2. A verb with auxiliaries:

The foe shall have been conquered.

3. A verb with adverbial extensions :

Wolsey, after having served his king faithfully, fell into disfavour.

THE OBJECT.

When the verb of the predicate is transitive, that member of the sentence which it governs in the objective case is called the OBJECT; as,

Cromwell dismissed the Long Parliament.

The OBJECT is always a noun, or its equivalent in the objective case, just as the SUBJECT is always a noun, or its equivalent in the nominative case; as,

He ordered the guns in position to open fire.

Here the words in italics make up the OBJECT, which is sometimes called the COMPOUND OBJECT, from its being made up of one or more substantives in conjunction with the infinitive mood. Transitive verbs denoting advantage, addition, &c., usually govern, besides the object proper, what is called the INDIRECT or DATIVE OBJECT: He gave the map to me. Here map is the OBJECT PROPER, and to me, the INDIRECT or DATIVE OBJECT.

3. The present participle in ing used as noun, equivalent to the Latin gerund:

Reading maketh a full man.

4. An infinitive :

To forgive is divine.

1 The same remarks apply to the OBJECT.

The extension of SUBJECT or OBJECT is sometimes called

the ATTRIBUTIVE ADJUNCT, and may be

1. An adjective proper or participle:

Dread arrows flew.

Strolling players arrived.

2. A noun in apposition :

Lord William shrieked.

3. A possessive case:

His kingdom was Spain's ally.

4. A phrase:

The expanse of the starry firmament was above him.

The EXTENSION of PREDICATE or ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT may consist of—

1. An adverb:

Darkly loomed the thunder cloud.

2. A noun with extensions :

The lark sang in the roseate sky.

3. The infinitive with a dative force:

And those who came to scoff, remained to pray.

4. The phrase absolute :

The knights having mounted their horses, the cavalcade descended into the valley.

Adverbs and adverbial extensions of every kind have, in a loose generality, been thrown into four different divisions -adverbials of time, place, manner, and cause. But adverbs and adverbial extensions, from their great number of functions, cannot well be reduced to any arbitrary classification; accordingly, it is the more rational plan to give an intelligent definition of the function of the adverbial and conformable with the context, in each special instance where it occurs.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE.

When any of the extensions of a simple sentence are developed into a clause, the sentence becomes cOMPLEX. Thus,

Cæsar, to extend his conquest, invaded Britain,

is a simple sentence, the words in italics being simply an adverbial phrase.

But,

Cæsar, Gaul having been conquered, invaded Britain, presents the phrase developed into a clause, and is consequently a COMPLEX sentence.

Hence a COMPLEX sentence may be defined as a principal sentence, illustrated or modified by one or more SUB

ORDINATE or SECONDARY SENTENCES.

The subordinate sentences of the COMPLEX sentence are of three kinds

Noun Sentence.

Adjective Sentence.

Adverbial Sentence.

These differ from the noun, adjective, or adverbial phrase.

For example:

1. Bravery is a virtue,

2. To be brave is virtuous,

noun.

noun phrase.

3. That one should be brave is virtuous, noun sentence.

1. The battlemented tower is strong, adjective.

2. The tower with a battlement is

The NOUN SENTENCE has simply the power of a noun. It is most commonly connected with the principal sentence by

1. The conjunction that:

I knew that he would lose his way.

2. The relative or interrogative pronouns : I understand what brought you here. I know why he left his situation.

3. Relative or interrogative adverbs:

I cannot conjecture how that came about.
I do not yet know when I shall go to town.
I told you where he hid himself.

The connecting particles are frequently omitted:
He said, "Peace be unto you."

Λ

The ADJECTIVE SENTENCE has simply the power of an adjective, and may qualify any noun or its equivalent in the principal sentence. It is most commonly connected with the principal sentence by

1. Relative pronouns :

Unhappy is he who trusts in princes.

He is like the snake that stings the bosom which warmed it.

2. By conjunctions:

The world is not so bad as you seem to think it.
There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended,

But has one vacant chair.

The connecting particles are frequently omitted:
He possesses all his father left him.

Λ

Λ

We did the best we could under the circumstances.

The relative admits of being elided only when it is in the objective case.

AN ADVERBIAL SENTENCE has simply the power of an

adverb. It is most commonly connected with the prin

cipal sentence by

1. Conjunctions with somewhat of adverbial force: He acted as we expected.

I disliked school when I was a boy.

He persevered till fortune smiled upon him. The connecting particle is sometimes omitted when the clause is conditional; as,

I would do no such thing, were I you.

The adverbial sentence modifies in regard to time, place, manner, cause, condition, consequence, instrument, purpose, concession, &c. &c., according to the tenor of the sentence in which it occurs.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

is made up of two or more complex, or two or more simple sentences, or is a combination of simple and complex sentences.

CO-ORDINATION.

The relation subsisting between the different sentences which combine to make up a compound sentence is called CO-ORDINATION; and the different sentences which go to make up a compound sentence are said to be co-ORDINATE with each other.

There are four kinds of co-ordination

COPULATIVE,

DISJUNCTIVE,

ADVERSATIVE or ANTITHETICAL, and
ILLATIVE.

In COPULATIVE CO-ORDINATION one independent statement is simply annexed to another by a conjunction, or its equivalent expressed or understood; as,

Then shrieked the timid, and stood still the brave.
My stockings there I often knit Λ "

My kerchief there I hem.

I saw the clerk yesterday, who told me a different story.