bail by the Ordinaries, or by two justices of peace, except the Ordinary declare to the King's Council a reasonable cause why they should not be bailed."

(Ed. from Statutes at Large of England and Great Britain, Lond., 1811. III, p. 156.)

110. Submission of the Clergy

(25 HENRY VIII., c. 19, 1533-34)

In the following Act, Henry practically assumes dominion over the English Church. Sections I, II, and VII were recited in a later Act and continued for three years. Later again, similar provisions were made, to endure for the life of the king. The effect of these enactments was to legally vest in the king that appellate jurisdiction which had hitherto been the prerogative of the Pope, and to abolish the control of convocations over ecclesiastical affairs.

AN ACT FOR THE SUBMISSION OF THE CLERGY TO THE KING'S

MAJESTY

I. Where the King's humble and obedient subjects, the clergy of this realm of England, have not only acknowledged according to the truth, that the convocations of the same clergy are always, hath been, and ought to be, assembled only by the King's writ, but also submitting themselves to the King's Majesty, have promised in verbo sacerdocii that they will never from henceforth presume to attempt, allege, claim, or put in use, or enact, promulgate or execute any new canons, constitutions, ordinance provincial or other, or by whatsoever other name they shall be called in the convocation, unless the King's most royal assent and license may to them be had, to make, promulgate, and execute the same, and that his Majesty do give his most royal assent and authority in that behalf: And whereas divers constitutions, ordinances, and canons, provincial or synodal, which heretofore have been enacted, and be thought not only to be much prejudicial to the King's prerogative royal, and repugnant to the laws and statutes of this realm, but also overmuch onerous to his Highness and his subjects; the said clergy have most humbly besought the King's Highness that the said constitutions and canons may be committed to the examination and judgment of his Highness, and of two-and-thirty persons of the King's subjects, whereof sixteen to be of the Upper and Nether House of the Parliament of the temporalty, and the other sixteen to be of the clergy of this realm; and all the said two-and-thirty persons to be chosen and

appointed by the King's Majesty; and that such of the said constitutions and canons as shall be thought and determined by the said two-and-thirty persons, or the more part of them, worthy to be abrogated and annulled, shall be abolished and made of no value accordingly; and such other of the same constitutions and canons as by the said two-and-thirty, or the more part of them, shall be approved to stand with the laws of God and consonant to the laws of this realm, shall stand in their full strength and power, the King's most royal assent being first had and obtained to the same: Be it therefore now enacted by authority of this present Parliament according to the said submission and petition of the said clergy, that they, nor any of them from henceforth, shall presume to attempt, allege, claim, or put in use any constitutions or ordinance, provincial or synodal, or any other canons, nor shall enact, promulgate, or execute any such canons, constitutions, or ordinances provincial, by whatsoever name or names they may be called, in their convocations in time coming (which always shall be assembled by authority of the King's writ) unless the same clergy may have the King's most royal assent and license to make, promulgate, and execute such canons, constitutions, and ordinances, provincial or synodal; upon pain of every one of the said clergy doing contrary to this Act, and being thereof convicted, to suffer imprisonment, and make fine at the King's will.

II. And forasmuch as such canons, constitutions, and ordinances, as heretofore have been made by the clergy of this realm, cannot now at the session of this present Parliament, by reason of shortness of time, be viewed, examined, and determined by the King's Highness and thirty-two persons to be chosen and appointed according to the petition of the said clergy in form above rehearsed; Be it therefore enacted by authority aforesaid, That the King's Highness shall have power and authority to nominate and assign, at his pleasure, the said two-and-thirty persons of his subjects, whereof sixteen [are] to be of the clergy and sixteen to be of the temporalty of the Upper and Nether House of the Parliament; and if any of the said two-and thirty persons so chosen shall happen to die before their full determination, then his Highness to nominate other from time to time of the said two Houses of the Parliament, to supply the number of the said two-andthirty; and that the same two-and-thirty, by his Highness so to be named, shall have power and authority to view, search, and examine the said canons, constitutions, and or

dinances, provincial and synodal heretofore made; and such of them as the King's Highness and the said two-and-thirty, or the more part of them, shall deem and adjudge worthy to be continued, kept, and obeyed, shall be from thenceforth kept, obeyed, and executed within this realm, so that the King's most royal assent under his great seal be first had to the same; and the residue of the said canons, constitutions, and ordinances provincial which the King's Highness, and the said two-and-thirty persons, or the more part of them, shall not approve, or deem and judge worthy to be abolished, abrogated, and made frustrate, shall from thenceforth be void and of none effect, and never be put in execution within this realm. Provided always, That no canons, constitutions, or ordinances shall be made or put in execution within this realm by authority of the convocation of the clergy, which shall be contrary or repugnant to the King's prerogative royal, or the customs, laws, or statutes of this realm; anything contained in this Act to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.

III. And be it further enacted by authority aforesaid, That from the feast of Easter, which shall be in the year of our Lord God one thousand five hundred and thirty-four, no manner of appeals shall be provoked or made out of this realm, or out of any of the King's dominions, to the bishop of Rome, nor to the See of Rome, in any causes or matters happening to be in contention, and having their commencement and beginning in any of the courts within this realm, or within any of the King's dominions, of what nature, condition, or quality soever they be of; but that all manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be of, or what cause or matter soever they concern, shall be made and had by the parties aggrieved or having cause of appeal, after such manner, form, and condition as is limited for appeals to be had and prosecuted within this realm in causes of matrimony, tithes, oblations, and obventions, by a statute thereof made and established since the beginning of this present Parliament, and according to the form and effect of the said statute; and usage, custom, prescription, or any thing or things to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.

IV. And for lack of justice at or in any the courts of the archbishops of this realm, or in any the King's dominions, it shall be lawful to the parties grieved, to appeal to the King's Majesty in the King's Court of Chancery; and that upon every such appeal, a commission shall be directed

under the Great Seal to such persons as shall be named by the King's Highness, his heirs or successors, like as in case of appeal from the Admiral's Court, to hear and definitively determine such appeals, and the causes concerning the same: Which commissioners, so by the King's Highness, his heirs or successors, to be named or appointed, shall have full power and authority to hear and definitively determine every such appeal, with the causes and all circumstances concerning the same; and that such judgment and sentence as the said commissioners shall make and decree in and upon any such appeal shall be good and effectual, and also definitive; and no further appeals to be had or made from the said commissioners for the same.

V. And if any person or persons, at any time after the said feast of Easter, provoke or sue any manner of appeals, of what nature or condition soever they be, to the said bishop of Rome, or to the See of Rome, or do procure or execute any manner of process from the See of Rome, or by authority thereof, to the derogation or let of the due execution of this Act, or contrary to the same, that then every such person or persons so doing, their aiders, councillors, and abettors, shall incur and run into the dangers, pains, and penalties contained and limited in the Act of Provision and Præmunire made in the sixteenth year of the King's most noble progenitor, King Richard the Second, against such as sue to the court of Rome against the King's crown and prerogative royal.

VI. Provided always, That all manner of provocations and appeals hereafter to be had, made, or taken from the jurisdiction of any abbots, priors, or other heads and governors of monasteries, abbeys, priories, and other houses and places exempt, in such cases as they were wont or might afore the making of this Act, by reason of grants or liberties of such places exempt, to have or make immediately any appeal of provocation to the bishop of Rome, otherwise called Pope, or to the See of Rome, that in all these cases every person and persons, having cause of appeal or provocation, shall and may take and make their appeals and provocations immediately to the King's Majesty of this realm, into the Court of Chancery, in like manner and form as they used afore to do to the See of Rome; which appeals and provocations so made shall be definitively determined by authority of the King's commission, in such manner and form as in this Act is above-mentioned; so that no archbishop nor bishop of this

realm shall intermit or meddle with any such appeals, otherwise or in any other manner than they might have done before the making of this Act; any thing in this Act to the contrary thereof notwithstanding.

VII. Provided also, That such canons, constitutions, ordinances, and synodals provincial being already made, which be not contrary or repugnant to the laws, statutes, and customs of this realm, nor to the damage or hurt of the King's prerogative royal, shall now still be used and executed as they were before the making of this Act, till such time as they be viewed, searched, or otherwise ordered or determined by the said two-and-thirty persons, or the more part of them, according to the tenor, form, and effect of this Present Act. (Ed. from Statutes at Large, ed. cit., III, p. 162.)

III. The Act of Supremacy

(26 HENRY VIII, c. 1, 1535)

Statutes at Large of England

The Act of Supremacy was little more than an ex post facto announcement, yet it had far-reaching effect. It left no ground for retreat; the position so assumed must be at all hazards maintained.

THE KING'S GRACE TO BE ACKNOWLEDGED SUPREME HEAD

Albeit the king's majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless for corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirp all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same: Be it enacted by authority of this present Parliament, that the king our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicana Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all honours, dignities, preeminencies, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities, to the said dignity of supreme head of the same church belonging and appertaining.

And that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, of