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deemed necessary, but only a revival and permanent establishment under suitable regulations of the practice followed by Washington and his Cabinet. This was, in fact, proposed in 1881, in a bill to give the Secretaries of the executive departments seats on the floor of the Senate and the House, with the right of debate on matters relating to their business, and with the duty of answering inquiries and giving information thereupon. This bill was signed by all the members of the committee reporting it, but was never heard of after its introduction. Mr. Bradford enters at great length into the reasons that may be urged for it and against it. It would, of course, make it impossible to pay election debts by Cabinet seats. Only men of the highest ability could "fill the bill." The chief benefit would be in locating responsibility. A politician Presi dent could hardly play into the hands of Congressional intriguers, were independent members or the minority to have the right of publicly "heckling "his represent atives on the floor. In recommending such a measure Justice Story emphasized this point in 1833, saying, “If corruption ever eats its way silently into the vitals of this republic, it will be because the people are unable to bring responsibility home to the executive through his chosen ministers." Add to this that the President, if represented in public debate by his lieutenants, is no longer in a retirement which discloses his views and policy only in an occasional message. Brought into direct and open contact with all important public questions, he has at least the opportunity of a real leadership in place of a titular.

"Then," argues Mr. Bradford, "would become possible that which is at once most needed and most lacking in our politics-personality." We regret lack of space to quote at length. The same measure is, in his mind, even more urgent in the State governments. Thus to invigorate and purify State administration is required for the maintenance of that political equilibrium between the States and the general Government which is an essential part of our constitutional theory, but is threatened by the centralizing tendencies that have been at work since the Civil War. Mr. Bradford quotes from the late Governor Russell's address to the

Massachusetts Legislature in 1893, urging the importance of "the reform of existing machinery for the discharge of executive duty-machinery now without system, and destructive of that executive responsibility and supervision which the Constitution devolves upon the Governor, and for the proper exercise of which it meant to make him at all times amenable to the people." But since legislatures care nothing about that, Mr. Bradford thinks that some candidate for the Governorship will have to carry the demand directly to the people, and make it the winning issue in the canvass, before the change can come. The beginning of such a return to the way of the fathers of the republic seems to him more practicable and promising if tried first in the States rather than in the Federal sphere.

We lack space to follow Mr. Bradford in regard to city executives and city charters, or in his criticism of various propositions for curing our political disorders, as by the election of Senators by the people, proportionate representation, the initiative and referendum, etc., none of which he regards as a plaster that will cover the sore. Aside from his main proposition, there is nothing which seems to him of great moment but a return to the abandoned principle of election by a majority, with a second ballot when necessary between the two highest on the poll, as in Prussia. The abandonment of majority for plurality rule, with evils notably illustrated in New York City, has had, he judges, a more pernicious political effect than any other single measure. To the student of our constitutional theory and practice, the value of Mr. Bradford's work is in its cogent plea for return to the true theory of government by a responsible executive, as still practiced in the New England town, from the false practice of government by an irresponsible legislature, which inevitably falls a prey to bossism in the pay of private, class, and corporate interests against the interests of the people—a practice which grew from a traditional fear of the executive, and now is doubly condemned by the fact that executives are no longer feared and legislatures no longer trusted.

But, as the average reader does not sit down to a work of eleven hundred pages, a considerable section of which is given

to an instructive study of popular government in other countries, we strongly recommend Mr. Bradford to make an abridgment of his elaborate and convincing argument for popular use.

Books of the Week

[The books mentioned under this head were received by The Outlook during the week ending August 18. Prices

will be found under the head of Books Received in the preceding issue of The Outlook. This weekly report of current literature will be supplemented by fuller reviews of the more important works.]

The Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge has pub. lished, through Messrs. Harper & Brothers (New York), a stout volume of four hundred and fifty pages on The War with Spain. It is the only complete history of the war yet offered by so able a historian, and it will undoubtedly commend itself to deservedly wide reading. It is really not necessary to read it to obtain a graphic and comprehensive idea of the march of events. This may be gained by looking at the eighty full-page illustrations, many of them of exceptional merit. They are by such artists as Messrs. Remington, Zogbaum, Thulstrup, Chapman, and Christy. However, they only whet one's appetite to know more in detail about the picturesque events of the war itself, its conduct, campaigns, and battles. The first part of Mr. Lodge's volume comprises a discussion of the Cuban question, and the relations which have existed between the United States and Spain during the present century. The account of recent happenings is given with evident intimate knowledge of the inside history of those happenings. The author's position on the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations, and his wide acquaintance with present makers of history, have stood him in good stead in writing this book. While his style is clear, compact, and vigorous, he allows it at times to lapse into a somewhat spread-eagle and spouting vein; in so much it detracts from the work's historical value. Mr. Lodge brings out well, however, the salient fact that the final expulsion of Spain from the Americas and from the Philippines is but the last act in the long strife between those who have stood for liberty and those who have stood for tyranny.

Jacobus de Voragine, who died in 1298, after seven years of office as Archbishop

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of Genoa, was the author of a "Historia Longobardica seu Legenda Sanctorum," better known by its later title of The Golden Legend. This was a compilation arranged to supply a course of religious reading for the church calendar year. material consisted of acts of the martyrs, patristic writings, church lessons, and popular traditions. In this last field fancy probably had more than fair play, but, taken as a whole, the work became not only a storehouse of mediæval lore, but also a picture of contemporary as well as traditional religious conditions, ideals, and history. As Renan says, the stories in the Golden Legend are marvelously instructive as regards the colors and manners of the period to which they belong, and, as Mr. Madge, in the preface to his selections from the Legends, reminds us, it was the favorite manual of the most popular literature of the Middle Ages. Few books have passed through so many or so famous editions, and no one was more frequently printed during the last quarter of the fifteenth century and the first quarter of the sixteenth. The earliest printed copy is a substantial folio, dated Basle, 1474, two centuries after its compilation by Jacobus. The largest edition was Caxton's, in which the original matter was expanded to no less than four hundred and forty-eight chapters. As Caxton himself said of it, "The Legende named in latyn, 'Legenda Aurea,' that is to say in englysshe, The Golden Legende,' as gold passeth in valewe alle other metalles, so thys legende excedeth alle other bookes." The most recent edition, before the one issued last week, was that fine example of Kelmscott Press work in 1892. The edition now before us consists of a judiciously made selection, exquisitely printed on exquisite paper. Both Mr. H. D. Madge, the editor, and Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. (New York), the publishers, are to be congratulated on the appearance of this altogether charming little volume.

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the previously published volume on "Ethnology," which was concerned mainly with mankind as a whole, the present volume deals chiefly with the four great divisions of mankind. These the Negroes, the Mongols, the American aborigines, and the Caucasic peoples-are regarded as having been specialized in their several geographical areas at some time between the Old Stone and the New Stone Age; not less, probably, than one hundred thousand years ago. Their common ancestry is held to have overspread the world at least three hundred thousand years ago, in a period when the globe was warmer than now and with more of intercontinental land. The cradle of the race is placed in the now vanished Indo-African continent where the late Professor Winchell placed it a dozen years ago. Confirmation has been given to this view by human remains discovered in East Java in 1892. The first two chapters deal with this primitive race, and the remainder of the work with the main groups and sub-groups derived from it. By critical discussions of the facts the author seems to have reconstructed the ethnical history of the Mediterranean peoples, and to have lighted up some obscure questions concerning African, Asiatic, and American races. (The Macmillan Company, New York.)

The Elements of Public Finance, by Professor Winthrop More Daniels, of Princeton, is satisfactory in its plan and clear in its historical statements, but is at times unexpectedly feeble and careless in its discussion of present problems. For example, in discussing the general property tax, the author, after saying that the taxation of personalty burdens unfairly the farmers who uphold it-continues as follows: "Another piece of unfairness involved in the general property tax is that those who hold their property unencumbered by mortgages or debts pay taxes upon their entire property. Those whose property, on the contrary, is mortgaged, pay taxes only on the unencumbered part of their estates." If there is any State in which the borrowing of money rids the citizen of taxation on his property, it should be named in the text. In discussing the railroad problem the author assumes that all stocks and bonds of railroads represent "capital invested," and declares the danger of extortionate rates

if pooling is legalized rather imaginary than real, because the rates "would continue to be subject to review by the Federal Commission." He has evidently not read what the Commission itself says of its powers to review rates, in the light of recent decisions. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.)

The Modern Farmer, by Edward F. Adams, is a wordy and commonplace discussion of the business relations of the present-day farmer to the world at large. It contains, however, several chapters of value on the co-operative associations through which fruit and vine growers of California are now marketing a large part of their product. According to the author, the sales of the co-operative fruit associations now aggregate $5,000,000 a year. (N. J. Stone Company, San Francisco.)

In 1857 Mr. William Allen Butler wrote Nothing to Wear. Nothing to Wear. The poem instantly obtained a wide popularity, which it has retained ever since. It is now published by Messrs. Harper & Brothers in a new and charming edition, together with others of Mr. Butler's verses-there are many good things in the book besides "Flora McFlimsey of Madison Square." We read the following dedication: "To my wife, this volume, published in the fiftieth year of our wedded life, is inscribed." It is a satisfaction to know that in this exhausting world there are husbands and wives who round out half-centuries of united life.

ner.

Lord Rosebery's Appreciations and Addresses have a distinct charm of manOne sees in the author the versatility and ready adaptiveness which mark the political leader, the man of the world, the lover of literature, and the close student of literature. Burke, Burns, Wallace, Gladstone, Stevenson-such are the subjects of the "Appreciations ;" while the addresses are on such topics as "Bookishness and Statesmanship," "The Duty of Public Service," and "Parliamentary Oratory." Lord Rosebery is evidently an easy public speaker; his reported speeches are uniformly free from stiffness and restraint. In every case he evidently had something definite to say, some common-sense message to give, and he carried out his intention simply and effectively. This volume is, we believe, the one the sale of which was enjoined through the courts because of an interest

ing copyright decision to the effect that a newspaper whose reporters make for it a verbatim report of a public address holds the rights for that report to the exclusion even of the speaker himself. (John Lane, New York.)

A congenial literary task for Sir Edwin Arnold is the translation of Sa'di's The Gulistan, the famous Persian classic, in which are verses, anecdotes, tales, moralizings, epigrams, and other choice morsels of Eastern lore and romance. Sir Edwin

describes Sa'di as "really the Horace and Marco Polo of the Far East combined," and his "Rose Garden" as a literary curry, a kabab of versatile genius, where grave and gay, humor and wisdom, laughter and tears, are threaded together on the skewer of wit, and spiced by a soft worldliness and gentle stoicism that make the dish irresistible, however jaded the mental appetite." The translation has all of Arnold's customary facility and felicity of phrasing. (Harper & Brothers, New York.)

The College Warden, by Dr. Henry A. Fairbairn, tells in a distinctly readable way the story of the life of Robert B. Fairbairn, who was for many years Warden of St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y. Dr. Fairbairn died last winter at the age of eighty, fifty-five years after his ordination to the priesthood. This book is neither a formal biography nor a perfunctory tribute; it is written with a keen eye for that which was picturesque, individual, and instructive in Dr. Fairbairn's long life of usefulness. His educational experience, his zeal in philanthropic work, his skill in gaining influence over boys and young men, his sense of humor, are all well brought out. Thus the memoir is a character-study of positive and general interest. (Thomas Whittaker, New York.)

Cordially welcome is a new edition of George William Curtis's Prue and I. The book is of the kind that may become old but does not become antiquated. It is rich in Mr. Curtis's gentle humor, wide sympathy, and sound social philosophy. (Harper & Brothers, New York.)

Mr. Julian Ralph has collected half a dozen or so of his magazine stories into a volume called A Prince of Georgia and Other Tales. They are cleverly written, and one or two of them at least are worth

re-reading. (Harper & Brothers, New York.)

To the fine "Outward Bound" edition of Mr. Kipling's works, published by Charles Scribner's Sons (New York), has been added The Day's Work, Part I. This contains about half the matter in the book recently published under that title, with one story not heretofore included.

Tousled Hair is the unfortunate title given to the description of life in a boys' boarding-school, by Frederick Stanley Root. (F. Tennyson Neely, New York.) The story has so much of the real boy spirit and is so just to boy nature that the putting of the story in such a cover is unjust.

A translation of Japanese fairy tales by Susan Ballard, of the St. Hilda Mission, Tokyo, is published under the title of Fairy Tales from Far Japan, illustrated from Japanese originals. Translator and artist are so dominated by the modern spirit that the book, founded on the folklore of a people whose characteristics mark them from the rest of the world, is devoid of any national characteristics; the illustrations, at times, suggest a modern caricature. Fleming H. Revell Company (New York) are the publishers. They also publish Three Times Three, a Loyal Temperance Legion story in nine chapters by nine writers.

Books Received

For the week ending August 25

ADVANCE PUBLISHING CO., CHICAGO

Sheldon, Charles M. John King's Question Class. 75 cts.

A. I. BRADLEY & CO., BOSTON

Tomlinson, Lena. The Triangle. $1.
Thurston, I. T. A Village Contest. $1.25.
Rand, Edward Augustus. The Whistle in the Alley. $1.
WILLIAM DRYSDALE CO., MONTREAL
Tait, Rev. James. Christianity Without Conscience. $1.

HINDS & NOBLE, NEW YORK

Stout, G. F. A Manual of Psychology. $1. (The University Tutorial Series.)

THE INLAND PUBLISHING CO., TERRE HAUTE, IND. Practical Physical Exercises. Arranged by Louis Lepper and William H. Wiley. 80 cts.

A. N. MARQUIS & CO., CHICAGO Who's Who in America, 1899-1900. Edited by John W. Leonard. $2.75.

THE PENN PUBLISHING CO., PHILADELPHIA The Shakespearean Plays of Edwin Booth. Three Volumes. Edited by William Winter.

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, NEW YORK Norman, John Henry. Money's Worth. Connor, Ralph. Black Rock: A Tale of the Selkirks. With an Introduction by Prof. George Adam Smith. $1.25.

FLEMING H. REVELL CO., NEW YORK

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA Thoburn, Wilbur W. In Terms of Life.

THE UNITED SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR. BOSTON

Wells, Amos R. The Missionary Manual. 35 cts. Chapman, Rev. J. Wilbur, D.D. The Secret of a Happy Day. 50 cts. The Spiritual Life of the SundaySchool. 35 cts.

The Religious World

French Protestants and the Dreyfus Affair

In emphasizing the Protestant connection with the Dreyfus affair, the "Chrétien Belge" prints a list of distinguished names. First of all it calls attention to MM. Scheurer-Kestner, ex-Vice-President of the Senate, and Francis de Pressensé, one of the editors of the "Temps," both Protestants, and originators of the movement for revision of the Dreyfus trial. They took that stand when it was a manifest compromise of their material interests to do so, and they have held it unfalteringly ever since. To these names we would add that of Maître Leblois, the friend and lawyer of Colonel Picquart. M. Trarieux, another friend of Picquart and ex-Minister of Justice, who has also long been outspoken for revision, has been supposed to be a Protestant. He is, however, an independent, though a constant attendant at Protestant worship. Ex-Premier Brisson, a man of unswerving integrity and austere morality, is a Protestant, as is also M. Krantz, lately Minister of War. Both have been energetic Dreyfusards. President Loew, presiding over the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation, worthy and impartial as he showed himself to be, was dispossessed because he was unable to find against Dreyfus. President Loew is a Protestant, as are M. Jules Siegfried, the well-known Senator and philanthropist, M. Jules Laroche,'formerly Governor of Madagascar, and Dr. Gibert, the distinguished physician and friend of the late President Faure. Dr. Gibert affirms that, before the "affair" became open talk, the President said: Dreyfus has been condemned upon charges not communicated to the defense." Dreyfusards in the domain of education are Dean Bruston, of the University of Paris; Professor Buisson, also the head of the primary schools of Paris (who was recently and repeatedly insulted because of his convictions); and M. Stapfer, Dean of the Faculty of Letters at Bordeaux. The last named was summarily suspended from office and salary because he alluded to the "affair" in one of his lectures in a way to show his sympathy. Professor Marillien, the soul of the anti-alcohol

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movement, was insulted and spat upon by his anti-Semitic students at the University because of his sympathy for Dreyfus. Professor Raoul Allier, of the Theological Faculty of Paris, and Professor Albert Réville, the eminent author of the "History of Religions," belong to the same group.

Paris Protestant Pastors

Of the distinguished family which has given so much mental and spiritual influence to France, MM. Gabriel Monod, a professor at the University of Paris, Édouard Monod, pastor of the Protestant church on the Avenue de la Grande Armée, and Théodore Monod, pastor of the Protestant church near the Place Bastille, have played considerable parts. Other pastors who have strongly declared themselves for Dreyfus are MM. Robert Hollard, of the Latin Quarter, Georges Migot, of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, Charles Wagner, the well-known author and orator, Babut, Trial, Houter, and Comte. The last named is at the head of the Social Purity Movements, and is also the editor of the journal of that league, the" Relèvement Social." He was deprived of his salary by the Government for his adherence to the "League for the Rights of Men." To measure properly the part which these men have played, says a leading French journal, one needs only to note the hatred that they have attracted from their opponents; and this, too, gives a fair estimate of the importance of their intervention. Protestants number, it is true, but a few hundred thousand, as contrasted with many millions of Freethinkers and Clericals, but the Protestants of to-day, as the Huguenots of old time, stand, not only for a purer Christian faith, but also both for love of freedom and for reverent respect for law and order. Instead of the spread of the Protestant spirit, we find among most Frenchmen to day a glorification of the army as typifying national vanity, and a subservience to military tyranny. In the long run, however, the world must take cognizance of such an action as that of Madame Godard, a Protestant, who offered

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