Do

you agree with The Outlook in saying that the nomination of Debs for President by the Socialist Convention shows that the Socialist party "is wholly out of sympathy with the present Government of the United States"? Give reasons.

Examine each plank of the Socialist platform as reported by The Outlook. Are any of these sound in principle? With which ones do you not agree?

Do you consider The Outlook right in saying that nothing "in this platform makes an adherent of it ineligible for membership in the New York Legislature"? What is your argument?

Read the letter from Mr. Skinner to The Outlook. What do you think of the excluding of The Outlook from the Legislative Library of the State of New York?

If you are interested in the recent progress of Socialism you will find "Socialism in Thought and Action," by H. W. Laidler (Macmillan), a very helpful book.

The Modern Workman

In his article on the modern workman, found elsewhere in this issue, Mr. Varley says that "the artistry had gone from the job." Can you make clear what he means?

What is standardized industry? Illustrate freely. Discuss whether the standardization of industry has been an unfortunate thing for our country.

It is evident that civilized peoples will not give up standardized-production methods. Discuss whether by such methods the. joy of creative work can be restored. If you think it can, suggest how.

Mr. Varley seems to be sure that industrial unrest and the unhappiness of the workman are due to one thing, namely, "the pride of occupation is gone the joy of creating." Is this the main reason for present unrest among working people? What other reasons can you submit?

For an understanding of the questions suggested by Mr. Varley and this study much valuable reading may be found in "The New Industrial Unrest," by R. S. Baker (Doubleday, Page & Co.); "A Short History of the American Labor Movement," by Mary Beard (Harcourt, Brace & Howe); "Modern Economic Problems," by F. A. Fetter (Century Co.). What is the meaning of: Dexterity, periodographs, et al., scientific managers, institution.

The Turkish Treaty

Do you think the Peace Commissioners did right in giving Thrace to Greece? To whom did Thrace belong just previous to the World War? What relations in

1 These questions and comments are designed not only for the use of current events classes and clubs, debating societies, teachers of history and English, and the like, but also for discussion in the home and for suggestions to any reader who desires to study current affairs as well as to read about them. -THE EDITORS.

4

ancient times did Greece have with Thrace?

Venizelos is one of the most interesting statesmen in modern times. Find out all you can about him and indicate why he is such an interesting statesman.

Bosphorus and the Dardanelles in history.
Tell something of the part played by the
What is meant by internationalizing these?
.Do
you like the arrangement made by the
Peace Commissioners in regard to the
Bosphorus and the Dardanelles?

Discuss whether the Sultan should be

permitted to remain in Constantinople.

Would you dispose of Asia in any dif ferent manner than have the Peace Commissioners? Explain your answer.

You will be well prepared to answer some of these questions by reading "The New Map of Europe," by H. A. Gibbons, and "The Roots of the War," by W. S. Davis (both published by the Century Co.).

A Typical American-Levi

Parsons Morton

Mr. Morton saw nearly a century of American history. He lived a prosperous and useful life. During his career marvel.ous changes and great National growth took place. These facts make his career one well worth studying.

Give a résumé of his career from the time of his birth in poverty to the time he became a successful business man.

What are the outstanding facts in his public career?

Under what circumstances might Mr. Morton have been President of the United States? Look up Republican party activities of 1880. What were some of the vital issues before the American people at that time?

Review the Presidential election of 1888. How do you explain the fact that Harrison and Morton were elected while Cleveland and Thurman were defeated, despite the fact that Cleveland received a popular plurality of nearly a hundred thousand over Harrison? Do you think it would be better for the President to be elected by direct popular vote?

We are told that Mr. Morton did good service in Congress in fighting the silver mania. What was the silver mania? Can you explain why Morton's fight against it might be considered "good service"?

Not long ago Mr. Morton was asked what public event or development for good in American history had impressed him most during his long experience. If you were to name that event or development (from the time of James Monroe to Woodrow Wilson), what would it be? What are your reasons?

What lessons for Americans do you see in the life of Mr. Morton ?

This topic suggests the value of reading American biography. Are you doing as much reading along this line as you should? Why is reading about great Americans at duty as well as a privilege? "Alexander Hamilton," by H. J. Ford, and "Stephen A. Douglas," by Louis Howland (both published by Charles Scribner's Sons), are among the new and valuable lives of Americans you will do well to read.

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JOHN DEWEY ON DIS.
CIPLINE

You have done well in your editorial in The Outlook of April 20 to clarify the issue concerning discipline by defining the term. On this point John Dewey's concep tion is surely worthy of attention. He says:1

"A person who is trained to consider his actions, to undertake them deliberately, is in so far forth disciplined. Add to this ability a power to endure in an intelligently chosen course in face of distraction, confusion, and difficulty, and you have the essence of discipline. Discipline means power at command; mastery of the resources available for carrying through the action undertaken. To know what one is to do and to move to do it promptly and by use of the requisite means is to be disciplined, whether we are thinking of an army or a mind. Discipline is positive. To cow the spirit, to subdue inclination, to compel obedience, to mortify the flesh, to make a subordinate perform an uncongenial task-these things are or are not discipline according as they do or do not tend to the development of power to recognize what one is about and to persistence in accomplishment."

If this definition is accepted, and it is closely similar to the ones given in your editorial, two or three things may fairly be said. In the first place, it may be noted that in any complex organization some men have been given authority to control the actions of other men by virtue of their superior ability and merit; while others of little or no ability have acquired a kind of spurious authority by virtue of an office they hold. The latter officers must resort to a misuse of their authority because of their poverty of intelligence and personality; while, on the other hand, a genuine officer, by his good judgment, enthusiasm, and human sympathies, will need no false exhibition of authority to command the respect and loyal co-operation of his men.

Secondly, the hated thing called Prussian discipline resulted from the use of authority by a selfish, egotistical, and inhuman military class over a people made docile by the Kantian doctrine of duty for duty's sake. And we may justly rebel at any spirit of control in our Army which implies that no intelligence, initiative, or criticism is needed or expected from subordinates. To compel submission to authority simply because it is authority, and from no other motive based on intelligence or genuine loyalty, is inevitably harmful to the accomplishment of the end in view, whether the sphere of action is the home, the school, the church, or the Army.

Thirdly, we see that discipline has to do with a state of mind, with motives, and not with a set of physical habits which prompts a man to execute orders automatically. The former is a result of education, the latter is a matter of training. Hence discipline has nothing to do with concerted action per se, except in so far as such concerted action is entered upon willingly and eagerly as the best means to attain the desired end. And the degree of willing ness, eagerness, and persistence in the group is the measure, and the only meas ure, of its disciplinary "training," and therefore of its "power at command." W. H. RAYNER. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 1 "Democracy and Education," p. 151.

Than the Truck

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THE NATION'S
INDUSTRIAL

PROGRESS

Believing that the advance of business is a subject of vital interest and importance, The Outlook will present under the above heading frequent discussions of subjects of industrial and commercial interest. This department will include paragraphs of timely interest and articles of educational value dealing with the industrial upbuilding of the Nation. Comment and suggestions are invited.

SHIP BY TRUCK WEEK

JUS

UST at the very time when the railways are struggling against a freight tie-up which threatens to shut down many of the country's industries motortruck interests have made a Nation-wide demonstration of the value of the truck in helping to solve the transportation problem. The week of May 17 to May 22 was set apart as "Ship by Truck Week," and hundreds of demonstrations were given in all parts of the country to bring the truck more forcibly to the attention of shippers and the general public.

Attorney-General Palmer, referring to this movement, said: "Complete and comprehensive systems of enduring highways should be a National ideal. Good highways are essential to America's proper functioning as a National entity. Socially, politically, and economically they are vital in the carrying out of the plans laid down by the fathers for a more perfect union of these States.' I hope that I may yet see. the United States closely gridironed with scientifically constructed highways, and my effort as a citizen will be to hasten that end."

In New York City this "Ship by Truck Week was inaugurated by a large motortruck parade. In it over five hundred trucks, coming from all classes of industry, took part. Similar parades took place in other States throughout the country. For example: In northern New Jersey a complete week's tour was laid out, and a train of trucks, starting from Newark, covered the entire northern part of the State during the week. Well-known speakers accompanied this truck train and talked on the value of trucks and improving highways and their relation to the cost of living.

The present congestion of freight at all large terminal points has made very clear the value of the motor truck as a subsid iary means of transportation. The use of trucks for all short hauls and for quick local deliveries from railway terminals should be worked out in a systematic way. Trucks are also being used more extensively for short interurban shipments. For example: A shipment by freight from New York to Newark, New Jersey, a distance of nine miles, sometimes takes several days for delivery. But by motor truck such a shipment can be made in a very few hours.

It is therefore vital to the best interests of the whole country that this question of transportation be adequately solved. It is hoped that the demonstration given during "Ship by Truck Week" will have exerted a decided influence upon the people and have awakened their interest in transpor tation problems and better roads. This should result in a definite movement for the building of highways on a scientifically arranged plan through the direct co-operation of Federal, State, and local authorities.