tionalized-were those of his wife, of Queen Maria Pia of Portugal, the Countess of Warwick, Emile Girardin, and Pope Pius X. Other famous works are, "St. Francis of Assisi," "A Future Doge," and, best known of all, the "Dame au Gant" in the Luxembourg. In some of this work one realizes the artist's assertion that he took Velasquez as his master. In all of them one sees Carolus-Duran's frequently given counsel: "Paint from life. There is nothing so beautiful as nature."

As a teacher he had as pupils some of the most prominent contemporary painters, among them John S. Sargent.

THE MUSIC OF ANCIENT INSTRUMENTS

Among the concerts and musical recitals given during this year in the United States few, if any, have had, or will have, the distinction or beauty of those given by a group of visitors from France the Society of Ancient Instruments, or, as its French title runs, Société des Instruments Anciens.

The very name of the organization unhappily suggests a rather musty museum. Nothing could be further from the truth. The music that it plays may be unmixed with sensationalism, but it is the more beautiful for that. The instruments played may be of ancient pattern, but the sounds that those instruments give forth would be to most ears not only beautiful, but novel. To listen to these players for the first time is like visiting one of the medieval towns of old France and seeing for the first time its ancient but ever-living beauty. Those who attend the concerts of this organization see on the platform what appears to be a small pianoforte and four chairs arranged with music-stands as for the accustomed string quartette. The instrument that appears to be a pianoforte is a clavecin (the French name for the harpsichord), a precursor of the pianoforte, but in construction and effect quite different. In the pianoforte the strings are struck by hammers; in the clavecin or harpsichord the strings are plucked by mechanical plectra, consisting of quills or hard leather. As it is impossible to vary the tone by the touch on the keys, the clavecin is fitted with two keyboards, each having its own special tone, and stops that vary the tone. To one accustomed to hearing the piano, the tone of the clavecin seems weak, frail, wistful.

The bowed instruments played by these French musicians are all ancestors of the violin family. In place of the first violin of the familiar string quartette is the quinton, which looks like a little stocky violin. In place of the second violin is the viole d'amour, larger than the violin and equipped with a double set of strings, one set played on by the bows, the other set-called sympathetic strings-tuned in unison with the upper strings and vibrating only as the other strings are played. In place of the viola there is a viole de gambe, like a little 'cello. In place of the 'cello there is a basse de viole, which appears to be like a large 'cello.

Because these instruments are not orchestral instruments, and therefore are not in constant use by professional musicians for orchestral purposes, they have gone out of fashion. The loss to music has been a real loss, for the disappearance of these instruments has tended to close an avenue to a large amount of beautiful musical literature, and has tended to obscure the beauties of much of the old music that has survived. There are very few modern compositions more engaging than the Concerto (or, as we should say to-day, Suite) in A major for the viole d'amour, by Asioli (1769-1832), or the "Ballet Divertissement," a dance suite for string quartette and clavecin by Montéclair (1666-1737). And Haydn as played by this string quartette with the clavecin, and Mozart and Bach as played by the clavecin alone (by Mme. Régina Patorni), are transformed by these instruments.

The modern pianoforte is a big, virile instrument that can be put in contrast with a quartette of string or even an orchestra. So every modern composition for orchestral instruments and pianoforte in combination is a composition of contrast. The earlier chamber music for clavichord or harpsichord and string instruments, on the other hand, was written with a view of blending the tones of the keyed instrument with the tones of the bowed instruments. Consequently, when this older music is played with the modern instruments there is necessarily a contrast that was not intended by the composer. To hear this

old music played on the older instruments is to find it suddenly and marvelously modernized.

And there is peculiar charm in these instruments when their tones blend with the tone of the voice. Three anonymous songs of the eighteenth century sung by Mme. Buisson did not sound quaint or queer or primitive, as one might expect, but very modern. It would have been easy to believe that this music was not a recovery from ancient treasures, but was a new and beautiful development from the modern French school.

Mr. Maurice Hewitt, Mr. Henri Casadesus (founder of the Society), Mr. Eugène Dubruille, and Mr. Maurice Devilliers, who, with Mme. Patorni and Mme. Buisson, have brought to America this music of the olden time, ought to be made welcome the country over. Why cannot they stay here and enrich us by their continued presence?

A MEMORIAL MEETING

The late Hamilton W. Mabie, for more than thirty years Associate Editor of The Outlook, was at the time of his death, last December, a resident and citizen of Summit, New Jersey, where he had lived for over a quarter of a century. The remarkable impression which as a man and friend he had made on his neighbors and fellow-citizens was voiced in a very unusual memorial meeting held in the Lyric Theater of Summit on Sunday afternoon, February 18. Fully a thousand men and women_of_the_community gathered to honor his memory. Mayor. Ruford Franklin presided, and twenty-three organizations, expressing the life of the community in all its phases, such as the Common Council, the Board of Education of the Public Schools, the Board of Trade, the Summit Medical Society, and the various social clubs and welfare associations, were represented by the presence of their executive officers on the committee which planned the meeting.

Addresses were made by Dr. Lyman Abbott, Editor-in-Chief of The Outlook, and Dean Talcott Williams, of Columbia University, New York City; and a tribute written by the Japanese Ambassador was read by Mr. Yada, Consul-General of Japan at New York City.

Letters were read from Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Joseph H. Choate, William Dean Howells, Francis Lynde Stetson, President Garfield of Williams, President Hibben of Princeton, President Lowell of Harvard, President Hadley of Yale University, President Butler of Columbia University, and Major-General Leonard Wood, testifying to Mr. Mabie's qualities as a delightful personal friend and as a public-spirited citizen.

While Mr. Mabie's achievements as a writer, a critic, and a publicist were recognized, the chief emphasis of this unusual neighborhood gathering was spontaneously laid upon his personality. Mr. Roosevelt spoke of "the beauty and fineness of his character," Mr. Taft of his "embodiment of the spirit of international brotherhood," and Mr. Howells of the "abiding presence, serene, fine, and true, which we knew for the soul of Hamilton Mabie." No one could have come away from this meeting without being deeply impressed with the everlasting truth that the greatest force in art, in literature, in politics, and in education is found, not in ideas or in workmanship, but in personality.

WHAT THE PATROLMEN MEAN
TO NEW YORK CITY

In his review of the past year's police work in New York City, addressed to members of the force, Arthur Woods, Police Commissioner, notes certain special conditions: First, the traffic in the streets has grown amazingly; second, we have gone through a scourge of infantile paralysis; third, we have endured many strikes, some of them widespread and bitter. And yet, as all citizens must have noticed, the patrolman on post has patrolled better. This is shown by the decrease in crime and by the large number of arrests which could not be made except by wide-awake officers." Again, "the courtesy and willingness to help shown by policemen have gone a long way in cementing a more friendly feeling between the public and the police." This was particularly true during the strike situation. The

police "tried to treat both sides fairly and to protect them in their full rights, insisting, however, absolutely that law and order be maintained. Twice during the summer every policeman on vacation was recalled. Nearly the whole force was on continuous duty; yet the work was done loyally, without complaint, and with marked patience and self-restraint."

During the year two parades were held and two Field Days given at Sheepshead Bay. In these events a large number of the force took part. As a result of the Field Days, the Honor Roll Relief Fund, for the relief of widows and orphans of policemen killed on duty, now amounts to over $240,000.

In the development of crime prevention it is not realized that many ex-convicts have been provided with jobs and policemen keep in touch with them; that many prisoners from the penitentiary are now out on probation, under the charge of police officers, who have been extraordinarily successful in keeping their charges straight; that talks have been given in public schools and in city institutions by sergeants; that street playgrounds have been established.

With regard to new measures of city defense attention should be called to the volunteer training camp at Fort Wadsworth, attended by over two thousand policemen last summer. They did all the work themselves-cooking, draining, cleaning, housing—so that should a great disaster befall the metropolis these policemen will have received instruction and done work to fit them to put up and care for great refugee camps. Again, the conduct of the mounted men selected to ride cross-country to the State Fair at Syracuse made friends for the force throughout the State. Whenever called upon the band and the chorus have performed with credit.

Yet despite this fine record the Commisioner says in warning: "Nothing is more dangerous to the spirit of a body of men than to create a feeling of self-satisfaction." He exhorts the force to a determination that every department of work shall be better done than it has ever been done before. "Let our record be without blemish and let it be full of deeds of courage, of courtesy, of humanity, of loyalty to duty, and let it show that we have answered every call upon us and have been strong and compelling in maintaining law and order."

REVIVING THE ART OF HAND WEAVING

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A few years ago a New York young woman prowling through the attic of a summer boarding-house in Maine stumbled on a dusty wooden frame which she first conjectured was a small private gallows or a new kind of bear trap. No, ma'am," the keeper of the boarding-house assured her," it ain't nothing so fearsome as that; it's just an old hand loom that's sot here for years.' This led the young woman to investigate the reasons why hand weaving had become almost a lost art in the United States. The reasons did not seem good ones to her. She persuaded several of her friends to her point of view, and the result was that several looms were ordered built on the lines of the dust-covered framework in the Maine farm-house garret. A few old weavers were found who had stubbornly refused to bow to the new gods of machinery and who had been making a precarious living peddling their own hand products in competition with the power looms of the great textile mills. These old weavers were made happy by offers of steady employment at the art which they loved and by assurances that there would be a revival of public appreciation of that art.

When they made these promises, the young women had only hopes to base them on. But these hopes are being fulfilled. An old stable within half a block of New York City's fashionable shopping district, which has been chosen for the home of the Flambeau Weavers, as these artists have chosen to call themselves, has become a center for American hand-woven fabrics of all kinds.

Old grandmothers of the Kentucky mountains and of the New England hills have been encouraged to begin again the reproduction of the beautiful homespuns which clothed the American pioneers. The few Americans left alive who remember how to make the old woven rugs, bedspreads, and counterpanes have been heartened to new activity by the knowledge that there are young American artists who have found as much beauty in these products of old Yankeeland and Dixieland as

in the fabrics of Russia, Italy, or France. Concerning counterpanes alone there is a deal of lore, and the initiated can tell at a glance whether a counterpane is from West Virginia or Vermont. While this refitted old stable has thus become the show-room for old American arts which were at their height when the site of the building was a pasture, the main efforts of the young artists concerned are centered on the production of a hand-woven silk with wild silk fiber used as the warp, which gives the fabric a peculiar luster.

In the language of laymen it is difficult to explain the artistic superiority of hand-woven fabrics to those made by the power loom. The machine-woven goods are evener and can be produced much more rapidly. But the hand-woven article carries always the personality of the weaver. To some degree the difference between the product of the hand loom and the product of the power loom is the difference between a painting and a photograph. America, which has been leading the world in the application of machinery to industry, cannot afford to neglect those homely arts-such as the production of fine hand textiles-in which the ancestors of present-day Americans did so well.

ARMY CAMPS AND CHRISTIAN LIVING

"You ought to know something about the work of this life-saver, the Young Men's Christian Association. The 'Y' is here good and strong, with a big, comfortable shack for every brigade. Since our shack opened the Mesa bar and Bill's place are pretty well deserted. Mother gets more letters and the United States Government gets more efficiency. If you have loved ones at home, you cannot resist the open ink-bottles and the pens and the paper. It makes you ashamed to think that the 'Y' is more interested in your loved ones than you are. It hands you out religion in doses a man can take. It tightens up the halter that gets loose when a man gets away from home. It assures you that some one is interested in you no matter who or where you are.

The above is part of a letter written last October from Camp Stewart, at El Paso, Texas. We may add that along the Mexican border the Young Men's Christian Association has built over forty buildings, and that soldiers, many of them mere boys, take their troubles to the secretaries, knowing that confidences will be respected and that sympathy and good advice will be forthcoming. The secretaries have had personal interviews with more than fifteen thousand men.

Aside from these there are the hospital visits; nearly twentysix thousand have been made.

Every Sunday two to five services are held in each of the forty buildings, conducted by chaplains of many different denominations. Every week has seen an average of two religious services in each building. Up to January 1 the total attendance at these meetings has been about five hundred and twenty-four thousand.

At some meetings "Forward Step" cards are passed around; on them are suggested pledges which the men may check off and sign, such as promises to abstain from liquor, tobacco, profanity, obscene language, or unclean living; promising also to read their Bibles and to attend a religious service each week; finally, as an ultimate step, to give their lives to Christ. Up to January 1 over nineteen thousand soldiers had pledged themselves to take one or more of the steps indicated.

Bible classes also meet in the Association's buildings or in various tents. Many of the leaders of these classes are officers and enlisted men. As a result of their work more than 12,700 men have joined the "Enlisted Men's Bible League."

Furthermore, special evangelistic meetings have been held. The results are shown in over 12,200 decisions for the Christian life, and in many reaffirmations of that life.

Then there are the Sunday-schools. The banner Sundayschool on the border is at Brownsville, Texas, and is composed of men from two Virginia regiments. The average attendance

is about 500.

At this writing there are still some 50,000 National Guardsmen on the border, and about 40,000 regular United States troops, including General Pershing's troops. Who shall say that the Young Men's Christian Association has not grasped and is not grasping its opportunity?

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THE BRITISH AND GERMAN

BLOCKADES

CHICAGO reader writes us as follows:

Your editorial "America's Duty" (in The Outlook of February 14) is too strong for those who wish to be thoroughly careful before deciding for war. As I read this article how I wish that with the same power of the pen you had also written another article and described how England had violated international law, how she has said to us, "Keep away from Germany with your merchant ships," and while it isn't necessary to send our ships to the bottom of the sea to gain obedience, nevertheless she is the sea bully, and has always been the sea bully, and now that she has met the land bully, militarism, please let them fight it out without our assistance.

Another correspondent sends us a copy of the Cornwall (New York) "Press" in which a summer resident of that town on the Hudson, a well-known and influential American citizen of German ancestry, says that Bishop Gallagher in a recent speech at Grand Rapids, Michigan, exactly expressed his views regarding the German submarine blockade. In his address Bishop Gallagher said:

I disagree that the country must stand behind the President. Wilson acquiesced in the violation of international law when he allowed the Allies to starve out Germany. Why should international laws be forced upon Germany when other nations are not made to abide by them? Germany has the same right to starve out England if she can.

The foregoing quotations illustrate a curious confusion of thought prevalent in this country in the minds of many people ordinarily humane and intelligent. These people, who can quickly distinguish between murder and trespass on land, seem unable to make the same distinction at sea. The fundamental issue in the German and British blockades has nothing whatever to do with international law. The issue before the American people is simply this: Shall we tolerate the ambuscade and unwarned assassination of our citizens on the high seas? No one denies that Germany has the right in war to blockade England, and by blockade to starve England if she can do so. The North starved the South by blockade in the Civil War, and no one objected either on the grounds of international law or of the common human instincts of the world. But if the North had sunk, without warning, every merchant and passenger ship attempting to run the blockade, and had indiscriminately drowned women and children in this form of assassination, Abraham Lincoln would have been looked upon to-day with horror by the civilized world.

Great Britain in maintaining her blockade of Germany seizes every belligerent or neutral merchant vessel that she suspects of carrying contraband. Let us admit that she herself defines what is contraband, that she is autocratic in this decision, that she opens and examines mail-bags, that she makes it very inconvenient and uncomfortable for non-combatants who wish to ship goods or take passage themselves to Germany. But she does not kill anybody in this procedure. She has not killed a single non-combatant on the high seas during this war. Under the universally accepted rules of naval blockade she captures vessels, takes them into a designated port, examines them, confiscates their goods if she so pleases, and interns the vessel. But the injured party has a means of redress. Suits may be brought, and probably will be brought, at the close of the war, and damages covering all loss of property, of time, and of profits, may and probably will then be awarded. This is what happened in the Alabama claims during our Civil War. England acquiesced in submitting the claims to a tribunal, and when the decision was made against her cheerfully paid an enormous sum of money. In the Alaska boundary case with the United States the case went against her and she submitted. Her past history and her present conduct justify every American citizen in the confidence that if he has suffered illegal damages he will in due time receive full reparation.

But this is not Germany's method. Those who really want to get a visual impression of what Germany does may find a photograph on another page of this issue of The Outlook, showing how she conducts her blockade. While this picture portrays the sinking of a military transport, allowable under the rules of

warfare, it shows exactly what has happened in the many cases of the sinking by Germany of non-combatant passenger and merchant vessels. Over a thousand men, women, and children were drowned without warning on the Lusitania. Scores of other non-combatants have been similarly drowned without warning by Germany since the Lusitania was torpedoed. There can never be reparation for these murders. This is the President's view. He has officially said to Germany that this course is a shocking violation of the commonest moral instincts of mankind, that it cannot be tolerated, that until Germany promises to stop it the United States cannot even maintain diplomatic relations with her, and, if she still persists, we must in defense of our honor and of the lives of our citizens try to stop her by force.

Cannot Bishop Gallagher see the difference between trespass and murder? Does he realize that while he accuses Great Britain of trespass, an offense which can be repaired by paying the damages which the trespass has caused, he is defending Germany in committing murder, an injury which can never be repaired? If Germany will send out her high sea fleet and, by the recognized procedure of naval blockade, prevent food and supplies from reaching the islands of Great Britain, The Outlook will cease to protest. But it will never cease to protest as long as Germany, by methods which are despised even by the professional prize-fighter, shells and torpedoes non-combatants and puts men, women, and children in open boats on the turbulent sea and leaves them to drown or to reach land as best they may.

THE WAR ON ALCOHOL

Though intrenched behind ancient custom and law and aided by the instinct of men for personal liberty, the liquor traffic has been driven back by many allied forces. There is no doubt how the battle is going now, and it is almost certain that most of the ground which the liquor traffic has lost will never be regained. The forces opposed to it are too strong. The moral sense of men which was in the fight against alcoholism early has been reinforced by economic self-interest. In the old days the foe was called intemperance, and the weapons of warfare were the sermon and the horrible example and the appeal to the spirit of religious revival. To-day the foe is called alcoholism, and the weapons of warfare have become very much more numerous and varied, and range all the way from regulations by hard-headed corporations, posters displayed by employers for the benefit of employees, and examinations in connection with health insurance and industrial pension schemes, to the most drastic laws.

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THE TRADE ON THE DEFENSIVE IN ENGLAND And the war which once was localized has become worldwide. One thing that has stimulated this war against alcoholism is the discovery by the belligerent nations that John Barleycorn and his fellows are in every case aiders and abettors of the enemy. In England popular interest in the matter of discovering and suppressing German spies has been succeeded by a general public discussion of the folly of harboring so potent an ally of Germany as strong drink. One of the most vigorous leaders in this discussion is the staid and by no means radical London "Spectator." In issue after issue it has been leading the fight against the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks. The "Spectator" disclaims being an advocate of teetotalism. Indeed, it says distinctly that its policy "is not a teetotal policy, but a war policy," and summarizes it by saying that "while the Government insist that we are a beleaguered city it is madness to go on turning foodstuffs into intoxicants." It is a well-intrenched foe that the "Spectator" is fighting. In its organized form this foe is known as "the Trade" with a capital T. All through England women and dependent children and perfectly good clergy who would be horrified at the idea of lending the least assistance to the Germans have their savings invested in breweries and distilleries. It is hard to fight an enemy that has placed non-combatants of this sort on the firing-line. And so the Trade" gives way slowly, in spite of the heavy guns fired by the "Spectator" and the rapid fire from letter-writers. One Englishman writes to the "Spectator" from a town that has only one industry-viz., distilling whisky;" and he tells the

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following tale: "Into the large distillery one sees strings of carts laden with barley being driven. For more than a month I have been trying to get some coal, my supply being nearly finished; but owing to press of work at the mines or congestion on the railway I have been unable to obtain it. Yet carts from the distillery have during this week been unloading two trucks which have been put in a siding for them. . . . The manager tells me they have never been so busy, and this in spite of high prices."

Not only do these enemies of alcohol object to turning foodstuffs into intoxicants at a time when Germany is trying to starve England, but they object to letting strong drink incapacitate workers who are needed to turn out shells and ships to aid the fight that England is making.

RECENT GAINS IN THE UNITED STATES

So war is helping to down alcohol because alcohol tends. to weaken the nation's forces and contributes to unnecessary waste of precious resources. If it does this in war time to a belligerent, it is equally certain that it does the same thing in peace time to a neutral. It is not discreditable to the American people that they are seeing the force of this plain fact, and are doing something to prevent the waste and fight the demoralization caused by alcoholism. In over half the territory of the United States the sale of liquor is illegal. The spread of the anti-alcohol idea has started from many centers and worked outward. Town by town and county by county have driven out the saloon. Then whole States, already won by local option efforts, have made the saloon an outlaw. Wherever the elimination of the saloon has come through this normal and wellestablished development of public opinion it promises to be permanent.

Our form of government, however, has made this fight against alcoholism difficult. The town or county which has voted out the saloon has often found its efforts partly nullified because the traffic in drink has been able to make forays from outside into the prohibited area. As a rule, such towns or counties have had no real assistance from the State of which they are a part until the State as a whole has adopted prohibition.

And the State in turn has confronted the same difficulty. At first the State that prohibited within its borders the manufac ture or sale of liquor got from the Federal Government nothing but hindrance. We have had in this country the absurd anomaly of a State government prohibiting liquor and a Federal Government granting a Federal license for dealing in liquor within that State. One of the ways by which violations of State law have been discovered has been by looking up these Federal licenses. The first step of any significance to lend Federal aid to the States that wanted to keep clear of the liquor traffic was the adoption of the so-called Wilson Law of 1890, which took away the alleged right of a person after shipping liquor into a prohibition State to claim exemption from the State law if he sold the liquor in the original package in which it was shipped in inter-State commerce. The next important step was taken by Congress twenty-three years afterwards. On March 1, 1913, Congress enacted the so-called Webb-Kenyon Law. This provided that the shipment from one State to another of any intoxicating liquor intended "to be received, possessed, sold, or in any manner used, either in the original package or otherwise, in violation of any law of such State prohibited. This act was entitled "An Act divesting intoxicating liquors of their inter-State character in certain cases." Until that law was passed, liquor, like any other commodity which was carried from one State to another, was regarded as being transported in inter-State commerce until it reached its destination. So, for example, if the State law regarded possession of liquor as prima facie evidence of intent to sell, liquor could be seized in transit; but if the liquor was brought from outside the State it could not be seized until it reached the person to whom it was addressed. So the Federal Government was, so to speak, giving to this liquor a refuge from the operation of the State laws. This refuge the Webb-Kenyon Bill removed.

NEW TACTICS PLANNED

was

The foes of alcoholism in this country are not, however, satisfied with this. They are proposing another law more strict than this. The bill in which their proposition is embodied has

been attached as an amendment in the Senate to the Post-Office Appropriation Bill. In this form it is obnoxious, for it is thus endowed with power to determine the fate of a bill appropriating money for a great department of the Government. Such a measure ought to be adopted or rejected for its own sake. This stringent provision makes it a criminal offense for any one to transport intoxicating liquors-except for sacramental, scientific, medicinal, or mechanical purposes-in inter-State commerce to any State or Territory that prohibits within its borders the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor for beverage purposes. This is a very much more drastic measure than the one which Congress passed four years ago and which the Supreme Court has recently sustained. That law permits the State to take legal action to enforce its own prohibitory laws. This provision lends the power of the Federal Government to aid in the enforcement of the State prohibitory law. It even goes further than that. It announces to every State: If you prevent the sale and manufacture of liquor within your borders, you will under no circumstances be permitted to import it." In other words, as was remarked in a conversation the other day, this so-called Reed Amendment "wishes on the State something it might not wish for itself." The Webb-Kenyon Law was a reinforcement of local and State action. This amendment is an added reinforcement accompanied by an added limitation. It is as if the Federal Government were saying to the several States: "You needn't deny yourselves at all; but if you do deny yourselves, we are going to insist on your making that self-denial teetotal.”

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Still further, the foes of alcohol are pushing as hard as they can the proposed amendment to the Federal Constitution making prohibition National. This amendment has been reported favorably by a committee of the House of Representatives. If the predictions of its supporters are fulfilled, it will have been passed by the House itself before this issue of The Outlook reaches our readers. In order to be effective, however, this amendment would have to be adopted by the Senate before the 4th of March, and there is no expectation of that. It does not seem at all incredible that within a few years the Legislatures of the various States will be facing the responsibility of voting for or against an amendment that would make prohibition Nation-wide

There is much to be said for National prohibition that cannot be said for State prohibition; but it seems likely that, as the spread of county or town option has been an essential step to effective State prohibition, so the spread of State prohibition will prove to be a requisite step to effective National prohibition.

A SUGGESTION IN CONCLUSION

In this discussion we have here but one suggestion to offer for consideration. We shall put it tentatively in the form of a question. In most of the laws that have been adopted the distinction between alcoholic liquor that could be legally made and sold and that which could not be was a distinction of purpose or object. This has left the way open to subterfuge, confusion, evasion, and abuse. Would it not be better to make that distinction one purely mechanical, by setting a certain percentage as a limit beyond which the presence of alcohol in any potable liquor would be illegal?

Peter.

THREE PACIFISTS

From that time forth began Jesus to show unto his disciples, how that he must go unto Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised again the third day. Then Peter took him, and began to rebuke him, saying, "Be it far from thee, Lord: this shall not be unto thee." But he turned and said unto Peter, "Get thee behind me, Satan; thou art an offense unto me: for thou savorest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men.' When duty calls, but danger threatens, the motto, "Safety first," has the flavor of the devil. Caiaphas.

Then gathered the chief priests and the Pharisees a council, and said, "What do we? for this man doeth many miracles. If

we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation." And one of them, named Caiaphas, being the high priest that same year, said unto them, "Ye know nothing at all, nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not."

To let even one innocent man be unjustly put to death in order to save a nation from peril is the policy not of Christ, but of Caiaphas.

Pilate.

When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this just person; see ye to it." Then answered all the people, and said, "His blood be on us, and on our children.”

Those who have power to defend the defenseless and refuse because they fear war cannot escape blood-guiltiness by disavowing responsibility.

THE BURDEN OF MONEY

Some men die from lack of food, others from overeating; some men complain that they are denied a chance to express themselves in a work they love, others that they have too much work; many are hag-ridden by poverty, and a few no less oppressed by riches.

Mrs. Hetty Green, who died leaving an estate of about $100,000,000, lived in almost constant fear of being murdered for her money. According to testimony filed in a Surrogate's Court by her son, Mrs. Green lived under at least six assumed

names-"and probably many others"-hoping thus to elude schemers who might be seeking her money, and murderous cranks, such as the one who tried to kill her friend Russell Sage. She never owned in New York so much as a three-legged stool in the way of the furnishings for what men call a home, and she moved from one $10 or $15 a week boarding-house to another, in constant terror that her fellow-boarders would learn her identity. This woman, whose only offense was that she was too rich, lived almost like a criminal dreading arrest.

According to other evidence introduced in the Surrogate's Court in the course of the attempt of the State of New York to tax Mrs. Green's estate, it is said that her "interests were largely centered in the conservation and enlargement of her fortune, and practically her entire time was given to business matters, investments and reinvestments of principal and income. She was exceedingly economical in her way of living and spent very little for clothes, food, and lodging."

Apparently she dreaded to lose the very wealth which oppressed her, and the world's richest woman was perhaps more familiar with the fear of poverty than many a penniless clerk on the pay-roll of her estates.

Every one remembers that remark of Stevenson's, that "to travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive, and the true success is to labor." Mrs. Hetty Green "arrived" (in the accepted understanding of the term), and likewise did she labor, yet it would seem that she did not travel very hopefully. Per haps if she had labored to reduce her own fortune by wise and unselfish giving her journey might have been more cheerful; for thus she might have escaped the limitations of poverty and at the same time divested herself of the heaviest burdens of wealth.

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T is not surprising that the casualty lists from the belligerent countries of Europe contain a high percentage of the names of well-known athletes. The same qualities that lead a man to ride at a high fence, to dive from full speed in a tackle, or to swap blows in a roped ring, are among the qualities which fit him for high deeds when he is called to charge across that greater gridiron, called "No Man's Land," which lies between the smoking trenches of Teutonic and Allied armies. But athletics will have to develop new heroes after this war, for many of the old "stars" will never again be seen in competition. Every branch of sport and every nation have suffered. Among the tennis players, Dr. Otto Nirnheim, a dominant figure in tennis in Germany, will never be seen on a court again. Others who have served their last ace are Anthony F. Wilding, the Australian champion, a Davis cup winner in 1914; Kenneth Powell, former captain of the Cambridge tennis team; S. H. Dow, a Scottish player; and the French players Chelli, Bousquet, Decurgis, and De Joanis. Golf has suffered no less than tennis. Among other golf players who have lost their lives in the war are Lord Annesley, Captain John Graham, W. A. Henderson, who had a victory over our own Jerome D. Travers to his credit, Julian Martin-Smith, and Miss Neill Fraser, who died from fever after serving as a nurse in the field. Lord Annesley was a former amateur champion of Ireland; Lieutenant H. N. Atkinson, another golfer killed in the war, was formerly the champion of Wales.

From the ranks of the English footballers these have fallen, among others: R. O. Lagden; F. H. Turner; R. W. Poulton, a famous "Oxford Blue," who fell at Ypres; J. Wilkins, the well known West of England Rugby player; Lieutenant G. W. Holmes, the all-round Scottish athlete; Fred Stevens, who was well-known for his skill at football, cricket, and boxing; Douglas Morgan, the clever fullback of Hull; Lieutenant W. McD. Noble, of the old Merchants Tailors Club; and W. West, the well-known East Midlands and Northampton Rugby star.

Of course, to give the names of even ten per cent of the splendid athletes who have fallen in battle would require far more space than we have here. But a few other names of ath

letes killed in war which might be mentioned are, among oars men, Fletcher and McCraggen, both of Oxford; and among boxers, Charles Ledoux and Henry Piet, the former the holder of French bantam-weight honors and the latter the champion welter-weight of France. The ranks of the runners and track athletes have also been greatly depleted. A few who will never compete again on the cinder track are Lieutenant W. W. Halswelle, England's Olympic champion in 1908 in the 400. meter run; Anderson, of Oxford, another Olympic competitor: and James Duffy, the Canadian distance runner, well known in the United States as one-time winner of the Yonkers Marathon and the Boston Athletic Association Marathon.

Germany has lost two of the greatest runners she ever had. namely, R. Rau, whose records still stand for 100 meters, 200 meters, and 300 meters; and Hans Braun, the great middle distance runner, who still holds the German records for the 400, 500, and 800 meters distances. J. Bouin, the most brilliant distance runner who ever carried the colors of France, and who held all the French records from 2,500 to 5,000 meters, is an other who has run his last race.

way,

Many polo players and horsemen, of course, have fallen, and a noteworthy victim is Captain Noel Edwards, of the English polo team, which played in this country. Polo, by the is obviously splendid training for cavalrymen, as was pointed out at a recent meeting of the Polo Association of America by Mr. Henry Lloyd Herbert, Chairman of the Executive Committee of that Association. Mr. Herbert mentioned the fact that many of our best cavalry officers, both in the regular army and in the National, Guard, are expert polo players, and he referred by name to Captain Henry Meyer, who was riding a pinto polo pony, according to Mr. Herbert, when he made his famous dash across a valley under Mexican fire to bring information to his commanding officer.

The young men of America, who lead all of the young men of the world in point of all-round distinction in athletics, can be counted on as a valuable asset to their country in time of war, and the zeal and spirit which they have shown in athletics will make a success of universal military training in this coun try when it comes.