729. marmoreo sub aequore: 'beneath its smooth surface'; like polished marble.

730. ollis Seminibus: 'to these seeds' of being; these sparks from the allpervading fire, or principle of vitality and thought.

731. quantum: this ethereal force manifests itself especially in man, 'so far as' the baneful influences of the animal passions do not impede its working. 733. Hinc: hence'; by reason of this, i.e. from the debasing union of the body with the soul, implied in the preceding clause. Fear, desire, grief, and joy were all regarded, especially by the Stoics, as weak affections contracted by the soul from the body. auras: here, 'the pure air'; the upper region of the heavens (caelum) from which they sprung.

734. clausae: sc. animae.

737. penitus: join with inolescere.

-que: and indeed.'

738. Multa diu concreta: 'many impurities long accumulating'; waxing with the body in growth. inolescere: sc. illis (= animis). miris modis: in wondrous wise,' 'strangely.' Cf. I, 354.

740-742. The punishments inflicted for the purification of souls are varied according to the nature and degree of the guilt contracted in life. Exposure to the winds suffices for one class; others must be purged beneath a great gulf of water, while the deepest infection is purged by fire.

742. Infectum scelus: the contracted guilt.'

743. Quisque - Manes: 'we suffer each his peculiar punishments.' Manes signifies: (1) the shades of the dead; (2) Hades, or the abode of the shades; (3) avenging powers of the lower world; (4) penalties inflicted by these powers. It seems to be used here in the last sense. The idea of the whole passage (11. 743-751) seems to be this: we are all punished for actual sin with penalties more or less severe, which require more or less time, according to the degree of the moral infection. Thereupon (after punishment) we are admitted to vast Elysium, and a few of us, who, by the special favor of the gods, are not destined to go again into other bodies, like these great multitudes (see 11. 713 sqq.), but are permitted to retain' our identity, occupy these blissful fields until we are free from the very last traces of inbred impurity (Concretam labem). We thus become once more unmixed, ethereal, fiery essence, as at the first. But all these, to whom earthly bodies are again allotted by fate, are conducted after the lapse of a thousand years to the borders of Lethe, and prepared by its oblivious waters to enter upon that new existence. Anchises, and such as he (pauci), who were already deified in the minds of their descendants, are represented as not subject to the fate of the great multitude of shades destined to be transformed into other men; i.e. Anchises must continue to exist as Anchises until his soul resumes its orig. inal condition as a part of the universal soul. Hence there is a marked con

trast intended between pauci and Has omnes.

745. perfecto—orbe: 'the (proper) circuit of time being completed.' 747. aurai-ignem: the fire of elemental air'; unmixed ethereal fire; the same notion as in 1. 730. The Stoics believed that the soul would be restored at last to its original state; i.e. would be absorbed in the anima mundi.

748. Has omnes: this whole multitude of spirits flitting about the Lethe. mille rotam, etc.: 'have passed through the cycle of a thousand years'; have gone through the annual round a thousand times. See note on volvere, I, 9.

750. immemores: i.e. no longer remembering the upper world. supera convexa 'the vault above'; the sky of the upper world; as caelum, l. 719.

752-901. Anchises now conducts Aeneas and the Sibyl into the midst of the shades destined to enter new bodies, and points out among them the great characters who are in successive generations to illustrate the history of Rome. Having spent the time allotted to Aeneas in giving this account of his posterity, and in advising him as to his future conduct in Italy, Anchises dismisses him and the Sibyl from Hades by the ivory gate.

753. sonantem: 'murmuring.' Cf. 1. 709.

754. Possit: see note on I, 20.

755. Adversos: 'opposite'; as they approached from the opposite direction. Cf. adversum, 1..684. legere: 'to scan' or 'survey'; lit. 'to gather up' with the eye.

756. deinde: 'immediately'; i.e. after your generation shall have passed away. sequatur: 'is destined to follow.'

Cf. I, 257.

757. maneant (tibi): 'await thee.' Itala de gente: they are to descend from Lavinia, the future Italian wife of Aeneas. 758. nostrum-ituras: 'destined to succeed to our name.' 759. tua fata: see 11. 890 sqq.

760. Ascanius (Iulus) founded Alba Longa (I, 267 sqq.); but the line of Alban kings sprang from Silvius, whom Lavinia bore to Aeneas late in life. This is the tradition which Virgil here adopts. vides: used parenthetically. pura hasta: 'on a headless spear.' The shaft of a pointless spear was the symbol of royal and priestly rank; or, according to Servius, the reward of a first military success. For the case, see H. 476, 3; LM. 629; A. 254, b; B. 218, 3; G..401, N. 6; (H. 425, I), N.).

761. Proxima - loca: 'holds by fate the first (earliest) place in the light (above).' By lot Silvius has precedence of all the rest in ascending into the upper world.

763. Postuma: 'youngest,' 'last.'

765. silvis: hence his name Silvius; for he was born and reared in the woods.

766. Unde: for a quo.

767. Proximus: 'next' to him, as they appear among the shades, not next in their historical order. The shades of the whole Alban dynasty are grouped around Silvius, but Procas, Capys, Numitor, and Silvius Aeneas happen to be next to him.

770. si umquam: until his fifty-third year, Aeneas Silvius was kept from his throne by his uncle, who had acted as his guardian.

771. vires: their strength is indicated by their heroic forms.

772. Atque - gerunt: they shall not only be distinguished for warlike deeds, but they shall plant cities, and thus win the civic crown of oak leaves; for the corona civilis, or civica, is here the token of services rendered to the state in the arts of peace, though commonly the reward bestowed by the Romans upon a soldier who had saved the life of a comrade in battle.

773. Nomentum, and the other proper names in this verse, are governed by some verb like condent, suggested by the following imponent.

777. Quin - Romulus: Nay, more, Romulus, the son of Mars, shall accompany his grandsire'; yonder shade, destined to be Romulus, shall go into the upper world while his grandsire Numitor shall be still living, and shall be associated with him in the royal dignity.

778. Assaraci sanguinis: 'of Trojan blood'; join with Ilia.

779. Viden' (videsne): the -ne is affirmative here, like nonne. See LM. 699; A. 210, d; B. 162, 2, c; G. 454, N. 5. ut stant: the indicative is sometimes used by the poets in indirect questions. geminae cristae: 'a double crest,' or plume falling both over the front and back of the helmet, sometimes worn by warriors, and distinctive of Mars; attributed here to Romulus, as indicating the glory he was destined to attain in arms.

780. Et - honore: 'His sire (Mars) himself already marks (him) by his peculiar honor as one of the gods (superum, genitive plural) '; i.e. with the tokens of martial glory due to him. Some make pater superum refer to Jupiter.

781. huius auspiciis: Rome commences her existence under the auspices of Romulus, and continues to advance and prosper under his protection after his deification.

782. animos: 'her spirit.'

783. Septem and una are contrasted.

786. partu: for the case, see note on tegmine, I, 275.

790. magnum sub axem: 'up to the great vault'; i.e. into the upper world. 791. saepius: see note on tristior, I, 228.

792. Augustus: this title was bestowed upon Octavian by a decree of the senate in B.C. 27. Divi genus: 'the son of a deity.' Augustus was the adopted son of Julius Caesar, who was regarded as a god after his death.

793. Latio: the ablative of place where, with condet.

794. Saturno: dative of the apparent agent with regnata.

The reign

of Saturn is 'the golden age,' which Augustus is destined to restore. Cf. I,

291.

795-797. iacet-aptum: the land which he shall conquer beyond the Garamantes and the Indi is situated, in the fancy of the poet, beyond the constellations (sidera) of the zodiac; i.e. beyond the tropics.

797. Cf. IV, 482.

798. Huius in adventum : 'in view of his coming'; join with horrent. Caspia regna: i.e. the realms of the Bactrians and Hyrcanians, who with the Parthians stood in awe of the power of Augustus.

799. Responsis: ablative of cause, with horrent.

800. turbant: used reflexively; are troubled.' Even now, in the time of Aeneas, there are prophetic warnings, relating to the conquest of Augustus, which cause terror among the nations of Asia and Africa.

801. Nec vero, etc.: Augustus made journeys to the remotest parts of the empire. He

visited as many lands as Hercules in performing his labors, or as Bacchus in his eastern conquests.

802. Fixerit licet: though he pierced.' According to the common tradition, the stag was taken alive. aeripedem: the famous stag of Ceryneia in Arcadia had golden horns and brazen hoofs. For the mood with licet, see H.

586, II; LM. 782; A. 313, b; B. 309, 4; G. 607; (H. 515, III).

803. Pacarit (=pacaverit) nemora: Hercules captured the wild boar of Erymanthus, and thus secured quiet to the woods. Lernam: the district of Lerna itself was terrified with the conflict between Hercules and the

Hydra.

804. iuga flectit: 'guides his team'; his 'yoke' of tigers.

805. Nysa: a city (or mountain) in India, said to be the birthplace of Bacchus. Augustus is thus lauded by Virgil, first, for establishing peace; secondly, for his conquests; and lastly, for his expeditions.

806. dubitamus: do we hesitate?' The first person plural, as in I, 252, denotes the deep interest of the parent, identifying himself with Aeneas.

virtutem extendere factis: 'to advance our glory (gloriam virtute partam) by our deeds'; by conquering Latium. Some Mss. read virtute extendere vires. For the infinitive here, see H. 607; LM. 955; A. 271; B. 328, 1; G. 423, 2; (H. 505, II, 2).

807. For the infinitive with prohibet, see note on V, 631.

808. Quis procul? the language is still that of Anchises, the question either indicating some uncertainty for the moment about the personage he is looking at, or else serving to break up the monotony of the narrative.

809. Sacra ferens: 'bearing sacrificial instruments'; a symbol of priesthood.

810. Romulus was the military founder of Rome; by Numa it was first established on the basis of civil and religious laws. primam urbem: 'the

infant city.'

814. Tullus: Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, whom Livy (I, 22) calls even more impetuous than Romulus, roused the city from the peaceful habits established by Numa.

815. iactantior: 'too boastful'; i.e. of his descent. Ancus Martius, the grandson of Numa, according to one tradition, felt aggrieved by the election of Tullus in preference to himself, and went so far as to seek the favor of the people (gaudens popularibus auris) as a means of destroying the reigning king and his whole family; but when once established on the throne, he became the good King Ancus.'

818. Ultoris: Brutus, in overthrowing the Tarquins, was the avenger of the wrongs of Lucretia and of the Roman people. receptos: 'recovered'; i.e. from the expelled Tarquins by the newly created magistrates or consuls, of whom Brutus was the first. The language is not to be taken literally, but merely symbolizes the forced transfer of the supreme authority from the Tarquins to the consuls.

Fig. 57. Brutus (1. 818)

820. moventes: the two sons of Brutus engaged in a conspiracy to restore the Tarquins, and were scourged and beheaded in the presence of their father, who presided at the trial and execution as chief magistrate.

822. Utcumque (however '), etc implies that in after times there was a difference of opinion about the conduct of Brutus on this occasion.

823. Vincet: i.e. shall conquer his parental love. laudum: praise, i.e. for patriotic devotion.

·

824. Decios: the Decii, father and son, belonged to the most heroic period of the Roman republic. They devoted themselves' for the preservation and victory of the Roman army; the father in the battle against the Latins near Mount Vesuvius, B.C. 340; the son in the battle of Sentinum, B.C. 295. Drusos: the most conspicuous of the Drusi was M. Livius Drusus Salinator, who won the decisive battle against Hasdrubal on the Metaurus in