566. Iam mare, etc.: 'presently you will see the sea agitated with her ships.'

569. Varium et mutabile: see H. 394, 5; LM. 482; A. 189, c; B. 234, 2; G. 211, EXC. (b), 4; (H. 438, 4). Compare Tennyson, Queen Mary, Act III, Scene 6: :

་

'You know what Virgil sings,

Woman is various and most mutable.'

571. subitis: with reference to the sudden appearance and vanishing of the divine form (umbris).

573. Praecipites: 'swift,' = 'swiftly'; join with vigilate and considite

transtris.

574. citi: 'quickly'; used like praecipites, equivalent to an adverb. 575. tortos: 'twisted'; an appellative; not 'coiled.'

577. Quisquis es: it was only a vision resembling Mercury.

578, 579. sidera - feras: 'render the stars in the sky (i.e. the weather) propitious.' The stars were supposed to influence the weather.

581. rapiuntque ruuntque: 'they lay hold and rush to and fro'; seizing upon the ropes, arranging the sails and rigging, hastening to their places at the oars.

582. Litora deseruere: 'they have (even now) left the shores.' The perfect expresses the rapidity of the act.

584-665. Dido, at dawn, perceiving from the watch tower of her palace that the Trojans are already on the sea, utters a terrible and prophetic curse on them. She rushes frantic down to the court, and ascends the funeral pyre. After a few words, partly in grief for her misfortunes, and partly in. pride at her success in establishing a kingdom, she seizes the sword of Aeneas and plunges the weapon into her body.

586. speculis: from the watch tower'; the same as arce ex summa, 1. 410.

587. aequatis: 'with steady sails'; with the wind filling them evenly. 588. sine remige: 'without a sailor'; this defines vacuos, 'forsaken'; not an oarsman being left.

589. pectus percussa: cf. I, 481. The passive has the force of the middle voice. See note on II, 275.

591. inluserit: the future perfect has peculiar force here: 'shall it be said that he mocked at my power?' etc. See also note on II, 581. with emphasis.

advena:

592. Expedient: sc. alii. tota: from the 'whole' city; will not all Car thage join in the pursuit?

:

593. Ite has the more force from its position at the end of the verse, where it is unusual to place a word of two syllables after a long pause.

594. citi: as in l. 574.

595. mentem mutat: 'unseats my reason.'

596. facta impia: refers to her violation of duty, her faithlessness toward Sychaeus, in yielding to the love of Aeneas (see l. 552); now thy impious conduct affects thee!' now thy unfaithfulness is meeting its just punishment. 597. Tum decuit: sc. facta impia te tangere. sceptra dabas: cf. l. 214. 598. Quem: the antecedent is eius, understood with dextra and fides. 'Witness the right hand and faith of him who,' etc.

599. umeris: see note on II, 708.

600. Non potui-divellere? cf. l. 19.

602. patriis mensis: she might have murdered Ascanius, as Atreus did the sons of Thyestes, or as Procne the son of Tereus, and have caused the body to be placed on the table as food for his father.

603. fuerat: for fuisset. See H. 525, 4; LM. 940; A. 308, c; B. 304, 3; G. 597, 3; (H. 476, 2). Fuisset: 'suppose it had been'; concessive subjunctive. H. 559, 3; LM. 716; A. 266, c; B. 278; G. 264; (H. 484, III).

604. Quem metui? whom did I fear,' i.e. ‘had to fear?' being already resolved on death. castra: 'the camp'; the place where their ships were drawn up on land.

605, 606. tulissem, Implessem, exstinxem, dedissem: 'I should have carried, I should have filled,' etc. H. 559, 6; A. 266, e; (H. 483, 2, N). For the shortened forms, cf. note on I, 201.

606. Cum genere: with the whole race'; all the surviving Trojans. super: moreover,' Cf. I, 29.

607. Sol: the witness of all things on the earth is invoked, as the stars, 1. 520. 608. interpres: Juno is the agent and witness of her woes.

609. Hecate: see note on l. 511. ululata: 'whose name is shrieked.' 610. di: those deities who pity and revenge such unhappy lovers as Dido (cf. ll. 520, 521).

611. haec: these prayers.' meritum

numen: 'turn to my woes your

power (of vengeance) they (the authors of my woes) deserve.'

612. Si: with the indicative here is an expression of her conviction that so it must be; it is thus almost equivalent to quoniam. Dido upon the verge of death is gifted with prophetic power. Her curse was fulfilled in the dan

gers and losses which Aeneas met with in the war with Turnus, who, with his brave Rutulians, came near destroying the Trojans. Aeneas was on this occasion obliged to leave Ascanius and his followers in the camp near the Tiber, and to seek help from Evander. He perished in the fourth year after finishing the war and making a treaty with the Latins, in which treaty the name of Trojan had to be sacrificed (hence pacis iniquae, 1. 618). See XII, 828. He was finally deprived of burial (the heaviest curse of all) because his body could not be found.

613. caput: put for the person.

614. hic terminus haeret: (and if) this end (destiny) is fixed.'`

618. Funera: on his return from Evander, he witnessed the havoc which had been made in his army.

620. -que connects ante diem (taken as an adjective = immaturus) and inhumatus. Cf. 1. 484, and note.

624. populis: i.e. the Carthaginians and Romans, between whom, until the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic war, there was bitter hatred and almost incessant hostilities, broken only by temporary periods of peace for recuperation.

625. Exoriare, etc.: arise, some avenger'; she seems to see and address the future avenger. The allusion is to Hannibal. ex ossibus: not descended from her, but rising up to represent her, to reembody on the earth again all her hatred to the Trojan race, as if he had risen from her very ashes. 626. Qui sequare: 'to pursue.' A relative clause of purpose. on I, 20.

627. Nunc, olim: 'now (or) hereafter.'

See note

629. ipsique nepotesque: 'both themselves (those of the two races now living) and their descendants.'

631. lucem: see note on 1. 31.

633. patria: i.e. in Tyre.

634. mihi: join with siste.

635. properet: see note on memoret, II, 75.

636. piacula: offerings of atonement'; meaning the sacrifices which were to aid either in setting her mind free from Aeneas, or in restoring him to her. So Anna understands the object. See 11. 478 sqq.

'directed' by the sorceress.

637. Sic: 'thus'; i.e. after observing these directions.

638. Iovi Stygio: i.e. Pluto.

monstrata:

639. Perficere: she will now execute the rites commenced, ll. 509 sqq.; including the burning of the funeral pyre.

644. genas: see note on I, 228.

645. Interiora domus limina: 'the inner court of the palace.'

647. in usus, etc.: a present not asked for use like this'; implying that in some happy moment she had begged of Aeneas the sword which he had

used in the Trojan war, and which, in 1. 507, is mentioned as having been left by him.

649. mente: 'in thought'; in recalling the past.

651. dum: closely related to dulces.

652. Accipite: it will be upon these mementos of Aeneas that she will fall.

653. Vixi: 'I have lived'; 'my life is closed.' Cf. fuimus, II, 325.

654. magna: 'illustrious.' Her shade will retain the glory which attaches to her character as a successful founder of a state.

656. poenas recepi: 'I have taken vengeance.'

659. os: as in I, 320.

660. Sic even by this violent death, and even though unavenged.

661. Hauriat oculis: for percipiat oculis. Let him expect the fulfillment of my curses upon him, as the author of my ruin. Cf. ll. 385 sqq. The poet here removes us from the immediate scene of the suicide, and describes it indirectly through the spectators, or attendants of Dido, who witness the act. 663. media inter talia: i.e. when she had scarcely ended her words. See note on 1. 277.

664. comites: 'her attendants.'

665-692. The news flies through the city, and Anna rushes wild with grief to the side of her dying sister.

666. bacchatur, etc.: 'the rumor flies wildly through the horror-stricken city.'

671. Culmina: = tecta and is governed by per.

675. Hoc illud fuit: was this, then, thy aim in thy commands to me? me: even me, your sister? fraude petebas: 'were you deceiving (even) me?' lit. 'were you attacking me with deceit?'

676. iste: see ll. 494, 495.

678. vocasses, etc.: 'you should have called me.' See note on tulissem, etc., II. 604-606; or possibly it is the optative subjunctive. Cf. X, 854. 681. sic posita: 'when thou wast lying thus.' Cf. II, 644.

682. Exstinxti: see note on I, 201.

683. Date (ut) — Abluam: 'give, that I may wash her wounds with water'; i.e. bring water that I may wash her wounds.

685. Ore legam, etc.: this was the office of the nearest relative present at the bedside of the dying.

686. Semianimem: four syllables: semyanimem.

689. stridit: 'gurgles.'

692. ingemuit reperta: (the light) perceived, she groaned'; mourning at the last moment to leave the world.

693-705. Iris is sent down from heaven by Juno to release the struggling soul from the body.

The dead are regarded as an offering to Pluto and Proserpina; and thus a lock of hair is cut from the forehead of the dying as a sign of dedication to the gods below, just as hair is cut from the forehead of the victims slain in sacrifice, and cast upon the altar fire. Cf. VI, 245. But as Dido is not taken away in the course of nature (fato), nor by a death justly incurred (merita

morte), but dies through the pressure of overwhelming misfortune and despair, life lingers, reluctant to leave her; Proserpina delays; and thus Iris takes the office of Proserpina in obedience to the command of Juno, whom she serves as messenger.

695. animam

artus: Iris was sent down 'to set free the spirit from the limbs entangled with it.'

701. sole: for ex sole. The rainbow was supposed to be caused by the. descent of Iris from heaven to earth.

'The episode of Dido was not told, primarily, to excite our pity and compassion, but to show the effect of a willful resistance to the commands of Heaven. It is the story of äτŋ [just retribution] in a Roman form' (Nettleship).

Aeneas in Sicily.

departure for Italy.

BOOK V

Funeral games in honor of Anchises, and

1-41. Aeneas far off at sea sees the light of Dido's funeral pile, and with sad feelings divines the cause. His fleet is soon overtaken by a storm, and forced to steer for the coast of Sicily, where he is again kindly received by Acestes.

1, 2. medium tenebat iter: 'was well on his way.' Any part of the way on the open sea, after the harbor is left, is medium. Cf. I, 505.

2. Certus: 'resolved.' He was sure that he was obeying the behest of Jupiter, and hence unwavering in his resolution to continue the voyage. aquilone for wind in general. The north wind would have been adverse to them, and would have driven them from their course still more than the west wind, which (ll. 19 sqq.) compelled them to turn aside and land in Sicily. Some editors join aquilone with secabat (cf. vento petiisse, II, 25); others prefer, perhaps more correctly, to connect it with atros.

3. respiciens: cf. IV, 661.

4. accenderit: for the mood, see note on videat, I, 181.

5. amore Polluto: ablative absolute, expressing cause, containing also an idea of time, 'when love is profaned.'

6. notum: agrees with the following interrogative clause. The passage may be freely translated: 'But the knowledge of the bitter pangs caused by violated love, and of what a frenzied woman can do, leads the thoughts of the Trojans through sad foreboding.' The participles noti (understood) and notum are used as ereptae in II, 413; the thing known' the 'knowledge.'

7. augurium: their 'conjecture' or 'foreboding' as to the fate of Dido. pectora: for animos.

14. deinde: join with iubet.