse include assisting in the health examinations of pupils; explaining to the parents the importance of defects found in children and helping in the arrangements for the medical, surgical, or dental treatment required; giving emer

gency treatment in health disturbances and following up under medical direction treatment for various conditions; providing an important part of the health teaching for the pupils; and giving in homes visited suggestions and advice affecting not only the health interests of the children, but also of the home. In many a community, both in city and in country, the tactful, devoted nurse has made for herself a place of the greatest influence in promoting health and welfare in general.

"If this programme for the promotion of better health in the rural districts is to be successful," said Dr. Wood in conclusion, "it must enlist the co-operation, not only of all individuals and organizations directly concerned in this vital matter, but also all those that may, by persuasion, be made interested in it. The granges, medical societies, women's clubs, religious organizations, or any other societies may find abundant work to do if the complete programme of health is attempted with any thoroughness. Several phases of the health programme may require, in any rural community, the support of or demonstration by some volunteer organization before school boards or other governmental agencies are convinced of the necessity and practicability of the new measures.

"Here is something to keep in mind: Better health is to a striking extent a purchasable commodity, and National economy demands that we purchase it."

wealth of knowledge and thought under the plain title

66

of the Catholic Church; VII-The Protestant Reformation;

the opulence which in British cities is often hidden by the plain exterior of the dwellings. Thirteen eminent scholars, one of whom is its editor, have combined to produce it. Ten are professors in the University of Chicago; Brown University, the Meadville Divinity School, and the Rochester Theological Seminary furnish the remaining three. Each contributor is a specialist in his subject.

What has come to pass in the department of history has also been experienced in the field of religion and theology. The new learning of our time has opened up too vast an area for any individual writer, however learned, to cover in every part. The many-volumed "Cambridge Modern History," its multitudinous chapters each the work of a specialist in his topic, appeared at the dawn of this century in response to its need. In response to just such a need this cyclopædic volume has been prepared by distribution of the tasks involved. The situation and the needs here provided for are thus stated:

That Christianity is to-day passing through one of the most significant transformations in its history is a fact apparent on every hand.... The divinity school to-day is attempting to organize the education of ministers of the Gospel and of religious teachers and missionaries with reference to many situations and problems which formerly did not exist. The history of Christianity can no longer be studied in isolation from the total history of which it is a part. The study of the Bible must be undertaken with a full understanding of all that is involved in the processes of historical criticism. Systematic theology must consider relig ious beliefs in relation to the modern scientific and theological ideals which are regnant. The department of practical theology must deal with the bewildering needs occasioned by the shifting habits of people in modern industrial and spiritual life. An entirely new realm of theological training has been organized in order to prepare men to understand the social problems which are so intimately related to the religious life.

That the present situation and its requirements, thus succinctly stated, are amply provided for in this, the first work in English which has undertaken to meet them, appears in the subjects of its collaborators: I-Preparation in College for the Study of Theology; II-The Historical Study of Religion; III-The Study of the Old Testament and the Religion of Israel; IV-The Study of the New Testament; V-The Study of Early Christianity; VI-The Development and Meaning

1 Let There Be Light. A Guide to the Study of the Christian Religion. Edited by Gerald Birney Smith. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. $3.

tematic Theology and Christian Ethics; X-Practical Theol. ogy; XI-Christianity and Social Problems; XII-The Contributions of Critical Scholarship to Ministerial Efficiency.

Most of these articles run from sixty to ninety pages-small handbooks, as it were-each analyzed into sections and sub-sections, to which bibliographies are annexed, guiding the student to the best literature on every point. Eighteen of these in a single article show the thoroughness of the entire work.

The twelve articles are one in "acceptance of the historical method and in belief that the interpretation of Christianity must accord with the rightful tests of scientific truthfulness and actual vitality in the modern world." Whatever diversities of opinion appear are justified by the freedom essential to success in all scientific research.

We have here a fine illustration of the reconstructive spirit and method required now when Christianity is making a slow and difficult passage into new forms of statement and activity. Primitive and medieval Christianity were each housed in a frame of belief built out of the intellectual and social materials of their times. Inherited by the Protestant churches, that frame has broken down under the strain of the new forces, larger knowledge, and more complex social conditions of our time. The modern Church is compelled to build a new house for the spirit of Jesus, the same yesterday, to-day, and forever. But her task is sadly hindered by opposition to its builders. Much confusion of thought results in pew and pulpit. What this situation needs for clearing up this volume presents as a nucleus of crystallization-the scientific spirit and the historical method of study. Thus a sound basis is reached "for positive convictions concerning Christianity, and for fruitful constructive work by the Church of Christ."

The student is here aided to understand the meaning of the various aspects of education for the Christian ministry. Busy pastors are enabled to keep in touch with the advance of scholarship reported in convenient and accessible form. A chasm between scholars and preachers has been working disastrously to Christian interests. The test of democracy-readiness to take counsel of expert knowledge is also the test of the Church's adequacy for leadership of the modern world.

It will be well if the American churches, whose scholars have taken the lead in putting forth this epoch-marking volume, shall now lead all others in making the most of it for the enlightening of their countrymen, and consequently of mankind.

I-INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

A. Topic: The Break with Germany. References: Pages 257-259; Editorial, pages 263, 264; also 265-269. pages Questions:

1. Just what were the points made by Germany to the United States in her note announcing to us her new U-boat declaration? (See Outlook for February 7, 1917.) 2. What are the rights of Americans at sea, even within Germany's prohibited areas Every American should know well the answer to this question. 3. Do or do you not think it would be well for the United States to comply with Germany's decree? What possible wrong could be done in having the United States forbid its citizens traveling except by the requirements of Germany's instructions? 4. What reasons did President Wilson give for breaking off relations with Germany? 5. It seems to be fair to assume from what President Wilson said in his address before the joint session of Congress that he would not declare war against Germany unless American ships and American lives were sacrificed by German naval commanders. The President has also declined to issue an order or give any advice as to whether American ships should sail or to furnish a convoy. Do you consider that such a course protects American rights? What would you do were you in the President's place? 6. Why do you think Germany concluded to carry out such a ruthless naval programme? 7. Is the use of the high seas a right or a privilege? Reasons. 8. Name a number of effects of the break with Germany. 9. Read "A Poll of the Press on the break with Germany. Make out a list of the important points brought out by the American press. By the foreign press. Which of the editorial excerpts do you consider the more telling? Why? 10. What have you to say about the special correspondence from Milwaukee entitled "Kaiser or President"? 11. What does The Outlook consider America's duty? What do you? B. Topic: The Dawn and Sunrise of History. Reference: Pages 272-274. Questions:

Questions:

1. Give the various steps by which a bill becomes law in our Congress. 2. In case the President vetoes a bill, what then is the process of enacting it into law? 3. What are the provisions of this Immigration Bill? Anything to which Japan can justly object? 4. Does or does not this bill restrict immigration too much? 5. Give. reasons why Congress so many times has passed such a bill and reasons why American Presidents have so many times vetoed the same. On what grounds can you explain such procedure? 6. Has Congress the right to prohibit any and all foreigners from entering the United States? Discuss. B. Topic: Congress: Defense Measures. Reference: Page 259.

Questions:

1. Do or do you not approve of so many millions of dollars being spent on defense? 2. What can you tell about the construction and operation of a submarine? 3. Are universal military training and universal military service democratic? Why or why not? C. Topic: Congress: Export Trade. Reference: Pages 259, 260. Questions:

1. What are some of the current facts about our export trade? 2. How is our foreign trade regulated? 3. What is the function of our consular service? How is it organized? 4. Can you give five principal Republican arguments for a protective tariff? And as many Democratic arguments against it? Which do you believe the better policy for the United States? Discuss. 5. What do you think of the value of the National-Foreign Trade Convention?

III-LOCAL AFFAIRS

Topic: Prison Reform.
Reference: Pages 264, 265.
Questions:

1. Define crime. How may crimes be classified? Do you think criminals ought to be classified? 2. Compare mediaval forms of crime and treatment of criminals with modern forms. 3. Who should determine what a crime is? 4. Discuss the causes of crime under the following headings individual, occupational, social, economic, lack of law enforcement, court procedure, and weak public sentiment. 5. How would you describe "intelligent prison reform "?

IV-PROPOSITIONS FOR DISCUSSION (These propositions are suggested directly or indirectly by the subject-matter of The Outlook, but not discussed in it.)

1. Republican institutions live by criticism and perish when thought is shackled. 2. All nations are subject sooner or later to an inevitable process of decay.

V-VOCABULARY BUILDING (Define accurately the following words and expressions, all of which are found in The Outlook for February 14, 1917.)

Overt act, diplomatic relations, convoy,

ridden.

Reference: Page 259.

commandeer, conspiracies, consul, preferential tariffs, medieval, detention pens.

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Find out what you can save at your age Simply write and say: "Mail me insurance particulars as mentioned in The Outlook of February 21st," and be sure to give: Your Full Name 2. Your Occupation

FICTION

Belle Jones. By Allan Meacham. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 50c.

The literary critic will condemn this as a sermon. But there is very excellent authority for making a story serve the purpose of a sermon, and this story is a very good sermon from the text, "We are his people."

Haj, the Law and the Prophets. By Edward Eyre Hunt. Hillacre Bookhouse, Riverside, Conn. $1.25.

This is a little book which cannot be judged by any standard of bulk. "Haj" is a striking story of the conflict between the theories and the practices of Western civilization. The scene of the story is laid in New York, but its application is without geographical boundaries. Mr. Hunt is the author of "War Bread," and has been a valued contributor to The Outlook.

Hungry Stones and Other Stories (The). By Sir Rabindranath Tagore. The Macmillan Company, New York. $1.35.

BOOKS FOR YOUNG FOLKS Fairy Gold Series (The). Cinderella, Briar Rose, The Fox and the Grapes, Tom Thumb, Dick Whittington, Chicken-Licken, Tom-TitTot, Beauty and the Beast. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $1 each.

Granny's Wonderful Chair, and Its Tales of Fairy Times. By Frances Browne. Introduced and Illustrated by Katharine Pyle. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. $2.50. Miss Ann and Jimmy. By Alice Turner Cur tis. Illustrated. The Penn Publishing Company, Philadelphia. 90c.

My Last Friend: Dog Dick. By Edmondo De Amic Translated by J. G. Lista. The Stratford Company, Boston.

Our Little Cossack Cousin. By F. A. Postnikov. (Little Cousin Series.) The Page Company oston. 60c.

Philip Kent in the Lower School. By T. Truxton Hare. The Penn Publishing Company, Philadelphia. $1.25.

HISTORY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, AND POLITICS
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Montgomery. The Ronald Press Company,
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This is a rather appalling-looking book. The income tax is bad enough in all conscience; but one draws back at the sight of 461 pages devoted to its explanation. However, as its history shows, the law needs explaining, and Mr. Montgomery's volume will doubtless be sought for in many a library during the present month, when many Americans must be busy with income tax returns, due March 1.

POETRY

Lamp of Poor Souls (The), and Other
Poems. By Marjorie L. C. Pickthall. The
John Lane Company, New York. $1.25.
Life and Living. A Book of Verse. By Amelia
Josephine Burr. The George H. Doran Com-
pany, New York. $1.

Miss Burr's name is deservedly becoming familiar to an ever-increasing circle of readers. She has a sense of the dramatic and a vividness of touch which makes even her less successful verses distinctly interesting. Some of these are included in the present volume, but "Life and Living" as a whole represents a very noteworthy achievement.

"Kitchener's March," which appeared first in The Outlook, is one of the memora"In the ble poems inspired by the war. Field Hospital," "The Angel with the Sword," "While We Have Waited," "Euthanasia," ""In the Ferry-Boat," are only a