ment for crimes. Trans., 'Whatever atonement for crimes perpetrated in the world above (i.e. among men) any one,' etc. apud superos: with both commissa and Distulit. furto inani: by vain (i.e. unsuccessful) concealment.' 569. seram: 'too late.'

570. Continuo: 'forthwith'; as soon as Rhadamanthus has awarded the punishment. accincta flagello: armed with the scourge.' 571. quatit: 'lashes.'

572. angues: her whip is armed with snakes.

lecto and Megaera, aid her.

sororum: her sisters, Al

573. Tum demum: when the scourging has been performed, the gate of Tartarus opens wide, and the condemned are thrust in by the Furies. sacrae: cf. III, 57. Cf. Milton, Par. Lost, 2, 879: —

'On a sudden open fly

With impetuous recoil and jarring sound

The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate
Harsh thunder.'

574. custodia: for custos, refers to Tisiphone; so also facies, below.

6

577. Saevior: even than the Furies. Tum: while these objects are so terrible, at the same time' Tartarus itself is frightful on account of its vastness. 578, 579. The depth of Tartarus is twice as great as the distance (suspectus, 'upward view') from earth to heaven.

580. genus Terrae: 'progeny of Terra.' Titania pubes: the Titans, sons of Caelus and Terra, who at first with Saturn held sway over the universe, but were at last conquered by Jupiter and hurled down to Tartarus by his thunderbolts.

581. For the construction of deiecti, see note on IV, 406.

586. Dum imitatur: even while imitating the lightning and thunder of Jupiter, he was overtaken with his punishment. With the idea of time is connected also that of cause; for imitating.'

588. Elidis urbem: Olympia, where Jupiter was especially worshiped.

591. Aere: 'with bronze.' He rode in a bronze chariot over plates of bronze or copper, to imitate thunder. simularet: see note on I, 388. Cf. Tennyson's (Teiresias):

'Tramp of the hornfooted horse.'

593. taedis: the cause of fumea.

594. turbine: see note on I, 45.

596. Cernere erat:= cerneres, or cernere licuit. 598. fecunda poenis: fruitful in punishments.'

afresh for renewed tortures.

599. epulis: dative for ad epulas.

His liver daily grows

602. cadenti: sc. silici. The line is hypermetric. See note on IV, 558.

604. toris: for the case, see note on foribus, I, 449. 605. Furiarum maxima: either Allecto or Megaera. 608. Hic: sc. sunt ei, or erat cernere eos.

609. Pulsatus parens, etc.: one of the Laws of the XII Tables read: Qui patrem pulsaverit, manus ei praecidantur; another: Patronus, si clienti

fraudem fecerit, sacer

esto. It was natural to infer that what was regarded as so criminal on earth should be severely punished also in Tartarus. clienti: the claim of the client to the protection of his patron was as sacred as that of a child on a parent. 610. qui soli, etc.: 'who brooded alone over their accumulated wealth'; imparting none even to their relatives (suis).

613. Impia: the

Roman civil wars are thus designated. dominorum - dextras: 'to violate their pledges to their masters'; the right hand is clasped when a promise is made.

615. poenam sc. exspectant. quae forma, etc.: 'what kind (of torture) or what doom have plunged them (into woe).' For the indicative in dependent questions, see note on 1. 779.

618. Theseus: was chained to a rock in Tartarus on account of the attempt mentioned above in 1. 397. Phlegyas: the father of Ixion had set fire to the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and in Tartarus was condemned to a punishment similar to that of Tantalus.

622. fixit, refixit: 'put up and took down'; i.e. established and annulled. Roman laws were engraved on bronze tables and fastened up in some public place.

625. For use of the present subjunctive in a condition contrary to fact, see note on 1. 292 and I, 58.

628-683. Aeneas deposits the golden bough in the vestibule of Pluto's palace, and passes on to the right into the Elysian fields. Here he sees the

shades of various classes of men engaged in the pursuits and pleasures in which they delighted when living. Among these is the ancient bard Musaeus, who, by the request of the Sibyl, points out the way to the place where the shade of Anchises dwells.

629. susceptum — munus: 'finish the offering you have undertaken'; i.e. the gift of the golden branch to Proserpine.

630. Cyclopum educta caminis: reared by the forges of the Cyclopes.' The palace of Pluto is of iron wrought by the Cyclopes, or workmen of Vulcan.

631. adverso fornice portas: 'the gates under the archway opposite' to us. The gate opens at the inner end of the arched or vaulted vestibule in front of the palace.

632. Haec dona: poetic use of the plural for the singular. praecepta : 'the (divine) instructions.'

633. opaca viarum :

: = opacae viae.

See note on I, 422.

634. foribus: the same as the portas, 1. 631.

635. aditum: 'the vestibule.' Here, as at the entrance of a temple, there is a vase of holy water, with which the devotee must purify himself.

636. in limine: he suspends the branch on the doorpost.

637. divae: 'to the goddess'; an objective genitive.

638. Devenere locos: cf. I, 365.

640. et connects Largior and lumine Purpureo (ablative of quality), which are used predicatively with vestit.

641. norunt: 'they (the shades) enjoy.'

642. With this passage cf. Milton's picture drawn of the same scene, Par. Lost, 2, 528 sqq. :·

:

'Part, on the plain or in the air sublime,
Upon the wing or in swift race contend,

As in the Olympian games or Pythian fields;
Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal

With rapid wheels, or fronted brigads form.'

645. sacerdos: Orpheus, the most famous bard of the heroic period, is also called here 'priest,' because the Grecian orgies and mysteries were first celebrated by him.

646. Obloquitur, etc.: 'strikes in accompaniment to the measures (of the dances and songs, 1. 644) the seven distinctions of sounds,' i.e. the notes of the seven strings. The lyre of seven strings, furnishing seven open notes, is

assigned to Orpheus.

647. digitis, pectine: he touches the strings with his fingers to produce a soft sound, and with the plectrum when louder notes are required.

649. melioribus annis: 'in the better times'; the ages before Laomedon and Priam.

653. currum: contracted form of the genitive plural, for curruum.

658, 659. unde - amnis: whence the stream of the Eridanus rolls in a swelling tide,' etc.; Plurimus: is emphatic and in the predicate. superne: 'above'; i.e. out in the world above.

660. passi: 'who have suffered.' For the construction, see note on IV, 406. 663. vitam: (human) life.'

664. merendo: by their services.'

667. Musaeum: Musaeus, a contemporary of Orpheus, and, like him, revered as one who had made use of poetry and music as means of redeeming men from barbarism.

674. Riparum toros: 'soft cushioned banks.' recentia rivis: "fresh with running brooks'; watered by fertilizing steams, and therefore always green. 675. corde: ablative of place, with voluntas. fert: 'tends.'

676. tramite: ablative of place where.

677. nitentes: cf. 1. 640.

678. ostentat: Musaeus from the top of the hill shows them the pathway, and they descend on the other side, while he returns to his companions. dehinc: see note on I, 131.

679. penitus: 'far down (in the valley).'

680. ituras: 'destined to go.'

681. studio recolens: 'considering earnestly.'

682. Forte: join with the two verbs. It so happened that he was just at this time tracing out the destinies of his descendants.

684-751. Anchises receives Aeneas with an affectionate greeting, and first converses with him on the nature and condition of the innumerable spirits which are seen flitting about the river Lethe.

685. palmas utrasque: see note on V, 233.

687. exspectata parenti: 'looked for by thy father.'

688. iter durum: the difficult passage'; the horrors and toils of the descent. 690. futurum: 'that it would be'; i.e. that you would come; join with both the preceding verbs.

691. cura: 'my anxious hope.'

692. terras: see note on II, 654.

695. Aeneas seems to refer to such dreams and apparitions as are mentioned in IV, 353, and V, 722, of which Anchises himself has no knowledge. 696. tendere adegit: for the infinitive instead of the subjunctive with ut, see note on III, 134.

700-702. Repeated from II, 792-794.

703. in valle reducta: in the secluded valley'; the convalle (1. 679) in which Aeneas has found his father; a vale completely shut in by hills, and thus separated from the other parts of Elysium. Aeneas is struck with amaze

ment at the multitude of spirits flitting about the banks of Lethe, which winds

through this valley.

704. virgulta sonantia silvae: 'the rustling thickets of a forest.'

706. gentes populique: 'nations and tribes.'

709. strepit: 'murmurs'; i.e. with the hum of the vast multitude. Supply sic, correlating with velut.

710. subito: an adjective limiting visu.

711. Inscius: cf. II, 307. ea-porro: 'those far-off winding streams.' 713, 714. quibus - debentur: 'to whom new bodies are destined by fate'; bodies other than those which they have previously occupied in the world above. See ll. 748-751. The view here given by Anchises of the origin, successive states, and final destiny of souls, is probably the expression of Virgil's own belief, as derived from his study of the Greek philosophers.

715. Securos latices: 'the waters of forgetfulness.' Cf. Milton's description, l. 131 above.

716. Has: 'these spirits'; these in particular. Anchises points out a certain portion of the multitude.

717. Iampridem cupio: these words belong equally to the foregoing line and to this.

718. Quo magis: see note on III, 377. Italia reperta: in the discovery of Italy'; i.e. that you have at length, after so much hardship, achieved your voyage to Italy. For the use of the participle, see note on II, 413.

719. aliquas: 'any indeed.' ad caelum: 'to the upper light'; as opposed to Hades. See note on 1. 128.

720. Sublimes: 'on high,' ' aloft'; to earth; join with ire. Cf. I, 415. 724-732. A spirit (spiritus) endowed with intelligence (mens) — i.e. a lifegiving and intelligent soul- pervades the whole world in all its parts; the soul, of which the material universe is the body. From this anima mundi emanate the individual souls of all living creatures, which are thus scintillations, as it were, from the ethereal fiery substance of the all-pervading spirit. Hence these seeds, or souls, possess a fiery energy' (igneus vigor) such as belongs to the ethereal or celestial substance from which they originate (caelestis origo).

724. campos liquentes: i.e. the sea.

725. Titania astra: 'the heavenly bodies'; the sun and the stars; or, as some understand, the Titanian orb,' i.e. the sun; the plural being put for the singular. Cf. IV, 119.

726, 727. Spiritus: the principle that gives vitality. Mens: the intelligence which directs. artus: 'the parts'; the members of the great material body (moles, magnum corpus) which contains the universal spirit.

728. Inde: 'from this source'; i.e. from this combination of the universal soul with the material elements — air, earth, water, and fire-just described.