gas, electricity, and transportation. The banking commissioners see that we have safe depositories for our money, and the insurance commissioners endeavor to provide that the premiums we pay shall buy real indemnity. The legislatures tax us to pay the cost of all this service, and the functions of government are being constantly multiplied. To name them all would be wearisome. The work of the National Government alone is almost infinite in its ramifications and extent. In Alaska, the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Canal Zone it is maintaining establishments of which we know but little. Over the affairs of Cuba, Santo Domingo, Haiti, and Nicaragua it must keep a watchful eye. It has a consular service that covers the world, and departments, bureaus, and commissions to some one of which we are beholden for necessary service almost every day of our lives. This is notably true of the Agricultural Department in its administration of the Pure Food Law and the Post-Office Department in its carriage of our mails. Did you ever consider how wonderful it is that we can drop a letter in a mail-box anywhere and feel almost absolutely sure that if it is properly addressed it will be promptly forwarded and delivered to the person for whom it is intended, even if he is at the antipodes? Of all the conveniences with which government provides us this seems to me the greatest and most remarkable. There are many other departments of the Federal Government that are astonishingly efficient, although they do not touch us quite so closely in our daily lives. The Federal courts, for instance, are the pride and the reliance of every citizen who realizes that an upright and intelligent judiciary is the bulwark of a democracy. The newly established Federal Reserve Sys T THE tem has made us almost unconscious of the financial strain of war. The Treasury Department has provided us with insurance against war risk on American vessels at lower rates and with less administrative expense than had seemed possible. But it is unnecessary to continue the recital. The quarantine service, the fishery service, the life-saving service, the lighthouse service, the charting of our seas and harbors, the geological survey, the farm demonstration work, the census, the farm loan banks, Annapolis, West Point, and Plattsburg are all examples of the remarkable thoroughness and skill with which the Federal administration serves us and provides us with what is on the whole the most beneficent Government in the world. The point I want to make is that all this great organization for the service of the people is the product of a democracy, that it exists only by the consent of the governed. and that it will survive only so long as self-interest impels the people to protect it against the enemies which attack it from within and without. Just now our rights upon the high seas are threatened by Germany. Against this threat the President has protested by dismissing the German Ambassador. It may be that war will follow. None of us want it. Its horrors as we glimpse them across the Atlantic revolt us. We hope that we may not be compelled to resort to force, but if we are, we shall not lessen the spiritual quality of our patriotism by remembering that we fight, not only for love of country, but because we owe it to ourselves and to our children's children to protect and preserve the Government of the people, by the people, and for the people-the best Government that the world has ever known. MILITARY DICTATOR OF FRANCE BY CHARLES JOHNSTON HE French War Council has clothed the new War Minister, General Lyautey, with what are practically the powers of a dictator. He is to make all decisions concerning the organization of France's powers for the final struggle, the final victory, and then to request the Ministers of Finance, of the Interior, of Munitions, and so on to carry his decisions into effect. And the French Senate passed a unanimous vote of confidence in the Briand Cabinet and War Council, so that all France stands behind the new Dictator. Why did the choice for this all-important office fall on General Lyautey, a man whose name was hardly known outside France? Because Lyautey has proved himself to possess exactly the powers required, by practically conquering and then splendidly organizing a territory, turbulent and warlike, which is actually larger than France-the great territory of Morocco, which has for a dozen years been the chief diplomatic battleground between France and Germany. Gustave Sabin, the writer who knows most about the work of the French in Africa in their immense colonial empire which measures more than four million square miles (larger by a third than the continental United States), has thus summarized Lyautey's work in Morocco: "It would be impossible within the limits of an article to present all the fruits of the prodigious and fecund activity which manifests itself with equal success in all domains, military, economic, political. . . . The first, perhaps, of his qualities is an extraordinary power of work, a prodigious vitality. A cold flame, which reflects itself in his clear blue eyes, upholds this man, who needs only a few hours of sleep each night, and remains in his green maturity miraculously vigorous and full of force. And the Mussulmans, great admirers of physical power, who have seen him, always the first, at the head of their wildest cavalry expeditions, were perhaps allured as much by his dash, his skillful daring, as by the eloquence, intimate, rapid, full images, which he brought, to convince them, to the service of his supple diplomacy, his incessant desire to please and to attach to him whoever approached him; to gather together, to enroll defenders, co-operators in his magnificent work." Hubert Lyautey was born on November 17, 1854, at Nancy, the capital of French Lorraine, in Jeanne d'Arc's country. He is thus some three years younger than Joffre, and, I think, a few months older than Nivelle. As a boy of sixteen he saw his beloved Lorraine torn in two by the treaty of spoliation which followed the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and, without doubt, he entered the military school with a vow to fight, should opportunity be given him, to win back for France her rifled provinces.. Shortly after that disastrous war, France, with a marvelous return of energy, entered upon the great expansive period of her history, winning and admirably administering large colonial territories in the Far East, in central and western Africa, in the Indian Ocean. In this very period which we are prone to think of as one of German greatness France far outstripped Germany in the extent and richness of her colonial empire, and far more in the success and wisdom and, most of all, the humanity with which she administered her vast possessions. These far-thrown realms of magnificent possibilities attracted whatever was most virile and adventurous in her young manhood. Thus Gallieni served first in Senegal, cutting a way through lion-infested forests to the great river Niger, as described in one of his charmingly written books. His brilliant and arduous work in French Tonkin inspired a luminous and witty preface to his greatest work, "Nine Years in Madagascar." Joffre also served in Tonkin, on the Niger, where he first made a name, and under Gallieni in Madagascar. And it was under Gallieni, also, first in Tonkin and then in the great island in the Indian Ocean, that Hubert Lyautey got his training as a soldier and an adminis trator. But Morocco, across the border, called to him, both because of its menace to Algeria and because it was caught in the maelstrom of international politics, in the age-long conflict between France and her enemy, Germany. In 1905 the Kaiser steamed into the harbor of Tangier, and, landing, made an inflammatory speech directed against French influence in Morocco, which had been recognized by England and Spain. An international conference at Algeciras, close to Gibraltar, resulted, in which the United States took part with the great European Powers, and the position of France in Morocco was reaffirmed. Lyautey became the guardian of France's interests in the Shereefian Empire, carrying out what has been wittily called the "policy of the drop of oil," which continually spreads and brings calm to the troubled waters. Armed uprisings greatly weakened the power of Muley Hafid, the Sultan of Morocco; the German Kaiser made this the occasion for a new inroad, this time at Agadir, and critical negotia tions were begun between France and Germany in 1911. France gained, it is true, a recognition of her protectorate over Morocco, Germany renouncing all political pretensions there; but France paid too great a price, for she ceded to Germany a long strip of her Congo possessions, more than one hundred thousand square miles in area. At the opening of the war, it will be remembered, the French Ministry then in power was so weak that it had to be completely reorganized even in the opening days of the mighty conflict. But it had already had time to send counsels of cowardice to General Lyautey, at his post at Rabat, on the Moroccan coast. The Resident-General was advised practically to surrender all the outlying regions of the great territory, to abandon his posts along the frontier, withdrawing to the coast all Europeans, and shutting them up within fortified lines. He was, further, to send all available troops to France to fight the invader. General Lyautey found himself quite unable to accept these timorous counsels, though he did send troops, and more than he had been expected to send, across the Mediterranean to France, among them the native Askaris, who, like their famous kin in eastern Africa, have proved themselves first-rate fighting men. But, instead of denuding his frontier, he greatly strengthened it, mobilizing the colonists to take the place of the departed regiments, and holding all along the border an alert and formidable force. A cardinal difficulty was the presence of active German agents and spies, bent on stirring up trouble against the French, trying by fair speeches and subsidies to persuade the Moors T that his Islamic Majesty at Berlin was their real friend, and making large, imaginative promises in his name. But under General Lyautey's vigorous hand this Teutonic propagandism failed to prosper; there were arrests, executions; the German consulates in the Atlantic seaports had to close their doors and retire from business; the flattered favorites of Germany, who had learned some of their master's insolence, saw their hopes wither. Meanwhile Lyautey was working an economic revolution in Morocco, which the Sultan had so long treated as his private estate. The soil is rich. Vines grow well, and many fruits. In February, 1911, cotton was introduced. Fish are abundant. There are rich deposits of copper, iron, lead, silver, gold, and petroleum. The French have pushed forward road-building and opened up new grain lands; they are doing much to improve the system of agriculture and are studying the introduction of new plants. They are also encouraging the revival of extinct, or almost extinct, industries. There was also a good deal of lively fighting against marauding tribesmen. El Biba in the south, Abd-el-Malik in the region about Taza in the northeast, Shengitti in the Branes region, were promptly and vigorously repressed. The moment a spark of rebellion began to glow, in whatever remote corner of the Atlas Mountains, a vigorously delivered blow, a quick decisive expedition, immediately stamped it out. The girdle about the French possessions, which General Lyautey has called “the picket fence," remained intact. Each unsuccessful raid and act of turbulence meant a new advance, a strengthening of the French authority; new outposts were established as bases for a future forward movement. From this brief survey of General Lyautey's effective_work in Morocco-the keystone of Northwest Africa, as Egypt under the British protectorate is the keystone of Northeast Africa-we see why this great soldier-administrator has been summoned by France, in her day of supreme effort, to undertake the organization of the means of victory. THREE BOOKS ABOUT MEXICO' HE fault of most books about Mexico is that they are partial, that they are propaganda. Most authors who write about Mexico have an ax to grind. They do not even try to be fair. Consequently the reading public has grown to be suspicious. Two of the three books herewith reviewed, "Benighted Mexico," by Randolph Wellford Smith, and "Our Mexican Muddle," by Henry Morris, are books of the type of which the intelligent public does well to be wary. In fact, they deserve serious treatment by reviewers only as examples of what the public ought to avoid. The man who knows anything of Mexico would discard both books after reading only the introductions to them, so frankly sensational, so candidly prejudiced, is the attitude in which both authors approach their subject. Mr. Morris, who naïvely admits that it is easy for me to understand what is to happen in Mexico, unless Divine Providence intervenes through the instru mentality of man," says that the study of Mexico and its history is an 66 obsession" with him. As a comment on how ably Mr. Morris has misread Mexican history, suffice it to say that among the names on his "partial list of the supreme butchers of Mexico are Hidalgo, Juarez, Diaz, and Madero. Whenever he has occasion to mention the recent revolution in Mexico, he whimsically refers to it as "Hell's Delight." "Our Mexican Muddle" claims to be "an argument for intervention in Mexico." However, it is only an argument for keeping all influence in the formation of the American policy towards Mexico out of the hands of men so prejudiced as its author. Mr. Smith's book is more plausibly written than Mr. Morris's, but is no less sensational and is hardly less unfair. Mr. Smith seems to have had more opportunity to get at the facts 1 What's the Matter with Mexico? By Caspar Whitney. The Macmillan Company, New York. 50c. Benighted Mexico. By Randolph Wellford Smith. The John Lane Company, than Mr. Morris, but seems to have cared little more than Mr. Morris to avail himself of his opportunities. The reader who knows Mexico will be either indignantly angry or indulgently amused before he has read ten pages of this book, and even a reader who knows nothing of Mexico, if he has a logical mind, can detect the faulty reasoning. The author states things as facts which he says are "well known" without further evidence. In many cases he states only one side of the case, and, moreover, while he is writing about Mexico he seizes the opportunity to air his prejudices on a multitude of subjects, such as German character, agnosticism, and the American woman's manner of dressing. Some of his arraignment of Carranza for the latter's policy toward the Church is tolerably just, but even the uninformed reader's confidence in the author is impaired when, later, Mr. Smith dismisses the case against the First Chief with the statement that Carranza is "an agnostic," anyway. It is a relief to turn to the little book by Mr. Whitney, for the author certainly tries to be fair, and he succeeds pretty well too. He takes you through the mazes of Mexican politics as an impartial guide. After reading "Our Mexican Muddle" and "Benighted Mexico" one wonders why all Mexicans do not commit suicide. But while Mr. Whitney does not gloss over the unpleasant side of Mexico by any means, he recognizes the many good traits in Mexican character which are there for any one to see who is willing to see them. If Mr. Whitney is unfair at all, it is in being a little too hard on Carranza in not giving the First Chief credit for quite all he has done. The reader may question the author's judgment also in the latter's comprehension of our duty to Mexico. It is a question if our duty to Mexico ends abruptly with the protecting of our citizens and property there, as Mr. Whitney believes. But, on the whole, the fault to be found with this book is not that what is said in it is untrue, but that not enough is said in it. In the main, it is an admirable pocket summary of the Mexican problem. WEEKLY OUTLINE STUDY OF CURRENT HISTORY BY J. MADISON GATHANY, A.M. HOPE STREET HIGH SCHOOL, PROVIDENCE, R. I. Based on The Outlook of February 21, 1917 Each week an Outline Study of Current History based on the preceding number of The Outlook will be printed for the benefit of current events classes, debating clubs, teachers of history and of English, and the like, and for use in the home and by such individual readers as may desire suggestions in the serious study of current history.-THE EDITORS. I-INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS A. Topic: Insurrection in Cuba. your 66 4. What are the things America can do in case of war? 5. Interpret the expression that "America is a sleeping giant." 6. What is opinion of the United States becom1. What is Cuba's international status? ing an ally of the Allies? 7. What, in your Tell how it came to be what it is. 2. Why opinion, is the duty of a Christian in time is there an insurrection in Cuba now? of war? 8. If the United States is forced 3. Compare Cuba's recent Presidential elec- into this war, do you think President Wilson tion with our last one. Do should form think there а coalition Cabinet"? If so, you was as much cause for an insurrection in what men ought to be picked out to advise the United States as in Cuba? Why did our Government? 9. Do or do you not we not have one? 4. Why do we have the consider Germany the common enemy of right to intervene in Cuba if peace and civilization? Discuss. order are not kept there? Have we done so since the Spanish-American War of 1898? B. Topic: The Catspaw Carranza. Reference: Editorial, pages 314, 315. Questions: 1. What is Carranza's suggestion? On what basis has The Outlook the right to say that "of course the plan was made in Berlin"? 2. Are you of the opinion that the neutral nations could end this war rather quickly if they acted in concert? Why or why not? Is or is it not their duty to do so? Discuss at length. II-NATIONAL AFFAIRS A. Topic: Dangerous Peacemakers. 1. How can any one be a dangerous peacemaker? Can peace be undesirable? Dangerous? 2. How would you discuss this statement: "There are peacemakers and peacemakers"? 3. What is the Clearing-House for Peace? Would or would you not become a member of it? 4. What is the programme? 5. What does The Outlook think of this programme? What do you? 6. Have you a clear idea of what is meant by the term "pacifist"? 7. Explain how the measures advocated by the American pacifists would help the cause of Germany? Would or would they not help the United States? Are pacifists patriotic? B. Topic: Daylight Saving. 1. Does it seem to you that the movement to gain daylight is a silly and childish affair? 2. For what reasons may it deserve to gain headway? 3. What are the ten European countries which have already. adopted this scheme of daylight saving? 4. What advantages would come to you the United States should adopt this reform? 5. Explain the system of standard time as used in America. if C. Topic: What Could America Do in Reference: Editorial, pages 313, 314. 1. How do you account for the spirit of indifference and unconcern about the war that has been manifest in America since 1914? 2. The Outlook seems to think that "moral influence" amounts to considerable in time of war. Are not soldiers, ships, munitions, and money the only forces in winning a war? 3. Explain what is meant by the American "blockade of fear." III-LOCAL AFFAIRS A. Topic: What is Freedom of Speech? Reference: Page 308. Questions: 1. The Outlook has answered the question, "What is freedom of speech?" negatively. Construct an affirmative answer to the question. 2. Is freedom of speech a privilege or a right? 3. Could or could not the Government of the United States take away freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the opportunity of assemblage, trial by jury, and the franchise? Discuss fully. B.Topic: Coupling Up the Man and the Job. Reference: Pages 312, 313. Questions: 66 1. Explain the State employment bureau of Pennsylvania. What can be said of its success? 2. For what reasons are State employment bureaus preferable to private employment bureaus? 3. Compare the idea of government as "merely a policeman" with the idea of government as an agent for promoting human welfare." 4. Is unemployment necessary? 5. What are some of the economic losses due to unemployment? Social effects? Industrial results? 6. Classify the causes of unemployment. 7. Establish the connection between industrial inefficiency and unemployment. 8. On what grounds should government and society seek to prevent unemployment? 9. Do or do you not think the Government should guarantee work for all? At all? 10. In what could ways a more systematic distribution of public work aid in the solution of the problem of unemployment? 11. Would you advocate less than the full for wage such emergency work? Why or why not? 12. What do you think of unemployment insurance? Would this help or prevent unemployment? 13. Do you know of any other agencies that would be helpful in meeting the problem of unemployment? IV-PROPOSITIONS FOR DISCUSSION (These propositions are suggested directly or indirectly by the subject-matter of The Outlook, but not discussed in it.) 1. Occasional insurrections are of great value to any country. 2. It is not easy to say wherein progress consists. 3. Ancestral blindness envelops us all. V-VOCABULARY BUILDING (Define accurately the following words and expressions, all of which are found in The Outlook for February 21, 1917.) Intervention, catspaw, hamstrung, treason, referendum, power, blockade, intelligence, "advanced legislation," ideal. THE READER'S WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMEN IN Constantinople's woman's college is having one of the most interesting years of its history. The enrollment numbers some 425. This includes forty Bulgarians, and between fifty and a hundred Turks, Greeks, and Armenians, with about twenty-five Hebrews. The present is the opportunity for women in the Near East. All professions are gradually opening to them. Indeed, it is an age for women everywhere, as the war is carrying off many men. In the telephone office in Constantinople, in the Public Bureau,. at the Post-Office, on the Examining Board of Schools, and elsewhere women are taking their place equally with men in doing the work of the country. Already one Constantinople College graduate has been employed by the Government to organize schools for girls throughout Syria. This graduate is also a Government inspector of thirteen schools in Constantinople. In addition she has a position on the staff of the "Tanine," a daily Turkish paper of Constantinople. Finally, she is publishing her sixth novel! Another graduate, who had been supported in the College by the Turkish Government, and who had specialized in biology, was immediately placed on an examining board with four men to examine in biology in the lycées for girls in the city. Another graduate of the College was sent by the Government to Syria to organize a special school at Beirut. A Hebrew girl, now in the senior class of the College, who, having taken the subject three years, has specialized in biology and who is a strong Zionist, will probably go to Palestine to work there on behalf of the plant life, which is said to suffer greatly from the diseases of plants in tropical climates. Thus, wherever they are found, these graduates are taking positions of responsibility. On the staff of the College fourteen of them are employed-two English, one Hungarian, a Bulgarian, an Armenian, and the others Turkish and Greek. Many of the students are eager to study medicine, and two of the alumnæ are practicing physicians, one in Asia Minor, and the other holding a responsible position in the Austrian Hospital in Constantinople. A logical continuation of the relief funds to the suffering nations would be to set this college on its feet, so that the women of the Near East should be trained as teachers in the industrial arts and as doctors of medicine. In many parts of Turkey men doctors are not received in the harems, and the demand for women doctors in Turkey and also throughout the Balkan States is very great. The present is the time to improve academic standards, to establish industrial work for women, and especially to open a well-equipped medical department in Constantinople College. For these purposes an attempt is being made to raise a fund of $5,000,000. The relations of Constantinople College with the Ottoman Government have been very satisfactory. Shukri Bey, who is at the head of the Department of Public Instruction, is friendly with the College, and expresses satisfaction in the work that we are doing. The Government has shown Ba THIS ROCK-BOUND GATEWAY IS ROOSEVELT DAM, ONE OF THE WONDERS OF THE "APACHE TRAIL." IT HOLDS IN CHECK THE LARGEST T HITTING THE GLORY TRAIL IN AN THE man in the corner of the Pullman smoking compartment leaned back with a grin as he ended his narrative. He had been telling us about one of Billy Sunday's big revival meetings in Boston. "He was too late for me, though," the speaker concluded. "He asked all us sinners to come up and hit the Glory Trailbut I'd already hit it, two weeks ago." An assorted collection of puzzled eyes focused upon the man. But before anybody could phrase a question he broke forth with a laugh: "They call it the Apache Trail," he explained. "It's down in Arizona-a oneday side trip just off the main line of the Southern Pacific. You've heard of it, of course. And all I've got to say is that if there's a Glory Trail on earth, that's it, hands down." "What's so glorious about it?" I asked, rather casually. APACHE WOMEN ARE EXPERT BASKET WEAVERS BY GERALD MYGATT The traveler transfixed me with an eye of steel. "You Easterners," he said, slowly, amaze me sometimes. Why, man, that Apache Trail trip is the most wonderful, most inspiring thing of its kind in the whole United States, particularly when you consider how simply and conveniently it's arranged. I go from coast to coast, both ways, about twice a year, and whenever I can make it I go by the Southern route just so's I can take that trip over again. Just an automobile run through the mountains! Let me tell you people what it really is. I'm full of it." And here is what he told. It is a story that is retold countless times by every traveler who has seen the glories of that ageold trail of the Cliff Dwellers, the Spaniards, and the Apache Indians-Indians still untamed until but a little more than thirty short years ago. "In the first place," our companion began, after a puff or two at his cigar," the Apache Trail is our latest American scenic attraction, as it has been almost inaccessible, except to prospectors and explorers, up to within the last few years. You see, it was this way: Here was that wonderful Apache country, a country set on edge by nature instead of being laid reasonably flat -towering, craggy mountains and canyons that didn't seem to have any bottom at all -and the whole place just packed full of prehistoric remains and Indian legends and scenery that would make you want to soar up into the roof of the sky. But people couldn't get there. There were no roads, and the trails took something more than nerve. "Then a few years ago the United States Government decided to build what is now the Roosevelt Dam, to reclaim and irrigate some three hundred and sixty square miles of the Salt River Valley. That dam, if it was going to be built at all, had to be built in the middle of the most inaccessible, precipice-bound valley in the whole Apache country. Naturally they had to get their labor and materials to the spot, and the more efficiently they could do it the cheaper it would be. So the Government started The Outlook Advertising Section off by building a hundred and twenty mile road to comect the dam with Globe and Phoenix, Arizona, one to the east, the other to the west. That road was built like a railway, swinging across canyons, blasted through mountain spurs, cut like a shelf into the sides of giant cliffs that man had never conquered before. It followed the general run of the historic old Apache Trail -and that automobile road, one of the great engineering accomplishments of the world, is the Apache Trail of to-day." "Yes," one of the listeners interrupted at this point, "but what good is an automobile road to a man who hasn't got an automobile? And how would you get your machine there, anyhow?" "You don't," said the traveler. "There are automobiles there waiting for you-run in connection with the trains as a regular part of the service. Get a map somewhere and you'll see. If you're going West, for instance, instead of taking the straight |