His words were few, and special was his care

In simplest terms his purpose to declare.—Crabbe.

A wise man's circumstances may vary and fluctuate like the floods about a rock; but he persists unmovably the same and his reputation unshaken.-Barrow.

Sometimes they subjoin a dependent to a principal sentence, and are then called sub-ordinate:

Ere the high lawns appeared

Under the opening eyelids of the morn,

We drove afield.-Milton.

If Homer had not led the way, it was not in Virgil to have begun Heroic poetry.-Dryden.

413. Dependent propositions are frequently subjoined by relative and interrogative pronouns, and by the adverbs derived from them. These words may then be viewed as true conjunctions, or subjunctive particles. They differ, however, from ordinary conjunctions in the fact that, while connecting propositions, they still retain their pronominal or adverbial character. See § 393.

414. Conjunctions are frequently used in pairs, one being placed before each of the connected words or sentences: as-so; both-and; either-or; neither-nor; whether-or; or-or; though-yet; &c.

Though Birnam wood be come to Dunsinane,
Yet will I try the last.-Shakspere.

Neither history nor biography is able to move a step without infractions of this rule.-De Quincey.

"These words are often called adverbs, but, as they too serve to connect sentences, they deserve like the rest the name of conjunctions. They bear, in fact, the same relation to the other conjunctions that the so-called antecedent does to the relative."—(Prof. Key, Alphabet, p. 136.)

415. The demonstrative pronoun that is often used in apposition to a sentence forming the subject or object of a

verb, to fix the attention more strongly upon the collective idea contained in the sentence:

Experience tells me that [my past enjoyments have brought no real felicity].-Goldsmith.

That [a human being cannot be justly held and used as property], is apparent from the very nature of property.—Channing.

This pronoun is usually termed a conjunction.

INTERJECTIONS.

416. Interjections are words expressing sudden or deep feeling, which have no grammatical connexion with the sentences in which they occur.

O blest retirement, friend to life's decline !-Goldsmith.

Where, then, ah where shall Poverty reside?—Id.

"The Interjection has one important peculiarity, which not only vindicates its claim to be regarded as a constituent of language, but entitles it unequivocally to a high rank among the elements of discourse. It is in itself expressive and significant, though indeed in a low degree, whereas, at least in uninflected languages like the English, other words, detached from their grammatical connexions, are meaningless and become intelligible only as members of a period."+

417. There are two classes of Interjections:

(1) Simple sounds elicited by some excitement of the mind: O, ah, fie, pshaw, pish, ugh.

*For a detailed explanation of the true character of this word, see Prof. Key's article on conjunctions (Alphabet, p. 133).

+ Marsh, Lecture XIII.

(2) Fragments of entire sentences consisting sometimes of two or more words; Byrlakin / Odsbodikins! &c.; and sometimes of single words; (a) nouns, Peace! Silence! Marry! &c. (b) verbs, Hark! Hush! Lo! (c) adjectives, Strange! Shocking! Dreadful! (d) adverbs, Soft! Away!

DIMINUTIVES.

418. Diminutives are words with the original meaning of the root modified by various suffixes signifying "little;" as, hill-ock, "little hill;" duck-ling, "little duck;" shall-ow, "little shoal;" glimm-er, "little gleam;" black-ish, "rather black;" maid-en, "little maid," &c.

They denote smallness, tenderness or affection, pity and contempt. Many words with a diminutival suffix have lost their diminutive meaning, and in many instances the primitive word has become obsolete.

The various diminutival suffixes have been given under the derivation of the different parts of speech.

AUGMENTATIVES.

419. Augmentatives are words formed by the addition of a suffix which strengthens the meaning of the simple word, as dull; dull-ard, "a very dull person."

In modern English the primitive word is often obsolete. 420. Augmentatives are of two kinds: (1.) Teutonic; (II.) Classical.

t

(1.) TEUTONIC: -heart, -art, -ard, -rd. This suffix appears en introduced by the Franks, Vandals, and other , into the languages of France, Spain, and

Italy, and hence is often found affixed to words of classical origin. It is used with various significations:

(a) Endearment: sweet-heart.

(b) Praise: Leon-ard, Rich-ard.

(c) Blame: drunk-ard, cow-ard, slugg-ard, bragg-art, dast-ard (daze), dot-ard, nigg-ard.

(d) Male sex wiz-ard, mall-ard, lenn-ard (male linnet).

(e) State or condition : bay-ard (a bay horse), li-ard (a gray horse), stand-ard, cust-ard, poll-ard.

(f) Intensity poin-ard, tank-ard, gris-ard (very gray), hagg-ard.

The words steward, lizard, orchard, leopard, are not augmentatives (stow-ward, lacerto-, ort-gard, leopardo-).

421. (II.) CLASSICAL: -on, -one, -oon (Ital. -one): galle-on, poltr-on, or poltr-oon, tromb-one, ball-oon, cart-oon, pont-oon, drag-oon, buff-oon, barrac-oon, harp-oon, bab-oon, &c.

This suffix, on, is thought by some to have originally signified man, and to have had no intensive force. Hence the Roman names Cicer-on-, Tuber-on-, Nas-on-, &c.

PATRONYMICS.

422. Patronymics are names formed by adding a suffix or prefix to the name of the father to indicate the son.

As Englishmen bear names derived from various stocks, it may be useful to exhibit such of the forms employed in the Indo-European languages as are not unfrequently found among English surnames.

423. One mode of expressing the patronymic was to employ the genitive case :

(1) English: Richard-s, Wilkin-s, Roger-s.

(2) Greek: Ho Platon-os (the [son] of Plato).

3) Latin: Tull-ius (son of Tullus), Mar-cius (son of Marcus).

In A. S. the suffix -ing was employed for this purpose: Brown-ing, Hard-ing, Bald-ing.

In Greek the suffix -ida was also commonly used: Leon-ida-s (Leon's son).

424. A second mode was to suffix the word son, or its equivalent:

(1) English: Dick-son, John-son, Robin-son.

(2) Slavonic: -vitch, -ski; Petro-vitch, Petrow-ski.
(3) Spanish: ez; Fernand-ez.

425. A third mode was to prefix a word meaning son:

(1) Norman French: Fitz- (filius); Fitz-osborne, Fitz-william, Fitz-roy, Fitz-herbert.

(2) Irish Gaelic: 0-; O'Conner, O'Connel, O'Niel.

(3) Scotch Gaelic: Mac-; Mac-Ivor, Mac-Intosh.

(4) Welsh; ap-; ap-Evan (Bevan), ap-Howel (Powel), ap-Hugh (Pugh), ap-Richard (Pritchard), &c.

The Semitic Hebrews prefix Bar, as Bar-tholomew, "son of Tholomæus;" Bar-jonas, Bar-jesus.