127. Tranquillo: 'in calm weather'; ablative of the neuter adjective used substantively, and expressing time.

128. Campus and statio are in apposition with unda; 'a level spot and a

Beak of a Vessel (1. 143)

resort.'

130, 131. unde, ubi, Scirent: relative clauses, denoting purpose.

132. auro, ostro: join with decori.

134. populea: because these were funeral games. The poplar was sacred to Hercules, who is said to have brought it from Hades.

137. Intenti: 'eager.'

137, 138. exsultantia cupido: 'throbbing fear (the trembling hope of success) and the ardent desire of glory thrill their panting breasts.'

140. prosiluere, etc.: the ships seem as animated as the horses in the chariot race.

141. versa: upturned' (from vertere). adductis lacertis : expresses the means of versa; 'by their straining (lit. 'pulled toward' the body) arms.' 142. pariter: 'side by side'; but only at the start.

Fig. 42. Plan of an Ancient Roman Circus

Down the center extends the spina ( backbone'), or dividing barrier, around which the char iots ran in the race. At A, A, are the carceres, or stalls from which the racers started (1. 145).

145. Corripuere campum: 'take the course,' a strong term, lit. 'seize.' The perfect here, and in ll. 140, 147, indicates the rapidity or suddenness of the act. effusi carcere: 'darting forth from the barrier.' The carceres are the stalls from which the chariots started in the circus races. See Fig. 42. They correspond here to the fines, stations, or starting places of the ships, l. 139. 146. immissis: 'swiftly running ';. lit. 'being let go.'

147. iugis: for equis; dative. in verbera: 'to blows'; i.e. 'to ply the lash'; join with pendent. Charioteers stood up and leaned over toward the

horses.

148. studiis faventum: 'cheers of partisans.'

149, 150. inclusa Litora: wooded hills inclose the shore, and thus the shouting is the more loudly reëchoed.

152. Turbam inter fremitumque: amidst the din and tumult.'

155. locum priorem: they are running side by side, each striving to gain the lead, or the place ahead.

157. iunctis Frontibus: 'with even prows.'

156. habet: 'gets' the priorem locum.

159. metam tenebant: 'were nearing the goal'; epexegetical of propin quabant scopulo.

160. princeps: 'foremost'; i.e. in the race thus far. boiling deep.'

gurgite in the

mihi: 'pray'; the

162. Quo abis? 'whither are you bearing away?' dativus ethicus. H. 432; LM. 541; A. 236; B.188, 2, b; G. 351; (H. 389). 163. ama, etc.: hug the shore and let the oar blade graze the rocks on the left.' For the omission of ut after sine, see note on memoret, II, 75. They turn the goal to the left, and strive to gain time by making the turn as near to it as possible.

166. diversus: 'away from the track'; a usage similar to that of dexter, above, 1. 162..

168. Respicit: 'he looks back and sees.' tergo: dative with instantem. propiora: 'the inside course'; i.e. 'nearer' the goal.

169. Ille: i.e. Cloanthus.

170. interior: between Gyas and the rocks. Cf. XI, 695. Gyas.

172. ossibus: ablative of place.

174. socium: genitive case, an older form.

priorem: i.e.

179. Iam senior: one reason for gravis; another is fluens, 'dripping.' 184. Mnesthei: here a dissyllable. superare: see note on II, 10.

185. capit ante locum: 'takes the place ahead'; 'the lead,' the priorem locum, for which the two were contending, as mentioned in 1. 155. The Centaur is now ahead, but by only a part of the ship's length, as we learn in the next line, where prior contains the same idea as ante locum. Ante is, therefore, an adverb. Cf. II, 348. scopulo: the signal rock' or 'goal.' Her beak is close opposite to the side of

187. rostro: 'with her beak.'

the Centaur.

190. Hectorei socii: i.e. my comrades, once the comrades of Hector.

sorte suprema: 'in the final destiny' or 'overthrow (of Troy).'

192. usi: sc. estis.

194. prima: the first prize'; used substantively.

195. Quamquam: see note on I, 135.

196. hoc vincite: 'win this (at least)'; referring to the preceding words, Extremos pudeat rediisse.

199. Subtrahitur solum: 'the sea is drawn beneath them.' Their speed is so furious that the water itself seems to rush beneath the vessel.

'the surface (of the sea) '; properly the surface of the earth.

202. furens animi: see note on II, 61.

Solum,

203. iniquo: there was not room enough between the Pristis on his right and the rocks on his left.

204. procurrentibus:

jutting out,' but covered by the water, and hence

caeca, as they are called in l. 164.

205. murice, etc.: 'the oars striking on the jagged rock were broken with a crash (crepuere).'

206. The prow was held fast upon the rock; the rest of the ship was afloat. 211. Agmine remorum: 'with the steady movement of the oars.' ventisque vocatis: ablative absolute, expressing attendant circumstance.

212. Prona maria: 'smooth waters'; i.e. the waters now unobstructed by any rock or ship, a clear and open sea. Others trans. pronashoreward';

i.e. lit. 'sloping (toward the shore).'

215, 216. exterrita tecto: 'frightened from her home.'

217. Cf. Milton's line, Par. Lost, 2, 634:

'Shaves with level wing the deep.'

218, 219. ultima Aequora: 'the final waters' of the race; those from the turning of the goal to the shore.

220. alto: 'high' relatively; high for a ship to rest upon.

224. cedit: she falls behind'; allows the other ship to pass her.
227. cuncti: all the spectators.
229. proprium: the crew of the

own.' partum: (already) won.'

sequentem: sc. Mnesthea or illum. Scylla regard the victory as already ‘their

231. Hos-alit: 'success incites these '; i.e. the crew of Mnestheus. Cf. 1. 210. possunt - videntur: 'they can, because they think (videntur) they

can.'

233. ponto: 'toward the sea'; for ad pontum. Cf. I, 6. utrasque: the plural is properly used only when each of the two objects referred to is plural; but exception is made, as here, when they are things naturally associated.

234. in vota: 'to his vows'; to bear witness to his vows. A vow, or conditional promise, was attached to a prayer; some offering was to be made on condition that the gods fulfill the wishes of the suppliant. If the prayer is

answered, he will be bound to fulfill his promise (reus, or damnatus voti). 235. aequora: see note on I, 67.

237. voti: H. 456, 4; LM. 573; A. 220, a; B. 208, 3; G. 374, N. 2; (H. 410, III, N. 2).

241. manu magna: 'with his mighty hand'; as below, 1. 487. Gods and heroes were larger than men. euntem: join with navem (understood).

243. condidit: see

note on 1. 145. alto: i.e. 'deep' inland, the

deep bosom of the bay.

244. cunctis: all

who had been engaged

in the contest.

Fig. 43. The 'Maeander' Pattern (1. 251)

247, 248. optare, ferre: explanatory infinitives with dat. See note on I, 66. There are several bullocks ready for presents and prizes (see 1. 366), three of which he allows each of the commanders to choose for his crew; beginning of course, with Cloanthus.

Fig. 44.-Ganymede carried up to Heaven by the Eagle of Jupiter (1. 252)

248. There is also a present of wine and of silver for each of the ships. magnum: not the socalled great talent; but merely an appellative, 'heavy.'

6

250, 251. quam-cucurrit: around which ran a wide border of Meliboean purple in two

waving stripes.' plurima: refers to the width of the border. Maeandro duplici: i.e. in two meandering and parallel lines.

252. Two scenes are represented one the chase, in which Ganymede is hunting the stag on Mount Ida; in the other the eagle of Jupiter is bearing Ganymede up to the sky.

254. anhelanti similis: 'like one panting (in the chase).' The picture is lifelike.

255. Sublimem: proleptic; bore aloft in the air.' Iovis armiger: the eagle was often

represented as bearing in his claws the thunderbolts of Jupiter.

256. Longaevi: the old men, guardians of the youth, are stretching their hands in despair toward the eagle as he ascends, while the dogs, resting on their haunches, bark furiously at the supposed bird of prey. See Fig. 44.

257. in auras: because they are looking upward.

258. qui deinde: Mnestheus.

259. Lēvibus: note the quantity of the first syllable. hamis consertam, etc. see note on the same words, III, 467.

260. ipse: Aeneas.

261. The o in Ilio is retained (hiatus), and made short. See note on III, 211.

262. habere: for habendam. See above, note on 1. 247. viro: repeats the huic (1. 259), because of its distance from the verb, Donat.

264. Multiplicem: 'with its heavy folds'; emphatic and explaining vix. 265. cursu: 'in swift pursuit '; join with agebat.

267. argento ablative with perfecta, 'well made.' aspera signis: ́embossed with figures.'

268. Iamque adeo: 'now at length'; adeo strengthens the iam. Cf. II, 567.

269. taenis: for taeniis.

271. ordine debilis uno: 'disabled in one row of oars'; i.e. one side is partially disabled. ordine, ablative of specification. By a natural figure, quite frequent in nautical phrase, the captain, instead of the ship, is said to be crippled (debilis).

273. Qualis cf. I, 430, and note. saepe as in I, 148. viae in aggere : 'on the raised pavement of the road.'

agger.

The entire surface of the road is an

274. obliquum: 'lying across the track.' ictu: join with gravis. 275. saxo join with both adjectives, seminecem and lacerum. 276-279. Nequiquam - plicantem: 'in vain throws forth long wreaths with his body, while attempting to flee; in one part fierce and glowing with his eyes, and stretching high his hissing neck; (the other) part crippled by the wound, holds him back (though) struggling (to force himself forward) on his coils (nodis), and winding himself into his own folds.'

279. Nixantem: refers to the action of the unwounded portion of his body first described; with this he vainly struggles to pull himself along by throwing it into contortions, while he twists the joints (membra) of the wounded part, or part below the wound, upon themselves; i.e. into coil within coil. nodis: knots'; denotes the alternate contraction and extension of the joints, either vertical or horizontal, which in the snake are the means of motion, and which, in this case, when he is struggling violently, rise into large, undulating knots.

281. Vela facit: unfurls the sails.'

282. promisso munere: no particular reward has been mentioned in the narrative, but we may infer from 1. 305 that in the ship race also, none was to go unrewarded.